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Voiced alveolar lateral approximant
l
IPA number	155
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	l
Unicode (hex)	U+006C
X-SAMPA	l
Braille

The voiced alveolar lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral approximants is ⟨l⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is l.

As a sonorant, lateral approximants are nearly always voiced. Voiceless lateral approximants, /l̥/ are common in Sino-Tibetan languages, but uncommon elsewhere. In such cases, voicing typically starts about halfway through the hold of the consonant. No language is known to contrast such a sound with a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative .

In a number of languages, including most varieties of English, the phoneme /l/ becomes velarized ("dark l") in certain contexts. By contrast, the non-velarized form is the "clear l" (also known as: "light l"), which occurs before and between vowels in certain English standards. Some languages have only clear l. Others may not have a clear l at all, or have them only before front vowels (especially [i]).

Features

Features of the voiced alveolar lateral approximant:

• Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
• There are four specific variants of :
  • Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
  • Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
• It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
• Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Languages may have clear apical or laminal alveolars, laminal denti-alveolars (such as French), or true dentals, which are uncommon. Laminal denti-alveolars tend to occur in continental European languages. However, a true dental generally occurs allophonically before /θ/ in languages that have it, as in English health.

Dental or denti-alveolar

Alveolar

Postalveolar

Variable

Velarized alveolar lateral approximant

Velarized L
lˠ
lˤ
ɫ
IPA number	209
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	l​ˠ
Unicode (hex)	U+006C U+02E0
X-SAMPA	5 or l_G or l_?\
Image

The voiced velarized alveolar approximant (a.k.a. dark l) is a type of consonantal sound used in some languages. It is an alveolar, denti-alveolar, or dental lateral approximant, with a secondary articulation of velarization or pharyngealization. The regular symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are ⟨lˠ⟩ (for a velarized lateral) and ⟨lˤ⟩ (for a pharyngealized lateral), though the dedicated letter ⟨ɫ⟩, which covers both velarization and pharyngealization, is perhaps more common. The latter should not be confused with belted ⟨ɬ⟩, which represents the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative. However, some scholars use that symbol to represent the velarized alveolar lateral approximant anyway – though such usage is considered non-standard.

If the sound is dental or denti-alveolar, one could use a dental diacritic to indicate so: ⟨l̪ˠ⟩, ⟨l̪ˤ⟩, ⟨ɫ̪⟩.

Velarization and pharyngealization are generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants, so dark l tends to be dental or denti-alveolar. Clear (non-velarized) l tends to be retracted to an alveolar position.

The term dark l is often synonymous with hard l, especially in Slavic languages. (Cf. Hard consonants)

Features

Features of the dark l:

• Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
• There are four specific variants of :
  • Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth.
  • Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
  • Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or, more rarely, the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
• It has a secondary articulation of velarization or pharyngealization, meaning that the back or root of the tongue approaches the soft palate (velum), or the back of the throat, respectively.
• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
• It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
• Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Dental or denti-alveolar

Alveolar

Variable

See also

• Index of phonetics articles
• Lateral consonant
• Velarization
• L-vocalization
• Ł

