Misplaced Pages

Part of a series on
Fascism
Principles Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Corporatism Proprietary Corporation Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Economic Social Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social order Spazio vitale State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism
Topics Definitions Economics Ideology Martyrs Movements Mysticism Symbolism
Politicians al-Gaylani Arcand Araki Balbo Böszörmény Bottai Bourgin Blythe Bucard Ciano Codreanu Darnand Déat Degrelle Déroulède Doriot Engdahl Federzoni Flores Frashëri Goga Hitler Hlinka Hoornaert Ljotić de Man von Marées Monshizadeh Mosley Mussolini Nakano O'Duffy Quisling Pavelić Pavolini Pelley Preto Primo de Rivera Ramos Rodzaevsky Saadeh Salgado Sima Starace Starhemberg Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Szálasi Tiso Türkeş Vallat Valois Van Severen Wilson
Intellectuals Arthuys Bardèche Béraud Brăileanu Brasillach Céline Chamberlain Chesterton Civinini Cogni Collins Corradini Crainic Croce Cupcea D'Annunzio Dilling Drieu La Rochelle Evola Gentile Giani Gini de Gobineau Herseni Kita Krannhals de Lapouge Lewis Malaparte Manuilă Marinetti Maxence Michels Mosley Ojetti Ōkawa Olivetti Orano Panero Panunzio Pirandello Pitt-Rivers Pound Ramos Rebatet Reghini Rosenberg Sadoveanu-Evan Saint-Loup Savarkar Scaligero Schmitt Schwarz Soffici Spirito Streel Thomson Ungaretti Valois
Literature Triumph of Death (1894) The Flame (1900) The Will to Power (1901) Reflections on Violence (1908) Fascio Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista (1914) Prussianism and Socialism (1919) "Futurist Manifesto" (1919) Fascist Manifesto (1919) Das Dritte Reich (1923) Mein Kampf (1925) Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals (1925) Frederick the Second (1927) My Autobiography (1928) The Myth of the Twentieth Century (1930) The Outlaws (1930) "The Doctrine of Fascism" (1932) Twenty-Six Point Program of the Falange (1934) Man, the Unknown (1935) For My Legionaries (1936) Guide to Kulchur (1938) Gilles (1939)
Organizations Arrow Cross Party Blackshirts Blueshirts Brazilian Integralist Action British National Party British Union of Fascists Stewards Canadian Union of Fascists Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fatherland Front FE de las JONS FET y de las JONS French Popular Party Futurist Political Party IKL Iron Guard Kataeb Party Kokumin Dōmei Lapua Movement Legionary Action Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Christian Party National Fascist Party Nazi Party Gestapo Hitler Youth RAD SA SS National Radical Camp National Social Movement New Party Opera Nazionale Balilla Patriotic People's Movement Ratniks Republican Fascist Party Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Revolutionary Union Rexist Party Russian Fascist Party Silver Legion of America Squadrismo School of Fascist Mysticism Slovak People's Party Taisei Yokusankai Tōhōkai UR Group Ustaše Ustaše Youth Verdinaso VFO Vlajka VNV
Media Action The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt Buna Vestire Critica fascista Fashist Gândirea Gringoire Il Popolo d'Italia Je suis partout La Conquista del Estado Le Pays Réel L'Idea Nazionale Lidel Nash Put' Nástup Neues Volk Nippon Fujin NS-Frauen-Warte Das Schwarze Korps Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter
History March on Rome Beer Hall Putsch Gentile Reform Aventine Secession Second Italo-Senussi War Mukden Incident German election of 1932 Enabling Act Austrian Civil War Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Second Italo-Ethiopian War 1935 Revolution Day Zócalo Battle Spanish Civil War Unification Decree Battle of Cable Street Second Sino-Japanese War Marco Polo Bridge Incident Japanese war crimes Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Italian invasion of Albania Pact of Steel Peasant March World War II The Holocaust Downfall in Italy Downfall in Germany Surrender of Japan Nuremberg trials International Military Tribunal for the Far East
Variants Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Orthodox Peronism Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Clerical Confucian Crypto- Eco- Falangism Francoism French Doriotism Pétainism Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Ilminism Irish Islamic Italian Intransigent Japanese Reform bureaucratism Statism Restoration Jewish Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Strasserism Swedish Neo- Finnish Pan-Turkic Rexism Romanian Legionarism National Legionary State Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno- Third Position National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism
By continent Asia Europe Bulgaria Netherlands North America Canada South America Peru Uruguay
Related topics Anti-fascism Axis Powers Donald Trump and fascism Extremism of the centre F-scale Fascist as an insult Feudal fascism Futurism Glossary of Fascist Italy Lebensphilosophie Mediterraneanism Para-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Social fascism
Politics portal
v t e

Jewish fascism is a term that is applied to Jewish political factions which are on the far-right wing of the political spectrum.

