Misplaced Pages

S14 (Ukrainian group)

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Ukrainian far-right organization

S14
Січ
Formation2010
HeadquartersVasylkivska Street [uk] 3, Kyiv
Location
LeaderYevhen Karas [uk]
Parent organizationSvoboda (2010–2014)
Right Sector (2014)

S14, also known as C14 or Sich ( Error: {{Langx}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (help)), is a neo-Nazi, Ukrainian nationalist group founded in 2010. In 2018, it gained notoriety for its involvement in violent attacks on Romani camps. In 2020, the group rebranded as Foundation for the Future (Основа майбутнього).

History

S14 was founded in 2010 as the youth wing of the ultranationalist political party Svoboda. S14 was one of the far-right groups active during the Euromaidan movement (November 2013 – February 2014). They were involved with skirmishes with the violent pro-government supporters known as titushky. In November 2017, the group was added to the political violence database of Terrorism Research & Analysis Consortium. In 2018, alongside the Azov Battalion's National Corps party, S14 was recognized by the United States Department of State's Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor as a nationalist hate group. S14 shares the Azov Battalion's and Social-National Assembly's neo-Nazi aims. In OpenDemocracy, Denys Gorbach commented that "C14 combine generic 'healthy patriotic' message with subtler hints which can be easily deciphered by members of the subculture (such as the symbolic date of the Roma pogrom on Hitler's birthday or indeed the very name of the organisation)".

In 2017, S14 was accused by anti-war, left-wing activist Stas Serhiyenko of having been involved in his stabbing. The day after the attack, S14 leader Yevhen Karas [uk] accused Serhiyenko of having supported the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Kharkiv Oblast and annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, and stated that the attack was "far from the first, but not the last, attack on the bacilli of terrorism, hidden in the midst of peaceful Ukrainian streets". In November 2017, S14 was accused by former member Dmytro Riznychenko [uk] to have cooperated with the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU), and Karas openly boasted about it.

In 2019 a former intelligence officer of the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) stated that the SBU had found some common ground with "S14" and directed them to carry out some actions against separatists that they could not legally arrest, such as searches and identifications of separatists. The actions also included causing physical harm, such as crashing a car.

In January 2018, S14 counter-protested the annual demonstration commemorating Anastasia Baburova and Stanislav Markelov, two murdered Russian anti-fascists, by shouting the demonstrators down and attacking them with eggs and snowballs; the demonstration has been an annual target of the far right. In March 2018, the Holosiivskyi District of Kyiv signed an agreement allowing to establish a municipal guard headed by a S14 representative to patrol the capital city's streets. This decision was criticized by human rights groups commenting that "Ukraine is sinking into a chaos of uncontrolled violence posed by radical groups and their total impunity. Practically no one in the country can feel safe under these conditions." As in some cases the police arrested peaceful demonstrators rather than the violent perpetrators, such as the January 2018 violence and March 2018 far-right attacks against the International Women's Day marchers, they said that far-right groups, among them S14, were acting under "a veneer of patriotism" and "traditional values", and were allowed by the police and the state to operate under an "atmosphere of near total impunity that cannot but embolden these groups to commit more attacks".

In June 2018, S14 gained international notoriety after reports it was being involved in violent attacks on Romani camps. The day after the attack, Karas posted a blog entry entitled "Separatist Safari", taking responsibility for the assault. He made threats "on the germs of terrorists hiding in the peaceful Ukrainian streets". Amnesty International, Freedom House, Front Line Defenders, and Human Rights Watch signed a "Joint Letter to Ukraine's Minister of Interior Affairs and Prosecutor General Concerning Radical Groups" citing S14, alongside Karpatska Sich, Right Sector, Traditsii i Poryadok, and others, to "have carried out at least two dozen violent attacks, threats, or instances of intimidation in Kyiv, Vinnitsa, Uzhhorod, Lviv, Chernivtsi, Ivano-Frankivsk and other Ukrainian cities". On 14 June 2018, Hromadske Radio reported that Ukraine's Ministry of Youth and Sports was funding S14 to promote "national patriotic education projects", for which the group was awarded almost $17,000. S14 also awarded funds to far-right linked Educational Assembly and Holosiyiv Hideout.

