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Mang, or Mashan Miao also known as Mashan Hmong (麻山 máshān), is a Miao language of China, spoken primarily in Ziyun Miao and Buyei Autonomous County, southwestern Guizhou province, southwest China. The endonym is Mang, similar to other West Hmongic languages such as Mong.

Varieties

Mang was classified as a branch of Western Hmongic in Wang (1985), who listed four varieties. Matisoff (2001) gave these four varieties the status of separate languages, and, conservatively, did not retain them as a single group within West Hmongic. Li Yunbing (2000) added two minor varieties which had been left unclassified in Wang, Southeastern (Strecker's "Luodian Muyin") and Southwestern ("Wangmo").

• Central Mang: 70,000 speakers
• Northern Mang: 35,000
• Western Mang: 14,000
• Southern Mang: 10,000
• Southeastern Mang: 4,000
• Southwestern Mang: 4,000

Demographics

Below is a list of Miao dialects and their respective speaker populations and distributions from Li (2018), along with representative datapoints from Wang (1985).

According to Sun (2017), the central dialect of Mashan Miao is spoken in the following locations by a total of approximately 50,000 speakers.

• Ziyun County: Zongdi 宗地, Dayi 打易, Gejing 格井, Kehun 克混, Meichang 妹场, Baihua 百花
• Luodian County: Fengting 逢亭, Bianyang 边阳, etc.

Phonology and script

A pinyin alphabet had been created for Mang in 1985, but proved to have deficiencies. Wu and Yang (2010) report the creation of a new alphabet, albeit a tentative one, based on the Central Mang dialect of Ziyun County, Zōngdì 宗地 township, Dàdìbà 大地坝 village.

Consonants, in pinyin, are:

labial: b p nb np, m f v, by py nby my, bl pl nbl npl ml

lateral: l lj

dental or alveolar stops: d t dl dj nd nt n

dental affricates: z c s nz nc

retroflex: dr tr ndr nr sh r

alveolo-palatal: j q nj x y ny

velar or uvular: g k ngg ng, h w hw

(zero onset)

The Latin voiced/voiceless opposition has been coopted to indicate aspiration, as usual in pinyin alphabets.

Correspondences between Central Mang dialects include Dadiba retroflex dr, tr with dental z, c in another village of the same Zongdi township, Sanjiao (三脚 Sānjiǎo). The other five varieties of Mang have more palatalized initials than Central Mang, though these can be transcribed as medial -i-. The onsets by, py, nby, my are pronounced in Central Mang and in the other five Mang varieties.

Vowels and finals, including those needed for Chinese loans, are:

a aa ai ao ain ang

e ea ei en ein eu ew eng

i iou in ie iu iao ian iang

o ou ow ong

u uw ua ui ue un uai uan uang

yu

Most Central Mang and Western Mang dialects have eleven to thirteen tones. Compared to the eight tone categories of other Western Hmongic languages, the odd-numbered tones are each split into two. The tones of at least three villages of Central Mang have been documented: Dadiba (Wu & Yang 2010), Jiaotuozhai (Wang & Mao 1995; Li 2000), and Jingshuiping (Xian 1990; Mortensen 2006, all in the Zongdi township of Ziyun County. They lie several kilometers apart and have minor differences.

Although some pairs of tones (such as tones 6 and 7b) have the same value when pronounced alone, they behave differently with regard to tone sandhi and should be treated as different phonologically. Tones also interact with phonation types and vowel quality. Jiaotuozhai tones 4 and 6 are breathy voiced and have higher vowels.

Syntax

Constituent Order

The basic constituent order in Mang clauses is subject-verb-object. In the following example from Southern Mashan, god mat 'my mother' is the subject, jaud 'boil' is the verb, and haet 'egg' is the object:

god

1SG

mat

mother

jaud

boil

haet

egg

god mat jaud haet

1SG mother boil egg

'My mum boiled (some) eggs.'

In sentences with a single argument, this single argument most often appears before the verb:

god

1SG

xef

wake.up

lex

ASP

god xef lex

1SG wake.up ASP

'I got up.'

Mang has an existential construction using the verb nyab 'have', where the subject is introduced after the verb:

xix_eid

before

nyab

have

ib

one

lenx

CLF

box_lol_renh

witch

xix_eid nyab ib lenx box_lol_renh

before have one CLF witch

'Once upon a time there was a witch.'

Prepositional Phrases

Prepositional phrases usually appear between the subject and the verb. In the following example, the preposition ndeus 'with' appears:

god

1SG

ndeus

with

nil

3SG

nyax

eat

lex.