Fascism is an extreme right-wing political ideology which is characterised by authoritarianism, regressive values, and extreme nationalism (see, Ultranationalism). Jewish nationalism is closely associated with Zionism, but Zionism has diverse meanings to different people, while the meaning of Jewish nationalism is more specific. Jewish nationalism has two aspects, religious nationalism and secular ethno-nationalism. Some extreme Jewish nationalist movements have either actively associated themselves with, or have been construed as engendering, fascism and historical fascist movements.

An early example of Jewish fascism was the short-lived Revisionist Maximalist movement that arose within the Brit HaBirionim faction of the Zionist Revisionist Movement (ZRM) in the 1930s and openly espoused its fascist values and goals.

In the 21st century, the Otzma Yehudit party (Hebrew: עָוצְמָה יְהוּדִית, lit. 'Jewish Power') has been characterized as an example of resurgent fascism or neo-fascism.

Mandatory Palestine (1920–1948)

Prior to the establishment of Israel, far-right Jewish groups were based on Revisionist Zionism, which promoted the Jewish right to sovereignty over all of Mandatory Palestine through the use of armed struggle. Revisionist Zionism's ideological and cultural roots were influenced by Italian fascism. Ze'ev Jabotinsky, the founder of Revisionist Zionism, believed that Britain could no longer be trusted to advance Zionism, and that Fascist Italy, as a growing political challenger to Britain, was therefore an ally.

Revisionist Maximalism

Revisionist Maximalism was a short-lived right-wing militant political ideology that was a part of the Brit HaBirionim faction of the Zionist Revisionist Movement created by Abba Ahimeir. Abba Ahimier was born in Russia in 1897 and migrated to Palestine at the age of fifteen. In 1928 Ahimier joined Jabotinsky's Revisionist movement and became one of the movement's important activists.

In 1930, Brit HaBirionim under Ahimeir's leadership publicly declared their desire to form a fascist state at the conference of the ZRM, saying:

"It is not the masses whom we need ... but the minorities ... We want to educate people for the 'Great Day of God' (war or world revolution), so that they will be ready to follow the leader blindly into the greatest danger ... Not a party but an Orden, a group of private , devoting themselves and sacrificing themselves for the great goal. They are united in all, but their private lives and their livelihood are the matter of the Orden. Iron discipline; cult of the leader (on the model of the fascists); dictatorship." (Abba Achimeir, 1930)

The Revisionist Maximalist movement borrowed principles from totalitarianism and fascism and it also drew inspiration from Józef Piłsudski's Poland and Benito Mussolini's Italy. Revisionist Maximalists strongly supported the Italian fascist regime of Benito Mussolini and wanted the creation of a Jewish state based on fascist principles.

The goal of the Maximalists was to "extract Revisionism from its liberal entrapment", because they wanted Ze'ev Jabotinsky's status to be elevated to the status of a dictator, and desired to forcably assimilate the population of Palestine into Hebrew society. The Maximalists believed that authoritarianism and national solidarity was necessary to have the public collaborate with the government, and to create total unity in Palestine.

Nevertheless, the label "fascist" must be used with reservation because during that period of history as well as during later periods of history, non-fascist political factions frequently used it as a term of abuse during their disputes with each other, as in the 1930s, when the Social Democrat parties were accused of being "fascists" or "social-fascists" by Stalin and the communists. In the same way in Palestine in the 1930s, the Revisionist Zionists were frequently characterized as "fascists" by the Labor Zionist leaders and the Revisionists attacked the social democratic dominated General Confederation of Labor (Histadrut) and Ben Gurion by using terms like "Red Swastika" and comparing the Histadrut and Ben Gurion to fascists and Hitler.

In 1932, the Brit HaBirionim pressed the ZRM to adopt its policies which were titled the "Ten Commandments of Maximalism", and were made "In the spirit of Complete Fascism", according to Stein Uglevik. Moderate ZRM members refused to accept this and moderate ZRM member Yaacov Kahan pressured Brit HaBirionim to accept the democratic nature of the ZRM and not push for the party to adopt fascist dictatorial policies.

