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Sanie (autonym: sɑ21 ɲɛ21 or sɑ21 ŋʷɛ21) is a Loloish language of Yunnan, China. It is similar to Samataw. There were 17,320 ethnic Sanie in 1998, but only about 8,000 spoke the Sanie language fluently. The Sanie are also known as the White Yi (白彝) (Bradley 1997).

A Sanie pinyin orthography had also been developed recently (Bradley 2005).

Names

• Ngwi, David Bradley's reconstruction for the autonym of Loloish speakers, is based on the Sanie autonym sɑ21 ŋʷɛ21 (also pronounced sɑ21 ɲɛ21 by some speakers) (Bradley 2005). Proto-Ngwi *ŋw- changed into ɲ- or n- in most modern Loloish languages.

Dialects

Bradley (2005) reports significant variation in the Sanie language, and briefly compares the following 6 dialects.

• East: Zhaozong 昭宗 (also in Huahongyuan and Yuhua)
• Southeast: Chejiabi 车家壁 (also in Shiju)
• Northeast: Gulu 古律
• North: Qinghe 清河
• Northwest: Luomian 罗免
• Southwest: Tuoji 妥吉

Bradley (2005) notes that the Sanie varieties spoken in the plains of Xishan District in Heilingpu, Zhaozong, and Biji Townships are particularly conservative. The East and Southeast dialects are particularly conservative in that they preserve Proto-Loloish labiovelars; the speakers call themselves the sɑ˨˩ŋʷi˨˩.

Northwest of Kunming, Sanie is locally known as Minglang 明廊, and it is sometimes classified as a Sani dialect. It is spoken in Wuding County (Lower Lemei Village 下乐美 of Chadian Township 插甸乡, and Tianxin Village 田心 of Gaoqiao Township 高桥镇) and Maoshan Township 茂山乡, Luquan County; it is probably also spoken in Fumin County. Gao (2017) reports high intermarriage rates between the Minglang and other neighboring ethnic groups.

Distribution

Sanie is spoken in 76 villages, 3 of which are mixed with Nasu (Bradley 2005). 58 of these villages are in Xishan District, 13 in southwestern Fumin County, and 5 in northwestern Anning County.

• Fumin County
  • Yongding Township: 11 villages (1,121 people)
    • Qinghe Village Cluster: 5 villages
    • Wayao Village Cluster: 6 villages (some very close to the county seat)
  • Mailongqing, Mailong Village Cluster, Daying Township 大营镇: 160 people
• Xishan District (core Sanie area)
  • Gulu Township 古律彝族白族乡: 29 villages (3,390 Sanie people, < 3,000 Sanie speakers)
    • Gulu Village Cluster: 7 villages (868 Sanie people)
    • Duomu Village Cluster: 6 villages (1,442 Sanie people)
    • Lemu Village Cluster: 3 villages (1 of which is mixed with Nasu people)
    • Tuopai Village Cluster: 8 villages (394 Sanie people)
  • Tuanjie Township 团结彝族白族乡
    • Daxing Village Cluster: 7 villages (1,936 people)
    • Damei Village Cluster: 3 villages (2,322 people)
    • Qitai Village Cluster: 3 villages (2,126 people)
    • Tuoji Village Cluster: 6 villages (1,042 Sanie people)
    • Longtan Village Cluster: 1 village (585 Sanie people)
    • Yuhua Village Cluster: 3 villages (1,762 Sanie people)
    • Huahongyuan Village Cluster: 1 village (658 Sanie people, with 238 Han Chinese people); language is endangered
  • Heilingpu Township
    • Zhaozong Village Cluster: 3 villages (754 people, 195 households), which are Zhaozong Dacun, Zhaozong Xiaocun, Hedi
  • Majie Township 马街
    • Shiju village
  • Biji Township 碧鸡: 176 people
    • Chejiabi village: 750 Yi people
• Anning County: 5 villages (317 Sanie people, < 300 Sanie speakers)
  • Zhaojiazhuang Village Cluster, Qinglong Township: 4 villages; language is similar to that of Luze, southern Gulu Township
  • Houshanlang Village Cluster: 1 village (153 people) called Qingmenkou

References

1. ^ Sanie at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
2. Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012), Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages, thesis, University of Texas at Arlington
3. "武定县插甸镇安德村委会下乐美". Retrieved 7 November 2016.
4. "武定县高桥镇老滔村委会田心村". Retrieved 7 November 2016.
5. "Minglang people" (PDF). asiaharvest.org.
6. "Minglang" (JPG). asiaharvest.org.
7. Gao, Katie B. 2017. Dynamics of Language Contact in China: Ethnolinguistic Diversity and Variation in Yunnan. PhD Dissertation: University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa.

Bibliography

• Bradley, David. 2005. "Sanie and language loss in China".International Journal of the Sociology of Language. Volume 2005, Issue 173, Pp. 159–176.

v t e Sino-Tibetan branches
Western Himalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim)	West Himalayish Tamangic Newaric Newar Baram–Thangmi Kiranti Dhimalish Dhimal Toto Lhokpu Lepcha Greater Magaric Magaric Magar Kham Chepangic Chepang Bhujel Raji–Raute Dura–Tandrange
Eastern Himalayas (Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal)	Bodish Tibetic East Bodish Tshangla Basum Nam? Gongduk ʼOle Tani Chamdo
Myanmar and Indo- Burmese border	Karbi Kuki-Chin Mruic Mru Hkongso Pyu Taman "Naga" Ao Angami–Pochuri Meitei Tangkhulic Zeme Sal Boro–Garo Konyak Jingpho–Luish
East and Southeast Asia	Sinitic Bai Tujia Nungish Karenic Gong Kathu Cai–Long Caijia Longjia Luren Burmo-Qiangic Qiangic Gyalrongic Ersuic Naic Lolo-Burmese Mondzish Burmish Loloish
Dubious (possible isolates) (Arunachal)	Hrusish Hruso Mijiic Kho-Bwa Puroik Miju–Meyor Songlin Greater Siangic Siangic Koro Milang Idu–Taraon
Proposed groupings	Central Tibeto-Burman Kuki-Chin–Naga Macro-Bai Mahakiranti Rung Tibeto-Burman Tibeto-Kanauri
Proto-languages	Proto-Sino-Tibetan Proto-Tibeto-Burman Proto-Loloish Proto-Karenic Proto-Min Proto-Hakka
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.

• Loloish languages