PERF

god ndeus nil nyax lex.

1SG with 3SG eat PERF

'I ate (it) with him.'

Another example with nyab 'at':

god

1SG

mat

mother

nyab

at

biaed

house

angt_hangb

work

god mat nyab biaed angt_hangb

1SG mother at house work

'My mother works at home.'

Topicalization

Topicalization is achieved by placing content on the left side of the main clause, separated from the clause by a pause or by the particle jek:

beid

fruit

jek

PRT

zit

spill.fall.out

qengl

all.completely

njab

spill.fall.out

qengl.

all.completely

beid jek zit qengl njab qengl.

fruit PRT spill.fall.out all.completely spill.fall.out all.completely

'As for the pears, (they) spilled out everywhere.'

Aspect

Aspect in Mang is expressed through markers separate from the verb, and include perfective/inchoative lex, progressive ndaex, experiential hliah, and completive jinx.

Negation

Negation takes the form of a negative marker preceding the verb, mux in Southern Mashan and muh in Central:

god

1SG

mux

NEG

ngil

down.off

loul

DIR

god mux ngil loul

1SG NEG down.off DIR

'I'm not coming down.'

Mang also has a "non-completion" negative marker akin to Mandarin Chinese 没有 méiyǒu with the same syntax. It takes the form mux neis in Southern Mashan and muh nans in Central. An example from the Central variety:

gongd

1SG

muh_nans

NEG

nongh

eat

ngex

meat

heb,

chicken

gongd

1SG

noax

eat

ngex

meat

nggongx

cow

gongd muh_nans nongh ngex heb, gongd noax ngex nggongx

1SG NEG eat meat chicken 1SG eat meat cow

'I didn't eat chicken, I ate beef.'

Notes

The primary source on Mang grammar is Heal (2020), which is cast in Role and reference grammar. The discussion here converts specialized terminology into their more conventional counterparts.

Heal's (2020) analysis here for Mang ndeus 'with' as a "deverbal preposition" differs slightly from Jarkey's (2015) analysis for the Hmong cognate nrog 'be with' as a verb in a serial verb construction.

References

1. Central at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
   Northern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
   Southern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
   Western at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
2. Wang, Fushi 王辅世, ed. (1985). Miáoyǔ jiǎnzhì 苗语简志 [Miao Language Brief History] (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
3. Li, Yunbing 李云兵 (2000). Miáoyǔ fāngyán huàfēn yíliú wèntí yánjiū 苗语方言划分遗留问题研究 (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe.
4. Li, Yunbing 李云兵 (2018). Miao Yao yu bijiao yanjiu 苗瑶语比较研究 (A comparative study of Hmong-Mien languages). Beijing: The Commercial Press. ISBN 9787100165068. OCLC 1112270585.
5. Wang Fushi 王辅世. 1985. Miaoyu jianzhi 苗语简志. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe 民族出版社.
6. Sun, Hongkai 孙宏开; Ting, Pang-hsin 丁邦新, eds. (2017). Hanzangyu yuyin he cihui 汉藏语语音和词汇. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe 民族出版社. p. 40. ISBN 9787105142385.
7. Wu, Zhengbiao 吴正彪; Yang, Guangying 杨光应 (2010). "Máshān cì fāngyán qū Miáo wén fāng'àn de shèjì yǔ shǐyòng—jiān tán Miáozú yīngxióng shǐshī "Yàlǔ wáng" de jì yì zhěnglǐ wèntí" 麻山次方言区苗文方案的设计与使用—兼谈苗族英雄史诗《亚鲁王》的记译整理问题 (PDF). Mínzú fānyì 民族翻译 (in Chinese). 2010 (3): 58–65. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-20. Retrieved 2021-08-17.
8. Several consonants were added to the 1985 alphabet, while bz, pz, nbz, mz and gh were removed.
9. Mortensen (2006). "Diachronic Universals and Synchronic Parochialisms: Explaining Tone-Vowel Interactions" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-20 – via pitt.edu.
10. Heal 2020, p. 9.
11. Heal 2020, p. 10.
12. ^ Heal 2020, p. 11.
13. Heal 2020, p. 12.
14. Heal 2020, p. 13.
15. Heal 2020, p. 14.
16. Heal 2020, p. 18.
17. Heal 2020, p. 16.
18. Heal, Sarah (2020). Grammar Sketch of Mashan Miao. SIL International.
19. Jarkey, Nerida (2015). Serial Verbs in White Hmong. Brill.
20. Jarkey 2015, p. 229.

• West Hmongic languages
• Languages of Guizhou