The Revisionist Maximalists became the largest faction in the ZRM in 1930 but collapsed in support in 1933 after Ahimeir's support for the assassination of Hayim Arlosoroff.

Lehi (founded in 1940)

The Lehi, also known as the Stern Gang, was a Revisionist Zionist militant group, founded by Avraham Stern in Mandatory Palestine in 1940. The group split from the Irgun, and sought a similar alliance with Fascist Italy. While the Lehi was not a homogeneous collective with a single political, religious, or economic ideology, the group has nonetheless been described as having its "worldview in the quasi-fascist radical Right", and most Lehi members appear to have been admirers of the Italian Fascist movement. Lehi publications described Jews as a master race and Arabs as a slave race, and the group advocated mass expulsion of all Arabs from Palestine and Transjordan or even their physical annihilation.

In the 2003 book "The Hope Fulfilled: The Rise of Modern Israel", Leslie Stein wrote that the Lehi also believed Nazi Germany was less of an enemy of the Jews than Britain was, and attempted to form an alliance with the Nazis, proposing a Jewish state based on "nationalist and totalitarian principles, and linked to the German Reich by an alliance".

Avraham Stern, then commander of the Lehi, objected to the White Paper of 1939, British plans to restrict Jewish immigration and Jewish land purchase in Palestine, and proposed the creation of a binational Jewish-Arab Palestine. calling for an armed struggle against the British instead.

Israel (from 1948 to 2020)

Kach party (active from 1971–1994)

The Kach party, founded by Rabbi Meir Kahane in 1971, was a far-right, Orthodox Jewish and Religious Zionist political party in Israel. The party's ideology, known as Kahanism, advocated the transfer of the Arab population from Israel, and it also advocated the establishment of a Jewish theocratic state, a state in which Jews would be the only inhabitants who would have voting rights.

Likud Party (unified in 1988)

The Likud party, founded by Menachem Begin (formally of the Lehi militant group), and led by Benjamin Netanyahu, is the right-wing major party in Israeli politics. So, within Israel, in relative terms, they are centre-right, and nominally liberal. However, by international standards, and according to their international critics, they are arguably "far right". Al Jazeera's senior political analyst described Marwan Bishara described Netanyahu as the "godfather of modern Israeli fascism". In early 2023 the far-right Likud-led coalition were frequently called fascists and compared to historical fascist reigemes, including by Israeli Holocaust historian Daniel Blatman (see below).

From the signing of the Oslo Accords to the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin (1993–1995)

In Israel, the far-right opposed the Oslo Accords, and in 1995, Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated for signing them by Yigal Amir, a right-wing Israeli extremist. Yigal Amir, Rabin's assassin, had opposed Rabin's peace process, particularly the signing of the Oslo Accords, because he felt that an Israeli withdrawal from the West Bank would deny Jews their "biblical heritage which they had reclaimed by establishing settlements". Rabin was also criticized by right-wing conservatives and Likud leaders who perceived the peace process as an attempt to forfeit the occupied territories and a surrender to Israel's enemies. After the murder, it was revealed that Avishai Raviv, a well-known right-wing extremist at the time, was a Shin Bet agent and informant. Prior to Rabin's murder, Raviv was filmed with a poster of Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin in an SS uniform. His mission was to monitor the activities of right-wing extremists, and he allegedly knew of Yigal Amir's plans to assassinate Rabin.

Otzma Yehudit (founded in 2012)

In the 21st century, Otzma Yehudit or Jewish Power, a religious Zionist political party led by Kahanists, has been characterized as being a fascistic in nature. Israeli sociologist Eva Illouz has called Otzma Yehudit leader Itamar Ben Gvir representative of Jewish fascism.

This aspect of its ideology is often described as being inherited from the Kach movement, and as having been propelled to the fore by Netanyahu's bringing of religious Zionist parties into government.

Israeli politics in the 2020s

December 2022 cabinet of Israel

The 37th Cabinet of Israel, formed on 29 December 2022, following the Knesset election on 1 November 2022, has been described as the most right-wing government in Israeli history, as well as Israel's most religious government. The coalition government consists of seven parties—Likud, United Torah Judaism, Shas, Religious Zionist Party, Otzma Yehudit, Noam, and National Unity—and is led by Benjamin Netanyahu. In association with the 2023 Israeli judicial reform the Likud-led Thirty-seventh government of Israel was frequently described as "Fascist" or "Dictatorial".