In October 2018, Serhiy Bondar, a young organizer with S14, spoke at an event focused on community safety at the America House Kyiv, which later stated that the invitation was not arranged with them. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFERL) correspondent Christopher Miller described it as "disturbing". On 19 November 2018, S14 and fellow far-right Ukrainian nationalist political organizations, among them the Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists, the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, and Right Sector, endorsed Ruslan Koshulynskyi in the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election. where he received 1.6% of the votes. In March 2019, a cooperation between S14 and the SBU was announced; the SBU instructed S14 to perform certain tasks that the SBU could not perform for legal reasons. In March 2021, S14 members were elected to the Public Council at the country's Ministry for Veterans Affairs, with whom the group, alongside Azov, has partnered since November 2019; far-right groups and leaders were involved in shaping the ministry, which was formed in November 2018.

On 17 October 2019, an event was arranged by far-right figure Andriy Medvedko [uk], who chairs an organization for veterans of the war in Donbass linked to S14 and is a suspect in the murder of journalist Oles Buzina; the event, a concert attended by, among others, neo-Nazi and Holocaust-denying band Sokyra Peruna [uk], was also attended by then-government ministers, among them Prime Minister Oleksiy Honcharuk and minister Oksana Koliada. Following harsh criticism, Honcharuk justified his presence stating that many different bands had attended the event and that he had visited the place following an invitation from a veteran group, not because he is a fan of Sokyra Peruna.

Image

S14 (as spelled in the Ukrainian alphabet) says it resembles Sich (Ukrainian: Січ), the name given to the administrative and military centres for Cossacks in the 16–18th century. Experts and the Terrorism Research & Analysis Consortium have reported that the number 14 in the group's name has been seen as a reference to the Fourteen Words slogan coined by David Lane, an American white supremacist. Academic Anton Shekhovtsov has defined the organization as a "neo-Nazi movement", while sociologist Volodymyr Ishchenko [uk] described it as "a neo-Nazi terror group ... whose major activity is harassing and terrorizing opposition journalists, bloggers, and citizens".

S14 leader Yevhen Karas [uk] has defended himself from attacks calling him a Nazi and his group being neo-Nazi. According to Karas, his confrontations were mainly with non-Ukrainian ethnic groups that he said controlled the country's political and economic forces, whom he identified as Jews, Poles, and Russians. He stated: "We don't consider ourselves a neo-Nazi organization, we're clearly Ukrainian nationalists." In 2018, former member Dmytro Riznychenko [uk] told Radio Svoboda: "C14 are all neo-Nazis. It's quite an appropriate definition." In May 2018, Hromadske wrote: "Most of C14's actions do seem to be directed at Russia, or those sympathetic towards Russia." Political scientist Andreas Umland said that S14 "could qualify as neo-Nazi", as did Vyacheslav Likhachev [uk], author of the 2018 Freedom House report on the far right in Ukraine, and other far-right researchers or political scientists like Anna Hrytsenko [uk], Ivan Katchanovski, and Branislav Radelic. Likhachev said that S14 members decorated the captured Kyiv City State Administration's building during the Euromaidan with neo-Nazi symbolism and flags, which they continue to use. In June 2018, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty reported that members of the group had openly expressed neo-Nazi views. After one member updated his Facebook image to that of him speaking at America House Kyiv, Halya Coynash wrote an article titled "Neo-Nazi C14 vigilantes appear to work with Kyiv police in latest 'purge' of Roma in Ukraine".

On 6 August 2019, the Commercial Court of Kyiv ruled in favour of S14 after a 4 May 2018 tweet from Hromadske, which appealed, referred to the group as neo-Nazi. After the ruling, Hromadske published "The Neo-Nazis Who Don't Want to Be Called Neo-Nazis", reporting: "The court noted that the information circulated by Hromadske back in May 2018 'harms the reputation' of C14 and ordered Hromadske to refute the information and pay ₴3,500 ($136) in court fees to C14. Hromadske maintains that it has the right to use such terminology." The ruling was criticized by human rights groups, journalists, and both national and international observers, with the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe's Office of the Representative on Freedom of the Media expressing concern because it "goes against #mediafreedom and could discourage journalistic work" in Ukraine. International news outlets like Al Jazeera, Bellingcat, La Croix, The Economist, The Guardian, Haaretz, The Nation, Reuters, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, and The Washington Post, as well as the Parliament of the United Kingdom, and human rights organizations like the European Roma Rights Centre, Hope not Hate, the Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group, PEN Ukraine, ROMEA [cs], and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, among others, have referred to S14 as a neo-Nazi group. The ruling of the Commercial Court of Kyiv was upheld on 7 November 2019. The day prior, Matthew Schaaf, the director of Freedom House in Ukraine, said that the ruling "could seriously damage media coverage of important events in Ukraine in conditions where many media and journalists already apply self-censorship". After the ruling, critics argued that it was not sufficient that neo-Nazi is offensive, it must also be false, which the court did not establish because it ignored the views of experts. On 21 January 2020, the Supreme Court of Ukraine rejected Hromadske's appeal, and the case was taken to the European Court of Human Rights.

