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U
Pouma
Region	China
Native speakers	40,000 (2000)
Language family	Austroasiatic Khasi–Palaungic Palaungic Angkuic U
Language codes
ISO 639-3	uuu
Glottolog	uuuu1243
ELP	U
U is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

The U language or P'uman (Chinese: 濮满), is spoken by 40,000 people in the Yunnan Province of China and possibly Myanmar. It is classified as an Austroasiatic language in the Palaungic branch. In China, U speakers are classified as ethnic Bulang.

Locations

U is spoken in Shuangjiang County of Yunnan and other nearby counties.

• Wang & Chen (1981) covers the dialect of Pengpan 碰拚, Dafengshan Township 大凤山乡, Shuangjiang County.
• Zhou & Yan (1983) covers the dialect of Pangpin 胖品, Yongge Township 永革乡, Shuangjiang County.
• Yan & Zhou (2012) cover U of Gantang 甘塘, Yongde County as well as U of Pangpin 胖品.
• Svantesson (1991:67) documents the U dialect of Pã Xɛp (Bangxie, 邦协), Shahe Township 沙河乡, Shuangjiang County.

There two main dialects of U in Shuangjiang County: one spoken in Gongnong (公弄, now part of Mengku Town, 勐库镇) and one spoken in Bangbing (邦丙) and Dawen Mangga (大文乡忙嘎); the Dawen dialect is reportedly mutually intelligible with that of Shidian County (Shuangjiang County Ethnic Gazetteer 1995:160).

Avala (autonym: a21 va21 la21) is spoken in Bangliu (邦六), Manghuai Township (芒怀乡), Yun County (云县), Yunnan, China.

Phonology

U has four tones, high, low, rising, falling, which developed from vowel length and the nature of final consonants.

References

1. U at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
2. Svantesson (1988)
3. "Shuāngjiāng Lāhùzú Wǎzú Bùlǎngzú Dǎizú Zìzhìxiàn Dàwén Xiāng Dàliángzi Cūnwěihuì Pàngpǐn Zìráncūn" 双江拉祜族佤族布朗族傣族自治县大文乡大梁子村委会胖品自然村 [Pangpin Natural Village; Daliangzi Village Committee; Dawen Township; Shuangjiang Lahu, Va, Blang and Dai Autonomous County]. ynszxc.gov.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-03-14.
4. "Yǒngdé Xiàn Měngbǎn Xiāng Hùyā Cūnwěihuì Gāntáng Zìráncūn" 永德县勐板乡户丫村委会甘塘自然村 [Gantang Natural Village, Huya Village Committee, Mengban Township, Yongde County]. ynszxc.gov.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-01-31.
5. "Yǒngdé Xiàn Měngbǎn Xiāng Líshù Cūnwěihuì Gāntáng Zìráncūn" 永德县勐板乡梨树村委会甘塘自然村 [Gantang Natural Village, Lishu Village Committee, Mengban Township, Yongde County]. ynszxc.gov.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-01-30.
6. "Shuāngjiāng Lāhùzú Wǎzú Bùlǎngzú Dǎizú Zìzhìxiàn Shāhé Xiāng Bāngxié Cūnmín Wěiyuánhuì Bāngxié Zìráncūn" 双江拉祜族佤族布朗族傣族自治县沙河乡邦协村民委员会邦协自然村 [Bangxie Natural Village; Bangxie Village Committee; Shahe Township; Shuangjiang Lahu, Va, Blang and Dai Autonomous County] (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2014-04-04.
7. "Yúnxiàn Mánghuái Yízú Bùlǎngzú Xiāng Bāngliù Cūnwěihuì" 云县忙怀彝族布朗族乡邦六村委会 [Bangliu Village Committee, Manghuai Yi and Bulang Ethnic Township, Yunxian] (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2021-02-22.
8. Hsiu, Andrew (2017), "The Angkuic Languages: A Preliminary Survey", Presented at the 6th International Conference on Austroasiatic Linguistics (ICAAL 6), Siem Reap, Cambodia (Handout), Zenodo, doi:10.5281/zenodo.1127808, archived from the original on 2020-05-16
9. Hsiu, Andrew (2017), "Avala Audio Word List", Zenodo, doi:10.5281/zenodo.1123297, archived from the original on 2020-10-09
10. Svantesson 1988, p. 69
11. Svantesson 1988, p. 70

Further reading

• Simao Xingshu Minzu Shiwu Weiyuanhui Bian 思茂行署民族事务委员会编 (1991). Bùlǎngzú yánjiū 布朗族研究 [A Study of the Bulang People] (in Chinese). Kunming: Yunnan renmin chubanshe. ISBN 7-222-00803-9.
• Svantesson, Jan-Olof (1988). "U" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 11 (1): 64–133. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-02-23. Retrieved 2012-06-02.
• Tao, Chengmei 陶成美 (2016). "Bùlǎngyǔ Lāwǎhuà de zhǐchēng dàicí i55" 布朗语拉瓦话的指称代词i55. Minzu Fanyi 民族翻译. doi:10.13742/j.cnki.cn11-5684/h.2016.01.010.
• Tao, Chengmei 陶成美 (2016). Bùlǎngyǔ duōxiàng dìngyǔ jí qí yǔxù yánjiū 布朗语多项定语及其语序研究 (M.A. thesis) (in Chinese). Zhongyang Minzu Daxue.
• Tao, Yuming 陶玉明 (2012). Zhōngguó Bùlǎngzú 中国布朗族 [The Bulang People of China] (in Chinese). Yinchuan: Ningxia renmin chubanshe.
• Wang, Xingzhong 王兴中; Zhao, Weihua 赵卫华 (2013). Líncāng dìlǐ yǔ shuāngyǔ shǐyòng 临沧地理与双语使用 [Geography and Multilingualism in Lincang] (in Chinese). Kunming: Yunnan renmin chubanshe. ISBN 978-7-222-08581-7.
• Yan, Qixiang 颜其香; Zhou, Zhizhi 周植志 (2012). Zhōngguó Mèng-Gāomián yǔzú yǔyán yǔ Nányǎ yǔxì 中国孟高棉语族语言与南亚语系 [Mon-Khmer Languages of China and the Austroasiatic Family] (in Chinese). Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe.

Gazetteers and other Chinese government sources with lexical data

• Nanjian County Gazetteer Commission (ed). 1993. Nanjian County Gazetteer . Chengdu: Sichuan Reference Press .
• Na Ruzhen , et al. (eds). 1994. Zhenkang County Ethnic Gazetteer . Kunming: Yunnan People's Press .
• Simao Prefecture Ethnic Minority Affairs Bureau (ed). 1990. A study of the Bulang people . m.s.
• Xiao Dehua , et al. (eds). 1992. Zhenkang County Gazetteer . 1992. Chengdu: Sichuan People's Press .
• Yunnan Gazetteer Commission (ed). 1998. Yunnan Provincial Gazetteer, Vol. 59: Minority Languages Orthographies Gazetteer . Kunming: Yunnan People's Press .

External links

• RWAAI | Projects RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
• http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-67B4-3@view U in RWAAI Digital Archive

• Palaungic languages
• Languages of Yunnan