2023 Judicial reforms

In 2023, as part of a campaign for judicial reform, a bill known as the "reasonableness" bill was passed in Israel. This controversial law limited the power of the Supreme Court of Israel to declare government decisions unreasonable. In one instance, more than 80,000 Israeli protesters rallied in Tel Aviv against the far-right government's plans to overhaul the judicial system. In early 2024, the Supreme Court struck down the reform on the grounds that it would deal a "severe and unprecedented blow to the core characteristics of the State of Israel as a democratic state".

Allegations of fascism and comparisons to past fascist regimes

During 2022 and 2023, the Likud-led far right coalition was frequently described as "Fascist" or a dictatorship, and other references to extreme authoritarianism, such as "Stalinist" (the authoritarian aspects of Stalin, not the economics).

In association with the 2023 Israeli judicial reform the Likud-led far-right coalition were compared to Germany in the 1930s, by journalists and historians in Israel.

In February 2023 Yossi Klein said, "Protests are for a democracy. Protests aren't effective in a dictatorship, and the dictatorship is already here," in a Haaretz opinion piece titled "Germany 1933, Israel 2023".

Criticism by Israeli Holocaust historian Daniel Blatman

Daniel Blatman, an Israeli historian whose specialty is the history of the Holocaust, is the head of the Institute for Contemporary Jewry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. When he was interviewed for Haaretz by Ayelett Suhani, Blatman stated "Israel's government has neo-Nazi ministers. It really does recall Germany in 1933". His remarks drew some international attention from long-standing critics of Israel. However, while he was specifically referring to the authoritarian aspects of 1930s Germany, he did not make direct comparisons to either the ghettos or the Holocaust.

Additionally, Blatman has compared the current Israeli government to a previous Israeli government. In 2010, he published an opinion article in Haaretz titled, "1932 Is Already Here".

References to fascism and comparisons to fascist regimes in Israeli politics

Published	Article		Publication	Author or person interviewed
2023-02-10	Israel’s government has neo-Nazi ministers. It really does recall Germany in 1933		Haaretz	Daniel Blatman interviewed by Ayelett Suhani
2023-02-17	Germany 1933, Israel 2023		Haaretz	Yossi Klein
2023-02-10	Do not march blindly into dictatorship		Haaretz	Yossi Klein
2023-10-03	Neo-Fascism threatens Israelis and Palestinians alike		Haaretz	Elias Zananiri
2023-02-13	Unsure if Israel is a democracy foreign investors are fleeing the apartheid state		Middle East Monitor
2022-12-21	Netanyahu, the godfather of modern Israeli fascism		Al Jazeera English	Marwan Bishara
2010-12-26	1932 Is Already Here.		Haaretz	Daniel Blatman

2023 Gaza genocide

Predicted provocation of a "third intifada" in 2022 and 2023

Also during 2023, Haaretz journalist Amos Harel expressed concern that the policies and actions of the Israeli far-right would lead to a "third intifada".

In 2024, many individuals and groups on the far-right in Israel are advocating for the reoccupation of Gaza following the Israel–Hamas war.

Genocidal rhetoric in the 2023 war

At the onset of the war, Defence minister Yoav Galant, who is usually considered a moderate, made extremist statements that many considered incitement to war crimes or genocide. On 9 October 2023, Yoav Galant made a speech which many consider genocidal.

“I have ordered a complete siege on the Gaza Strip. There will be no electricity, no food, no fuel, everything is closed. We are fighting human animals and we are acting accordingly,”

In a piece for Jewish Currents, Raz Segal (an associate professor of Holocaust and genocide studies at Stockton University and the endowed professor in the study of modern genocide) wrote that the assault on Gaza can also be understood in other terms: as "a textbook case of genocide".

See also

• List of fascist movements by country
• Anti-Palestinianism
• Definitions of fascism
• Ethnic cleansing
• Far-right politics in Israel
• History of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
• Islamic State
• Israel and apartheid
• Israeli war crimes
• Jewish extremist terrorism
• Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine
• Jewish national movements (disambiguation)
• Palestinian genocide accusation
• Pogroms
• Sabra and Shatila massacre
• The Holocaust and the Nakba
• Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East
• Zionism

Notes

References

1. Mraffko, Clothilde (18 April 2021). "En Israël, le camp suprémaciste juif de retour à la Knesset". Le Monde (in French).
2. Illouz, Eva (15 November 2022). "La troisième force politique en Israël représente ce que l'on est bien obligé d'appeler, à contrecœur, un "fascisme juif"". Le Monde (in French).
3. Liba, Dror (21 February 2019). "Otzma Yehudit's history of racism and provocation". Ynet.
4. Sharon, Jeremy (4 August 2022). "Understanding the ominous rise of Israel's most notorious ultra-nationalist". The Times of Israel.
5. Halbfinger, David M. (25 February 2019). "Netanyahu Sparks Outrage Over Pact With Racist Party". The New York Times.
6. "Israel Election: Meet the Extremist Lawmakers About to Join the Government". Haaretz. 3 November 2022.
7. Sharon, Jeremy (3 March 2019). "What do Otzma Yehudit and its leaders stand for?". The Jerusalem Post.
8. Solomon, Esther (10 September 2023). "When a Jewish Fascist Moves Into Your Neighborhood". Haaretz.
9. Zogby, James (23 March 2021). "Netanyahu Is Letting Israel's Fascists Enter by the Front Door". The Nation.
10. Davis, R., & Taras, D. (2022). "8. Benjamin Netanyahu and Online Campaigning in Israel's 2019 and 2020 Elections". Electoral Campaigns, Media, and the New World of Digital Politics. University of Michigan Press. pp. 163–178. doi:10.1353/book.100677. ISBN 9780472902699.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
12. Zouplna, Jan (2008). "Revisionist Zionism: Image, Reality and the Quest for Historical Narrative". Middle Eastern Studies. 44 (1): 3–27. doi:10.1080/00263200701711754. ISSN 0026-3206.
13. Kaplan, Eran (2005). The Jewish radical right: Revisionist Zionism and its ideological legacy. Studies on Israel. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 21, 149–150, 156. ISBN 978-0-299-20380-1.
14. Brenner, Lenni (1983). "Zionism-Revisionism: The Years of Fascism and Terror". Journal of Palestine Studies. 13 (1): 66–92. doi:10.2307/2536926. JSTOR 2536926 – via JSTOR.
15. TAMIR, DAN (2014). "FROM A FASCIST'S NOTEBOOK TO THE PRINCIPLES OF REBIRTH: THE DESIRE FOR SOCIAL INTEGRATION IN HEBREW FASCISM, 1928–1942". The Historical Journal. 57 (4): 1062–1063. doi:10.1017/S0018246X14000053. ISSN 0018-246X. JSTOR 24531975.
16. ^ Larsen, p377.
17. Shlaim, Avi (1996). Shindle, Colin; Shamir, Yitzhak; Arens, Moshe; Begin, Ze‘ev B.; Netanyahu, Benjamin (eds.). "The Likud in Power: The Historiography of Revisionist Zionism". Israel Studies. 1 (2): 279. doi:10.2979/ISR.1996.1.2.278. ISSN 1084-9513. JSTOR 30245501.
18. Larsen, Stein Ugelvik (ed.). Fascism Outside of Europe. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-88033-988-8. pp. 364–365.
19. Naor, Arye (2006). "Review of The Triumph of Military Zionism: Nationalism and the Origins of the Israeli Right". Israel Studies. 11 (3): 176. doi:10.1353/is.2006.0029. ISSN 1084-9513. JSTOR 30245655.
20. ^ TAMIR, DAN (2014). "FROM A FASCIST'S NOTEBOOK TO THE PRINCIPLES OF REBIRTH: THE DESIRE FOR SOCIAL INTEGRATION IN HEBREW FASCISM, 1928–1942". The Historical Journal. 57 (4): 1080. doi:10.1017/S0018246X14000053. ISSN 0018-246X. JSTOR 24531975.
21. Douglas Feith Book Review:Jabotinsky by Hillel Halkin Wall Street Journal 30 may 2014
22. Yaacov Shavit Jabotinsky and the Revisionist Movement 1925–1948 p.336 and the XIIth ch Revisionism and Fascism – Image and Interpretation p.349 and al.in Oxon, England, UK: Frank Cass & Co, Ltd.,1988
23. "The Assassination of Hayim Arlosoroff". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
24. Heller, Joseph (1995). The Stern Gang: Ideology, Politics and Terror, 1940–49. Frank Cass. p. 86. ISBN 0-7146-4558-3.
25. Sofer, Sasson; Shefer-Vanson, Dorothea (1998). Zionism and the foundations of Israeli diplomacy. Cambridge, U.K. ; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 253–254. ISBN 978-0-521-63012-2.
26. Israel Eldad, The First Tithe, p. 84
27. Perliger and Weinberg, 2003, p. 108.
28. Perliger and Weinberg, 2003, p. 107.
29. Jabotinsky and the Revisionist Movement 1925–1948. Yaacov Shavit, Routledge; 1st ed., 1988) p. 231 "Articles in contemporary Lehi publications talked about the Jewish nation as a heroic people, even a 'master race' (in contrast to the Arabs, who were considered a nation of slaves)"
30. ^ Sasha Polakow-Suransky, "The Unspoken Alliance: Israel's Secret Relationship with Apartheid South Africa", p. 107
31. ^ "Religious Fundamentalism and Political Extremism", edited by Leonard Weinberg, Ami Pedahzur, p. 112, Routledge, 2008
32. ^ Leslie Stein,The Hope Fulfilled: The Rise of Modern Israel, Greenwood Publishing Group 2003 pp. 237–238.
33. Stein, Leslie (2003). The hope fulfilled : the rise of modern Israel. Westport, Conn. USA: Praeger. Archived from the original on 17 September 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2024. Donor: Boston Public Library
34. Medoff, Rafael; Waxman, Chaim I. (2013). Historical dictionary of Zionism. Taylor & Francis. p. 183. ISBN 9781135966492.
35. Colin Shindler (1995). The Land beyond Promise: Israel, Likud and the Zionist dream. I.B. Tauris. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-86064-774-1.
36. Martin, Gus; Kushner, Harvey W., eds. (2011). The Sage encyclopedia of terrorism (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE Publications. p. 321. ISBN 978-1-4129-8016-6.
37. Harb, Farah Najjar,Ali (29 December 2022). "Israel-Hamas war updates: Displaced 'killed point-blank' in Gaza school". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 21 May 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
38. ^ Marwan Bishara (21 December 2022). "Netanyahu, the godfather of modern Israeli fascism". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
39. Rabin, Leah (1997). Rabin: His Life, Our Legacy. G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 7, 11–12. ISBN 0-399-14217-7.
40. Smith, Charles D. Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict A History with Documents, ISBN 0-312-43736-6, pp. 458
41. Newton, Michael (2014). "Rabin, Yitzhak". Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia, Volume 2. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 450. ISBN 978-1-61-069285-4.
42. Tucker, Ernest (2016). The Middle East in Modern World History. Routledge. pp. 331–32. ISBN 978-1-31-550823-8.
43. Ephron, Dan (2015). Killing a king: the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin and the remaking of Israel (1st ed.). New York London: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-393-24209-6.
44. Barnea, Avner (2 January 2017). "The Assassination of a Prime Minister–The Intelligence Failure that Failed to Prevent the Murder of Yitzhak Rabin". The International Journal of Intelligence, Security, and Public Affairs. 19 (1): 37. doi:10.1080/23800992.2017.1289763. ISSN 2380-0992.
45. Hellinger, Moshe; Hershkowitz, Isaac; Susser, Bernard (2018). Religious Zionism and the settlement project: ideology, politics, and civil disobedience. Albany: SUNY Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-4384-6839-6.
46. Ex-Undercover Agent Charged as a Link in Rabin Killing, The New York Times, April 26, 1999
47. Cohen-Almagor, Raphael (2006). The scope of tolerance: studies on the costs of free expression and freedom of the press. New York, NY: Routledge. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-415-35758-6.
48. Zogby, James (23 March 2021). "Netanyahu Is Letting Israel's Fascists Enter by the Front Door". The Nation.
49. Solomon, Esther (10 September 2023). "When a Jewish Fascist Moves Into Your Neighborhood". Haaretz.
50. Illouz, Eva (15 November 2022). "La troisième force politique en Israël représente ce que l'on est bien obligé d'appeler, à contrecœur, un "fascisme juif"". Le Monde (in French).
51. Khatib, Ibrahim (28 July 2022). "Kahane Movement: Origins and Influence on Israeli Politics". If the Kach Movement and its legacy represent fascism and racism, this fascist legacy has been transmitted and continues to be passed on to certain Israeli people, parties and movements, as is the case with Otzma Yehudit and other more radical movements, including the Hilltop Youth Group, Lahava, and La Familia.
52. Liba, Dror (21 February 2019). "Otzma Yehudit's history of racism and provocation". Ynet.
53. Horowitz, Amiad (2022). "Israeli extremists propelled to power alongside Netanyahu, accelerating global neo-fascist trend". Guardian (Sydney).
54. Khaled, T. (2022). "A Palestinian Perspective on the Recent Israeli Elections". Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics, and Culture. 27 (3/4): 152–157. ProQuest 2762958313.
55. * Kershner, Isabel; Kingsley, Patrick (1 November 2022). "Israel Election: Exit Polls Show Netanyahu With Edge in Israel's Election". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
    • Reich, Eleanor H. (16 November 2022). "Israel swears in new parliament, most right-wing in history". AP NEWS. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
    • Shalev, Tal (3 February 2023). "The most right-wing coalition in Israel's history had a stormy first month". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
56. * "Israel Swears in New Parliament, Most Right-Wing in History". U.S. News & World Report. Associated Press (AP). 2022. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023. Israel has sworn in its most religious and right-wing parliament
    • Lieber, Dov; Raice, Shayndi; Boxerman, Aaron (2022). "Behind Benjamin Netanyahu's Win in Israel: The Rise of Religious Zionism". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023. Israel's most right-wing and religious government in its history
    • "Netanyahu Government: West Bank Settlements Top Priority". VOA. Associated Press (AP). 2022. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023. the most religious and hardline in Israel's history
57. Carrie Keller-Lynn (21 December 2022). ""I've done it": Netanyahu announces his 6th government, Israel's most hardline ever". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
58. Tal, Rob Picheta,Hadas Gold,Amir (29 December 2022). "Benjamin Netanyahu sworn in as leader of Israel's likely most right-wing government ever". CNN. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
59. * Maltz, Judy (3 November 2022). "Will Israel Become a Theocracy? Religious Parties Are Election's Biggest Winners". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 7 November 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
    • Levinthal, Batya (4 January 2023). "Poll: 70% of secular Israelis worry about their future under new gov". i24News. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023. Netanyahu's new government, deemed the most religious and right-wing in the country's history.
60. Gross, Judah Ari (4 November 2022). "Israel poised to have its most religious government; experts say no theocracy yet". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
61. "Elections and Parties". en.idi.org.il. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
62. ^ Klein, Yossi (10 February 2023). "Do not march blindly into dictatorship". Haaretz. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
63. ^ Klein, Yossi (17 February 2023). "Germany 1933, Israel 2023". Haaretz. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
64. ^ Zananiri, Elias (3 October 2023). "Israeli Neo-Fascism threatens Israelis and Palestinians alike". Haaretz. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
65. Gold, Hadas; Greene, Richard Allen; Tal, Amir (24 July 2023). "Israel passed a bill to limit the Supreme Court's power. Here's what comes next". CNN. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
66. McGarvey, Emily (14 January 2023). "Over 80,000 Israelis protest against Supreme Court reform". BBC. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
67. Beauchamp, Zack (3 January 2024). "Israel's Supreme Court just overturned Netanyahu's pre-war power grab". Vox. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
68. Edwards, Christian (2 January 2024). "What we know about Israel's Supreme Court ruling on Netanyahu's judicial overhaul". CNN. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
69. Klein, Yossi (12 January 2023). "Netanyahu's Stalinist purge threatens Israeli democracy". Haaretz. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
70. ^ Shani, Ayelett (10 February 2023). "'Israel's government has neo-Nazi ministers. It really does recall Germany in 1933'". Haaretz. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
71. ^ "Dr. Daniel Blatman — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum". www.ushmm.org. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
72. "UK Labour Marxists hand out papers at party conference comparing Israel to Nazis". 24 September 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
73. ^ Daniel Blatman (26 December 2010). "1932 is already here". Haaretz. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
74. "Unsure if Israel is a democracy foreign investors are fleeing the apartheid state". 13 February 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
75. Harel, Amos (3 February 2023). "Will far-right minister Itamar Ben-Gvir's chutzpah trigger a third intifada?". Haaretz. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
76. Peled, Margherita Stancati and Anat. "Israel's Far Right Plots a 'New Gaza' Without Palestinians". WSJ. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
77. "'Human Animals': The sordid language behind Israel's genocide in Gaza". Middle East Monitor. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
78. Green, Raz Segal,Penny (14 January 2024). "Intent in the genocide case against Israel is not hard to prove". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 19 May 2024. A database of more than 500 statements showing Israeli incitement to genocide provides ample evidence of genocidal intent.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
79. "Defense minister announces 'complete siege' of Gaza: No power, food or fuel". 9 October 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
80. "Israeli defence minister orders 'complete siege' on Gaza (video of speech in Hebrew with English subtitles)". Al Jazeera. 9 October 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
81. "Raz Segal – author profile". Jewish Currents. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
82. "A Textbook Case of Genocide". Jewish Currents. 13 October 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2024.

v t e Governments of Israel
	Ben-Gurion Provisional 1 2 3 4 Sharett 5 6 Ben-Gurion 7 8 9 10 Eshkol 11 12 13 Meir 14 15 16 Rabin 17 Begin 18 19 Shamir 20 Peres 21 Shamir 22 23 24 Rabin 25 Peres 26 Netanyahu 27 Barak 28 Sharon 29 30 Olmert 31 Netanyahu 32 33 34 Netanyahu–Gantz 35 Bennett–Lapid 36 Netanyahu 37

v t e Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
Background	Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine Franco-Syrian War Sinai and Palestine campaign
1920s	Battle of Tel Hai 1920 Nebi Musa riots Jaffa riots 1921 Jerusalem Riots
1930s	Black Hand insurgency (1930–1935) 1933 Palestine riots 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
During World War II	Operation Atlas (Mandatory Palestine) Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine The Saison
After World War II	1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
Actors	British commissioner Arab Palestinians Arab Higher Committee Jewish Palestinians Jewish Agency for Israel German Templar community Nazi Party in Mandatory Palestine
Prominent figures	British Herbert Louis Samuel Jewish Palestinian David Ben-Gurion Arab Palestinian Amin al-Husseini Nazism Gotthilf Wagner
Category:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine

v t e Zionism
Concepts	Zion Land of Israel Aliyah Yerida Homeland (proposals) Jewish state Law of Return Yishuv Territorialism Promised Land Gathering of Israel Settlement Negation of the Diaspora Revival of the Hebrew language Hebraization of surnames Judaization Zionism, race and genetics
Ideologies	General Labor Revisionist Reform Religious Cultural Federal Post-Zionism Proto-Zionism Neo-Zionism Non-Zionism Green Christian Canaanism Yiddishist Golus
Organizations	Histadrut Hovevei Zion Bilu World Zionist Organization Zionist General Council Zionist Federation of Germany Zionist Organization of America Zionist Organization of Canada Religious Zionists of America Jewish National Fund Poale Zion Jewish Agency for Israel Jewish National Council Mizrachi Bnei Akiva Habonim Dror Hashomer Hatzair Haganah HaNoar HaTzioni World Agudath Israel Irgun Betar Lehi Jewish Party (Czechoslovakia) Jewish Party (Romania) Jewish Resistance Movement Palmach Women's International Zionist Organization Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America Aytzim American Zionist Movement Am Yisrael Foundation Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland Institute for Zionist Strategies International Fellowship of Christians and Jews Nefesh B'Nefesh Birthright Israel
History and timelines	History of Israel Chronology of Aliyah History of Zionism Balfour Declaration UN General Assembly Resolution 3379 UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86 Timeline of Zionism Israeli–Palestinian peace process Timeline of the Arab–Israeli conflict
Holidays	Yom HaZikaron Independence Day Jerusalem Day Yom HaAliyah Herzl Day Jabotinsky Day Ben-Gurion Day Rabin Day
Related topics	List of Zionists Anti-Zionism The Holocaust Antisemitism New antisemitism Not one inch Jewish Autonomism Jewish emancipation Jewish political movements Greater Israel Muscular Judaism Muslim supporters of Israel Progressive except Palestine Zionism as settler colonialism Zionist antisemitism Zionist political violence Zio (pejorative) Ulpan Conservatism in Israel Liberalism in Israel

• Jewish fascists
• Fascism in Israel
• Far-right politics in Israel
• Fascist movements
• Jewish movements
• Fascism in Asia
• Revisionist Zionism