Rebranding

In autumn 2019, S14 leader Yevhen Karas announced the creation of the new political movement "Society for the Future", which has the objective of uniting several radical nationalist groups, including S14, Misanthropic Division and some veterans of the disbanded OUN Battalion. In March 2020 S14 officially rebranded into the "Foundation for the Future" (Основа майбутнього), which will act as the youth wing of the Society for the Future.

Notes

  1. "Its aims are stated in one of their online publications:
    • 'to prepare Ukraine for further expansion and to struggle for the liberation of the entire White Race from the domination of the internationalist speculative capital';
    • 'to punish severely sexual perversions and any interracial contacts that lead to the extinction of the white man'. This, according to experts, is a typical neo-Nazi narrative. C-14 holds roughly the same view ... ."
  2. Lane coined the 14-word slogan, which reads: "We must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children."

References

  1. ^ "A Fine Line: Defining Nationalism and Neo-Nazism in Ukraine". Hromadske. 10 May 2018. Archived from the original on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  2. ^ Cohen, Josh (20 June 2018). "Ukraine's Got a Real Problem with Far-Right Violence (And No, RT Didn't Write This Headline)". Atlantic Council. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  3. Coynash, Halya (25 October 2018). "Neo-Nazi C14 vigilantes appear to work with Kyiv police in latest 'purge' of Roma". Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022. C14 members object to being called 'neo-Nazi', however researchers following far-right groups, like Anna Hrytsenko, Anton Shekhovtsov and Vyacheslav Likhachev are clear that the group fits this description because of their hate crimes and the neo-Nazi symbols they use.
  4. "Yes, It's (Still) OK To Call Ukraine's C14 'Neo-Nazi'". Bellingcat. 9 August 2019. Archived from the original on 9 August 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2022. The Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group, in an article published the day after the ruling, points out that C14 is 'considered by most experts to be neo-Nazi.' The Group points out that a number of experts and observers of the far-right in Ukraine frequently have referred to C14 as 'neo-Nazi.' These experts and observers include Vyacheslav Likhachev, the author of a 2018 Freedom House report on the far-right in Ukraine, as well as academics Anton Shekhovtsov and Andreas Umland.
  5. ^ "C14 aka Sich – Ukraine". Terrorism Research & Analysis Consortium. November 2017. Archived from the original on 2 April 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  6. ^ Miller, Christopher (14 June 2018). "Ukrainian Militia Behind Brutal Romany Attacks Getting State Funds". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  7. "SBU opens case against C14 nationalists for detention of Brazilian mercenary – lawyer". Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. 18 June 2018. Archived from the original on 20 February 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  8. ^ "Ukraine Roma camp attack leaves one dead". BBC. 24 June 2018. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  9. ^ "Радикалы С14 переименовали себя в "Основу будущего"". DSNews. 28 January 2021. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021.
  10. Shekhovtsov, Anton (3 December 2013). "Provoking the Euromaidan". OpenDemocracy. Archived from the original on 30 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  11. ^ "Maidan on my mind". The Economist. 15 February 2014. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  12. Gerasimova, Tanya (14 March 2019). "U.S. Considers C14 And National Corps Nationalist Hate Groups". Ukrainian News Agency. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  13. "Ukraine court orders Hromadske TV to pay costs in case over C14 tweet". Committee to Protect Journalists. 8 August 2019. Archived from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  14. ^ Engel, Valery (30 November 2019). "Zelensky Struggles To Contain Ukraine's Neo-Nazi Problem". Centre for Analysis of the Radical Right. Archived from the original on 2 April 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022. See also its PDF Archived 27 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine version at Civic-Nation Archived 27 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine.
  15. ^ Gorbach, Denys (16 October 2018). "Entrepreneurs of political violence: the varied interests and strategies of the far-right in Ukraine". OpenDemocracy. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  16. "Volonter rasskazal ob odnom iz 'levykh' studentov, brosivshikh tortom v zamministra finansov" Волонтер рассказал об одном из 'левых' студентов, бросивших тортом в замминистра финансов [The volunteer told about one of the 'left' students who threw the cake to the deputy finance minister] (in Ukrainian). Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. 31 August 2016. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  17. "Zayava Platforma 'Start' pro stypendiyi, naklep ta rosiys'kyy imperializm (zayava)" Заява Платформа 'Старт' про стипендії, наклеп та російський імперіалізм (заява) [Statement by the Start Platform on scholarships, slander and Russian imperialism (statement)] (in Ukrainian). Sotsialnyy Rukh. 7 September 2016. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  18. ^ Cohen, Josh (20 March 2018). "Commentary: Ukraine's neo-Nazi problem". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  19. "V Kiyeve napali na uchastnika 'aktsii s tortom' protiv otmeny stipendiy" В Киеве напали на участника 'акции с тортом' против отмены стипендий [In Kiev, a participant of a 'cake action' against the abolition of scholarships was attacked]. Strana.ua (in Ukrainian). 23 April 2017. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  20. "Interview: Leading Ukrainian Human Rights Activist Volodymyr Chemerys". Ukraine Solidarity Campaign. 5 February 2018. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  21. Karas, Yevhen (21 April 2017). "Cherhove safari na separiv" Чергове сафарі на сепарів [Another safari on separatists]. Censor.net [uk] (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  22. "Lidera radikal'nykh natsionalistov iz S14 obvinili v sotrudnichestve s SBU" Лидера радикальных националистов из С14 обвинили в сотрудничестве с СБУ [The leader of radical nationalists from C14 was accused of collaborating with the SBU]. Kapital (in Russian). 2 November 2017. Archived from the original on 29 May 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  23. "S14. Kto oni i pochemu im pozvoleno bit' lyudey" С14. Кто они и почему им позволено бить людей [C14. Who they are and why they are allowed to hit people]. LIGA.net [uk] (in Russian). 15 November 2017. Archived from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  24. Єгошина, Валерія (22 March 2019). "Силовики для кандидатів: як напередодні виборів Порошенко та Тимошенко заручились підтримкою СБУ, ГПУ та МВС". Радіо Свобода. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022 – via www.radiosvoboda.org.
  25. Hreys, Yevheniya (19 January 2018). "Chleny S14 namahalysya zirvaty aktsiyu pam'yati pravozakhysnykiv Markelova i Baburovoyi" Члени С14 намагалися зірвати акцію пам'яті правозахисників Маркелова і Бабурової [C14 members tried to disrupt a rally in memory of human rights activists Markelov and Baburova] (in Ukrainian). Hromadske. Archived from the original on 21 January 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  26. Gorbach, Denis; Petik, Oles (15 February 2016). "The rise of Azov". OpenDemocracy. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  27. Coynash, Halya (22 January 2018). "Ukrainian police disturbingly passive during far-right attack on Kyiv gathering in memory of Markelov & Baburova". Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  28. "Ukraine: Authorities Should Respond to Attacks Targeting Peaceful Demonstrations". Freedom House. 13 March 2018. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  29. "Joint Letter to Ukraine's Minister of Interior Affairs and Prosecutor General Concerning Radical Groups". Human Rights Watch. 14 June 2018. Archived from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022. On April 20, about five members of C14, a radical group that promotes hatred and discrimination, acting in their capacity as municipal patrols of the Holoseevsky City District, attacked a Roma settlement in Kyiv. A widely circulated video shows how the masked attackers chased women and small children with rocks and pepper spray after burning down their tents. Two criminal investigations have been launched, but we are not aware of any results.
  30. Khokhlovich, Mikhail; Liasheva, Alona (21 May 2017). "Good Cop, Bad Cop". Jacobin. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  31. "Joint Letter to Ukraine's Minister of Interior Affairs and Prosecutor General Concerning Radical Groups". Human Rights Watch. 14 June 2018. Archived from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  32. "Far-Right Group C14 Wins Funding From Ukrainian Government". Hromadske. 14 June 2018. Archived from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  33. ^ Romelsjö, Anders (10 November 2018). "Våldsam nazist jagar romer och framträder hos regeringsorgan för USA i Kiev" [Violent Nazis chase Roma and appear before US government agencies in Kyiv]. Global Politics (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  34. "Natsionalisty vyznachylys' z kandydatom u prezydenty" Націоналісти визначились з кандидатом у президенти [The nationalists have been identified with a presidential candidate]. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 19 November 2018. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  35. Nelles, Mattia (4 April 2019). "Zelenskiy wins first round but that's not the surprise". Atlantic Council. Archived from the original on 5 October 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  36. Yegoshin, Valery (21 March 2019). "Sylovyky dlya kandydativ: yak naperedodni vyboriv Poroshenko ta Tymoshenko zaruchylys' pidtrymkoyu SBU, HPU ta MVS" Силовики для кандидатів: як напередодні виборів Порошенко та Тимошенко заручились підтримкою СБУ, ГПУ та МВС [Security forces for candidates: how on the eve of the election Poroshenko and Tymoshenko enlisted the support of the SBU, GPU and Interior Ministry]. Радіо Свобода (in Ukrainian). Radio Free Europe/Free Liberty. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  37. Proskuryakov, Samuil (23 March 2021). "Pravoradykaly potrapyly do Hromads'koyi rady pry Ministerstvi veteraniv Ukrayiny. Zaborona rozpovidaye, khto same, ta chomu tse problema" Праворадикали потрапили до Громадської ради при Міністерстві ветеранів України. Заборона розповідає, хто саме, та чому це проблема [Right-wing radicals entered the Public Council at the Ministry of Veterans of Ukraine. Zaborona tells who it is and why it is a problem]. Zaborona (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  38. "Andrii Medvedko - Prominent C14 member and former Svoboda party official". Reporting Radicalism. Freedom House. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  39. "Ukraine's Ministry of Veterans Affairs Embraced the Far Right - With Consequences to the U.S." Bellingcat. 11 November 2019. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  40. "Goncharuk o kontserte s uchastiyem 'Sokiry Peruna': Ni o kakikh pravo- ili levoradikal'nykh vzglyadakh rech' ne idet" Гончарук о концерте с участием 'Сокиры Перуна': Ни о каких право- или леворадикальных взглядах речь не идет [Goncharuk about the Sokyra Peruna concert he attended: 'There were no far-right or far-left views expressed'] (in Russian). Interfax. 16 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  41. Sokol, Sam (27 October 2019). "Ukrainian PM, minister attended neo-Nazi concert in Kyiv". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  42. ^ "How to Mainstream Neo-Nazis: A Lesson from Ukraine's New Government". Bellingcat. 21 October 2019. Archived from the original on 2 April 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  43. Kent, Elina (16 October 2019). "Honcharuk addresses appearance at neo-Nazi event in cabinet briefing". Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022.
  44. Shramovich, Vyacheslav (26 October 2017). "'Mozhe, v nashiy krayini tak dopustymo – bez lyapasa po pytsi khtos' mozhe ne zrozumity' - Karas'" 'Може, в нашій країні так допустимо – без ляпаса по пиці хтось може не зрозуміти' - Карась ['Maybe in our country it is so permissible - without a slap in the face, someone may not understand' - Crucian carp] (in Ukrainian). Hromadske Radio. Archived from the original on 4 November 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  45. ^ "Yes, It's (Still) OK To Call Ukraine's C14 'Neo-Nazi'". Bellingcat. 9 August 2019. Archived from the original on 9 August 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  46. Shekhovtsov, Anton (5 March 2014). "From electoral success to revolutionary failure". Eurozine. Archived from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022. See also its PDF version at Academia.edu.
  47. Plommer, Joe (22 February 2019). "Ukraine on the Brink". Jacobin. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  48. Shramovich, Vyacheslav (4 July 2017). "Hrupa S14: khulihany, yaki lovlyat' separatystiv" Група С14: хулігани, які ловлять сепаратистів [Group C14: hooligans who catch separatists] (in Ukrainian). BBC. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  49. ^ Shtogrin, Irina (19 March 2018). "'S14'. Natsionalisty-radykaly chy neonatsysty?" 'С14'. Націоналісти-радикали чи неонацисти? ['C14'. Radical nationalists or neo-Nazis?]. Radio Slovoba (in Ukrainian). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  50. Likhachev, Vyacheslav (2014). "'Pravyy sektor' i drugiye: natsional-radikaly i ukrainskiy politicheskiy krizis kontsa 2013 g. – nachala 2014 g." 'Правый сектор' и другие: национал-радикалы и украинский политический кризис конца 2013 г. – начала 2014 г. ['Right Sector' and Others: National Radicals and Ukrainian Political Crisis in Late 2013 – Early 2014] (in Russian). 11 (2/22). Recent Eastern European History and Culture Forum: 93. doi:10.1111/wusa.12457. S2CID 213672444. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) See also its PDF Archived 13 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine version at the Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt.
  51. ^ Coynash, Halya (25 October 2018). "Neo-Nazi C14 vigilantes appear to work with Kyiv police in latest 'purge' of Roma". Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
  52. Katchanovski, Ivan (December 2019). "The Maidan Massacre in Ukraine: Revelations from Trials and Investigations". Journal of Labor and Society. 23 (1). Brill: 5–29. doi:10.1111/wusa.12457. S2CID 213672444. Archived from the original on 2 April 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022 – via Jordan Center for the Advanced Study of Russia at New York University.
  53. Katchanovski, Ivan (12 December 2021). "The Maidan Massacre in Ukraine: Revelations from Trials and Investigations". Jordan Center at New York University. p. 42. SSRN 3735661. Archived from the original on 2 April 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022. See also its PDF Archived 22 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine version at Academia.edu.
  54. Radelic, Branislav (2021). The Unwanted Europeanness?: Understanding Division and Inclusion in Contemporary Europe (illustrated ed.). Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 132. ISBN 9783110684216. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2022 – via Google Books.