Notes

1. Adjaye, Sophia (2005). Ghanaian English Pronunciation. Edwin Mellen Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-7734-6208-3. realization of /l/ is similar to that of RP: a 'clear' or non-velarized /l/ = pre-vocalically and intervocalically; and a 'dark' or velarized /l/ = pre-consonantally and pre-pausally
2. Celce-Murcia, Marianne; et al. (2010). Teaching Pronunciation. Cambridge U. Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-521-72975-8. the light /l/ used in all environments in German (e.g., Licht "light," viel "much, many") or in French (e.g., lit "bed", île "island")
3. Schirmer's pocket music dictionary
4. Qafisheh (1977), pp. 2, 14.
5. Siptár & Törkenczy (2000), pp. 75–76.
6. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
7. ^ Canepari (1992), p. 89.
8. ^ Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005), p. 133.
9. Lunt (1952), p. 1.
10. ^ Sadowsky et al. (2013), pp. 88–89.
11. ^ Kristoffersen (2000), p. 25.
12. Martínez-Celdrán (2003), p. 255-259. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMartínez-Celdrán2003 (help)
13. Engstrand (2004), p. 167.
14. Keane (2004), p. 111.
15. ^ Sjoberg (1963), p. 13.
16. Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
17. Thelwall (1990), p. 38.
18. Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 20.
19. ^ Wheeler (2005), pp. 10–11.
20. ^ "Voiced Alveolar Lateral - Central". Els Sons del Català.
    "Voiced Alveolar Lateral - Nord Occidental". Els Sons del Català.
21. ^ Recasens & Espinosa (2005), pp. 1, 20.
22. ^ Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 197, 222.
23. ^ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 197.
24. ^ Wells (1982), p. 515.
25. Jones, Mark. "Sounds & Words Week 4 Michaelmas 2010 Lecture Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 7 March 2015.
26. Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005), p. 132.
27. Canepari (1992), pp. 88–89.
28. Labrune (2012), p. 92.
29. ^ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
30. Kara (2003), p. 11.
31. Masica (1991), p. 107.
32. ^ Rocławski (1976), p. 130.
33. Chițoran (2001), p. 10.
34. "The guide to reading Scottish Gaelic" (PDF).
35. Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374.
36. Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
37. Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
38. Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 10.
39. Ikekeonwu (1999), p. 108.
40. ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), pp. 154–155.
41. ^ Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 8.
42. Merrill (2008), p. 108.
43. ^ Árnason (2011), p. 115.
44. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 192.
45. ^ Mangold (2005), p. 49.
46. ^ Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 24–25.
47. Depalatalization and consequential iotization in the speech of Fortaleza Archived 2011-11-01 at the Wayback Machine. Page 2. (in Portuguese)
48. Barbosa & Albano (2004), p. 229.
49. (in Italian) Accenti romanze: Portogallo e Brasile (portoghese) – The influence of foreign accents on Italian language acquisition Archived 2012-03-30 at the Wayback Machine
50. ^ Finley, Sara; Rodrigues, Susana; Martins, Fernando; Silva, Susana; Jesus, Luis M. T. (2019). "/l/ velarisation as a continuum". PLOS ONE. 14 (3): e0213392. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1413392R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213392. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6411127. PMID 30856195.
51. Runaround generator
52. Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 92.
53. For example Beal (2004).
54. ^ Recasens & Espinosa (2005), p. 4.
55. Padluzhny (1989), pp. 50–51.
56. Bulgarian phonology
57. ^ Rafel (1999), p. 14. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFRafel1999 (help)
58. Scholten (2000), p. 22.
59. ^ Mathiassen (1996), p. 23.
60. Lunt (1952), pp. 11–12.
61. Endresen (1990:177), cited in Kristoffersen (2000:25)
62. Jones & Ward (1969), p. 168.
63. Ó Dochartaigh (1997).
64. Dahlstedt & Ågren (1954). sfnp error: no target: CITEREFDahlstedt_&_Ågren1954 (help)
65. ^ Donaldson (1993), p. 17.
66. ^ Lass (1987), p. 117.
67. Watson (2002), p. 16.
68. ^ Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 58, 197, 222.
69. Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 73.
70. Northern Greek Dialects Portal for the Greek Language
71. Pop (1938), p. 30.
72. Gick et al. (2006), p. ?.
73. Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 93.
74. On /l/ velarization in European Portuguese Amália Andrade, 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, San Francisco (1999)
75. (in Portuguese) The process of Norm change for the good pronunciation of the Portuguese language in chant and dramatics in Brazil during 1938, 1858 and 2007 Archived 2016-02-06 at the Wayback Machine Page 36.
76. TEYSSIER, Paul. "História da Língua Portuguesa", Lisboa: Livraria Sá da Costa, pp. 81-83.
77. Bisol (2005), p. 211.
78. "Um caso de português tonal no Brasil?" – Centro de Comunicação e Expressão – Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (in Portuguese). Page 49.
79. "Um caso de português tonal no Brasil?" – Centro de Comunicação e Expressão – Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (in Portuguese). Page 52.
80. MELO, Gladstone Chaves de. "A língua do Brasil". 4. Ed. Melhorada e aum., Rio de Janeiro: Padrão, 1981
81. Português do sul do Brasil – variação fonológica Archived 2019-12-16 at the Wayback Machine Leda Bisol and Gisela Collischonn. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2009. Pages 153–156.

