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Levente (organization)

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Paramilitary youth organisation in Hungary
Levente Associations
Symbol of the Levente Associations
Active31 December 1921 – 17 March 1945
Disbanded17 March 1945
Allegiance Kingdom of Hungary
TypeParamilitary
Size1,300,000 (in January 1944)
Garrison/HQBudapest, Hungary
MarchSalus Hungaria
EngagementsWorld War II
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Alajos Béldy
Military unit
Pennant of the Levente Headquarters of Miklósvár District (Háromszék County, Kingdom of Hungary) from 1940 to 1944

Levente Associations (Hungarian: Leventeszervezetek) or simply levente were paramilitary youth organizations in Hungary during the interwar period and the Second World War. They were established in 1921 with the declared purpose of physical and health training. As of the mid-1930s, they became a de facto method of circumventing the ban on conscription imposed on Hungary by the Treaty of Trianon and over time, openly became a paramilitary organization under the leadership of military veterans. As of 1939, under the Act of Defense, all boys aged 12–21 were required to join the levente.

The levente are usually compared to the Hitler Youth of Nazi Germany and the Opera Nazionale Balilla of Italy, but while they also undertook military training, the levente were neither openly fascist nor particularly politicized, although they were not completely removed from the political influences of the time.

The levente had a smaller female branch, Leventelányok ("Levente Girls"), created as a voluntary organization in June 1942. Under the rule of Ferenc Szálasi, installed by the Nazis in Hungary in October 1944, mandatory levente duties were imposed on girls aged 12–19, despite strong opposition from the Catholic Church. However, the changes were never implemented because of the advance of the Red Army.

By the end of World War II, levente members were forced to serve in auxiliary military forces.

During the postwar Soviet occupation, many levente activists were tried by Soviet tribunals, convicted of "anti-Soviet activities" and deported to the USSR for penal labor.

Gallery

References

  1. ^ "1921. évi LIII. törvénycikk a testnevelésről: kihirdettetett az Országos Törvénytárban 1921. évi december hó 31. napján". Országos Törvénytár. 53. 1921.
  2. ^ "Az Ideiglenes Nemzeti Kormány 529/1945. M.E. számu rendelete a fasiszta politikai és katonai jellegü szervezetek feloszlatásáról". Magyar Közlöny. 1 (9): 3. 1945.
  3. Kerepeszky, Róbert (2010). "A leventemozgalom". Rubicon. 20 (205–206): 111.
  4. Salus Hungaria (Magyar Levente Induló)
  5. "Levente" is an Old Hungarian word for "knight; see also "Levente"
  6. Ernst Christian Helmreich (1957) "Hungary", Praeger, p. 45
  7. ^ Attila Horvath, "War and Peace: the Effects of the World War II on Hungarian Education" in: Roy Lowe (ed.) (1992) "Education & the Second World War: Studies in Schooling & Social Change", ISBN 0-7507-0054-8

See also

Far-right nationalism and fascism in Hungary until 1945
Political parties and groups
People
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