  55. "Kyiv Court Rules In Favor of Far Right C14 Group in Case Against Hromadske". Hromadske. 6 August 2019. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  56. "The Neo-Nazis Who Don't Want to Be Called Neo-Nazis". Hromadske. 6 August 2019. Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  57. "Ukraine: Press freedom violations August 2019". Index on Censorship. 11 September 2019. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  58. Ellis, Glenn; Kolchyna, Viktoryia (23 November 2018). "Attacked and abandoned: Ukraine's forgotten Roma". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  59. Deprez, Fabrice (23 May 2018). "L'extrême droite s'agite en Ukraine" [The far right is agitating in Ukraine]. La Croix (in French). ISSN 0242-6056. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  60. Sturrock, Alex; Summers, Hannah (27 August 2018). "'They wanted to kill us': masked neo-fascists strike fear into Ukraine's Roma". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  61. Brayman, Lolita (28 February 2014). "Ukrainian Nationalists Strive to Shake Off Allegations of anti-Semitism". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 11 December 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2022. Updated 10 April 2018{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  62. Colborne, Michael (4 February 2019). "Ukraine's Far Right Is Growing Increasingly Violent – Why Aren't Local Jews Concerned?". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  63. Golinkin, Lev (22 February 2019). "Neo-Nazis and the Far Right Are On the March in Ukraine". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Archived from the original on 3 August 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  64. Cohen, Josh (20 June 2017). "Commentary: How Trump can show he's tough on anti-Semitism". Reuters. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  65. "Ukrainian Nationalists Seize Brazilian Man Who Fought For Separatists". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 4 May 2018. Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  66. Cohen, Joshua (15 June 2017). "Ukraine's ultra-right militias are challenging the government to a showdown". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  67. "Reporting of Ukraine by the BBC". Parliament of the United Kingdom. 30 October 2017. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022. That this House is deeply concerned by the reporting by the BBC of the Kiev-based organisation C14, a far right organisation with neo-Nazi origins; considers the reporting of C14 activities fails to uphold BBC editorial values; is further concerned that the BBC has afforded a degree of legitimacy to C14, allowing it to disguise itself as a nationalist organisation engaged in reasonable activities designed to defend Ukrainian sovereignty; believes that the BBC has failed to apply due rigour in failing to report on the known history of violence by C14, including attacks on the LGBT community, violence against ethnic minorities, journalists and trade unionists and an attack on a police officer using a grenade during Kiev Pride; expresses deep concern at reporting of C14 activities as educational conversation and petty hooliganism; and calls on the BBC to uphold the values and standards expected by licence fee payers in the reporting on Ukraine.
  68. Rorke, Bernard (12 June 2018). "Anti-Roma pogroms in Ukraine: on C14 and tolerating terror". European Roma Rights Centre. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  69. Lee, Jonathan (2 April 2020). "Ukrainian Government Minister accompanies C14 neo-Nazis inspecting Kyiv Railway Station for Roma". Hope not Hate. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  70. Coynash, Halya (13 March 2018). "Ukrainian 'C14' Neo-Nazis openly offer to act as thugs for money". Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  71. Coynash, Halya (23 April 2018). "Ukrainian neo-Nazi C14 vigilantes drive out Roma families, burn their camp". Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  72. Coynash, Halya (23 April 2018). "Ukrainian neo-Nazi C14 vigilantes drive out Roma families, burn their camp". PEN Ukraine. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  73. Albert, Gwendolyn (26 April 2018). "Ukraine: Video of pogrom against Roma shows neo-Nazis chasing children, throwing rocks at them and using tear gas". ROMEA. Archived from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  74. "US Holocaust Memorial Museum Expresses Deep Concern About Anti-Romani Violence and Antisemitism in Ukraine". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 14 May 2019. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  75. Miller, Christopher (6 August 2019). "Ukrainian Court Rules Against News Outlet That Called Violent Far-Right Group 'Neo-Nazi'". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  76. Schaff, Matthew (6 November 2019). "Chomu apelyatsiynyy sud maye vidkhylyty pozov 'S14' proty 'Hromads'koho'" Чому апеляційний суд має відхилити позов 'С14' проти 'Громадського' [Why the appellate court should reject the lawsuit 'C14' against 'Hromadske']. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  77. Coynash, Halya (8 November 2019). "Ukrainian 'C14' Neo-Nazis openly offer to act as thugs for money". Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  78. "Sprava hromadske proty S14: Verkhovnyy sud ukhvalyv rishennya na koryst' pravoradykaliv" Справа hromadske проти С14: Верховний суд ухвалив рішення на користь праворадикалів [Case Hromadske v. C14: The Supreme Court ruled in favour of right-wing radicals] (in Ukrainian). Hromadske. 21 January 2020. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  79. Цензор.НЕТ (3 October 2019). "Націоналісти з руху C14 оформляються в політичну партію". Цензор.НЕТ (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 28 May 2022.