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External links

• Dark L
• List of languages with [l] on PHOIBLE
• List of languages with [ɫ] on PHOIBLE

v t e International Phonetic Alphabet (chart)
IPA topics IPA International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA) Special topics Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects Encodings ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Kirshenbaum TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille
Consonants Pulmonic consonants Place → Labial Coronal Dorsal Laryngeal Manner ↓ Bi­labial Labio­dental Linguo­labial Dental Alveolar Post­alveolar Retro­flex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn­geal/epi­glottal Glottal Nasal m̥ m ɱ̊ ɱ n̼ n̥ n ɳ̊ ɳ ɲ̊ ɲ ŋ̊ ŋ ɴ̥ ɴ Plosive p b p̪ b̪ t̼ d̼ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Sibilant affricate ts dz t̠ʃ d̠ʒ tʂ dʐ tɕ dʑ Non-sibilant affricate pɸ bβ p̪f b̪v t̪θ d̪ð tɹ̝̊ dɹ̝ t̠ɹ̠̊˔ d̠ɹ̠˔ cç ɟʝ kx ɡɣ qχ ɢʁ ʡʜ ʡʢ ʔh Sibilant fricative s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ Non-sibilant fricative ɸ β f v θ̼ ð̼ θ ð θ̠ ð̠ ɹ̠̊˔ ɹ̠˔ ɻ̊˔ ɻ˔ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ Approximant ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ ʔ̞ Tap/flap ⱱ̟ ⱱ ɾ̼ ɾ̥ ɾ ɽ̊ ɽ ɢ̆ ʡ̆ Trill ʙ̥ ʙ r̥ r ɽ̊r̥ ɽr ʀ̥ ʀ ʜ ʢ Lateral affricate tɬ dɮ tꞎ d𝼅 c𝼆 ɟʎ̝ k𝼄 ɡʟ̝ Lateral fricative ɬ ɮ ꞎ 𝼅 𝼆 ʎ̝ 𝼄 ʟ̝ Lateral approximant l ɭ ʎ ʟ ʟ̠ Lateral tap/flap ɺ̥ ɺ 𝼈̥ 𝼈 ʎ̆ ʟ̆ IPA help  audio full chart template Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. Non-pulmonic consonants BL LD D A PA RF P V U EG Ejective Stop pʼ tʼ ʈʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ ʡʼ Affricate p̪fʼ t̪θʼ tsʼ t̠ʃʼ tʂʼ tɕʼ kxʼ qχʼ Fricative ɸʼ fʼ θʼ sʼ ʃʼ ʂʼ ɕʼ xʼ χʼ Lateral affricate tɬʼ c𝼆ʼ k𝼄ʼ q𝼄ʼ Lateral fricative ɬʼ Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular) Tenuis kʘ qʘ kǀ qǀ kǃ qǃ k𝼊 q𝼊 kǂ qǂ Voiced ɡʘ ɢʘ ɡǀ ɢǀ ɡǃ ɢǃ ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊 ɡǂ ɢǂ Nasal ŋʘ ɴʘ ŋǀ ɴǀ ŋǃ ɴǃ ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊 ŋǂ ɴǂ ʞ   Tenuis lateral kǁ qǁ Voiced lateral ɡǁ ɢǁ Nasal lateral ŋǁ ɴǁ Implosive Voiced ɓ ɗ ᶑ ʄ ɠ ʛ Voiceless ɓ̥ ɗ̥ ᶑ̊ ʄ̊ ɠ̊ ʛ̥ IPA help  audio full chart template Co-articulated consonants Nasal n͡m Labial–alveolar ɳ͡m Labial–retroflex ŋ͡m Labial–velar Plosive t͡pd͡b Labial–alveolar ʈ͡pɖ͡b Labial–retroflex k͡pɡ͡b Labial–velar q͡ʡ Uvular–epiglottal q͡p Labial–uvular Fricative/approximant ɥ̊ɥ Labial–palatal ʍw Labial–velar ɧ Sj-sound (variable) Lateral approximant ɫ Velarized alveolar Implosive ɠ̊͜ɓ̥ ɠ͡ɓ Labial–velar Ejective t͡pʼ Labial–alveolar IPA help full chart template Other Nasal labial–velar approximant Nasal palatal approximant Voiceless bidental fricative Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
Vowels Front Central Back Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u Near-close ɪ ʏ ʊ Close-mid e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o Mid e̞ ø̞ ə ɤ̞ o̞ Open-mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ Near-open æ ɐ Open a ɶ ä ɑ ɒ IPA help  audio full chart template Legend: unrounded • rounded

• Approximant consonants
• Alveolar consonants
• Dental consonants
• Postalveolar consonants
• Lateral consonants
• Pulmonic consonants
• Oral consonants