Further reading

External links

  • "Motion for a Resolution to Wind Up the Debate on the Statements by the Council and the Commission Pursuant to Rule 123(2) of the Rules of Procedure on the Rise in Neo-Fascist Violence in Europe (2018/2869(RSP))" (PDF). European Parliament. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2022. ... whereas on 4 September 2018 the Ukrainian Parliament's speaker, Andrey Parubiy, stated on TV that Adolf Hitler was 'a great person who practised direct democracy'; whereas since the beginning of 2018 C14 and other far-right groups in Ukraine such as the Azov-affiliated National Militia, Right Sector, Karpatska Sich and others have attacked Roma groups several times, as well as anti-fascist demonstrations, city council meetings, an event hosted by Amnesty International, art exhibitions, LGBTQI events, and environmental activists; whereas Ukraine's Ministry of Youth and Sports is funding the neo-Nazi group C14 to promote 'national patriotic education projects' in the country; whereas Amnesty International has warned that 'Ukraine is sinking into a chaos of uncontrolled violence posed by radical groups and their total impunity. Practically no one in the country can feel safe under these conditions.' ... .
  • "European Parliament resolution of 25 October 2018 on the rise of neo-fascist violence in Europe (2018/2869(RSP))". European Parliament. 25 October 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2022. AD. whereas since the beginning of 2018 C14 and other far-right groups in Ukraine such as the Azov-affiliated National Militia, Right Sector, Karpatska Sich and others have attacked Roma groups several times, as well as anti-fascist demonstrations, city council meetings, an event hosted by Amnesty International, art exhibitions, LGBTQI events, women's rights and environmental activists; ... .
  • "The Ukrainian C14 group". European Parliament. 7 November 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2022. According to information that I have received, the С14 group is a paramilitary right-wing radical group that has close relations with the nationalist Ukrainian 'Svoboda' party. There is a reasonable suspicion that C14, founded in 2010, takes its name from the 14-word slogan of the American Nazi David Lane: 'We must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children'. However, the group spokesman explains the name as follows: 'The name C14 comes from a transcription of Cyrillic and Latin scripts, but certainly not from a racist slogan'. October 14 is the date on which the organisation was founded and a public holiday, called the Defender of Ukraine Day. C14 is a civil society organisation that is officially and legally registered with the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine. Yevhen Karas, also known as' Vortex', is a member of the C14 Group. According to current sources, C14 recruited members from among football fans of Dynamo Kyiv, Metalist Kharkiv and Shakhtar Donetsk, etc. However, C14 members have also been charged with hate crimes, including dissemination of racist material and attacks.
Categories: