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Rutul
мыхаӀбишды чӀел
Pronunciation
Native to	North Caucasus, Azerbaijan
Region	Southern Dagestan, Russian–Azerbaijani border
Ethnicity	Rutul
Native speakers	33,100 (2020 census, in Russia) (undated figure of 17000 in Azerbaijan)
Language family	Northeast Caucasian Lezgic Samur Western Samur Rutul
Writing system	Cyrillic
Official status
Official language in	Russia  Dagestan
Language codes
ISO 639-3	rut
Glottolog	rutu1240
ELP	Rutul
Rutul in the Caucasus
Rutul is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010)

Rutul or Rutulian is a language spoken by the Rutuls, an ethnic group living in Dagestan (Russia) and some parts of Azerbaijan. It is spoken by 30,000 people in Dagestan (2010 census) and 17,000 (no date) in Azerbaijan. The word Rutul derives from the name of a Dagestani village where speakers of this language make up the majority.

Rutul is endangered in Russia and classified as "definitely endangered" by UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.

Classification

Rutul belongs to the Lezgic group of the Northeast Caucasian language family. The Rutuls call their language МыхаӀбишды чӀел, Myhabishdy chel.

History

Rutul was not a written language until the writing system for it (based on Cyrillic) was developed in 1990. A Latin alphabet was developed in 2013 based on the Shin-Shorsu dialect. Speakers are often bilingual or multilingual, having a good command of the Azeri, Lezgian and/or Russian languages. There are 8 dialects and 2 subdialects of Rutul. The literary version of the language remains in the process of development. In the Rutul-populated regions of southern Russia, Rutul is taught in primary schools (grades 1 to 4).

Phonology

Vowels

Consonants

Writing

Before the Russian Revolution, the Rutuls used the Arabic script. In the Arabic script (Ajami), as a written source, the text of the song in the Ikhrek dialect of the Rutul language of the ashug of the 18th century Kur Rajaba is known. In 1913, Adolf Dirr [ru] created a Cyrillic-based alphabet for Rutul. The modern Rutul alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet was introduced in 1990. Arabic was used, among other things, when writing scientific papers. Turkish (Azerbaijani) language was also used in everyday life. The founders of the Rutul script and the compilers of the Rutul alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet are S.M. Makhmudova, K.E. Jamalov, G.K. Ibragimov. In 1992 prof. Makhmudova S. M. and Jamalov K. E. published an ABC book in Rutul for grade 1 students - “Alifba: 1-classad kitab”. In this edition, in addition to the previously adopted alphabet, the digraph Дз дз was introduced. After that, three more school textbooks of the Rutul language were published: “Myhaӏd chael” (grades 2 and 4) and Recipes by S. M. Makhmudova and “Rutul chael” by E. Ismailova. In 2012-2013 a textbook on the Rutul language for universities was published: Grammar of the Rutul language, Part 1-2 by S. M. Makhmudova. In 2006, Dzhamalov K. E. and Semedov S. A. released a Rutul-Russian dictionary (Ihrek dialect) In this edition, the letter Ь ь was excluded from the alphabet, but Аь аь was included. In 2019, the Rutul-Russian dictionary by A. S. Alisultanov and T. A. Suleimanova was published.

The Rutuls have a rich literature dating back to the 11th century with the name of Zeinab Hinavi, an Albanian poet. The classic of Rutul, Lezgin and Azerbaijani poetry is the eighteenth-century ashug Kur-Rajab. In the 20th and 21st centuries, Rutul literature was developed and developed by Jameseb Salarov, Nurakhmed Ramazanov, Magomed Ulileev, Musa Makhmudov, Ezerchi, Yusif Medzhidov, Sakit Kurbanov, Shafi Ibragimov, Veysal Cherkezov and others. In 2008, the first generalizing work "Rutul literature" was published. , which provides information about Rutul writers, poets and ashugs.

The writing system for the Rutuls of Azerbaijan was developed in 2013 based on the dialect of the village of Shin. When developing this alphabet, it was proposed to write the pharyngealized vowel with the sign ı;. The authors of the alphabet also proposed a more logically consistent system for denoting velar consonants, but it was rejected as not coinciding with the system adopted in the Azerbaijani alphabet. The Rutul alphabet in Azerbaijan includes the following letters:

Comparison chart

Related languages

Among the languages of the Lezgic group, Tsakhur appears to be the closest relative of Rutul. Other than these two, there are seven more languages in the Lezgic group, namely: Lezgian, Tabasaran, Aghul, Budukh, Kryts, Udi and Archi.

See also

• Rutul people
• Northeast Caucasian languages
• Languages of Azerbaijan

References

1. 7. НАСЕЛЕНИЕ НАИБОЛЕЕ МНОГОЧИСЛЕННЫХ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОСТЕЙ ПО РОДНОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
2. Makhmudova, Svetlana. "Морфология Рутульского языка". elibrary.ru.
3. Svetlana Makhmudova (2001). "Морфология рутульского языка". www.academia.edu. Moscow. p. 202.
4. "Информационные материалы об окончательных итогах Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года". Archived from the original on 2021-10-06. Retrieved 2014-08-07.
5. Rutul language at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
6. ^ (in Russian) ETHEO: Rutul Language
7. Published in: Encyclopedia of the world’s endangered languages. Edited by Christopher Moseley. London & New York: Routledge, 2007. 211–280.
8. UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger
9. Polinsky, Maria (2020). The Oxford handbook of languages of the Caucasus. Oxford handbooks. New York: Oxford university press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-19-069069-4.
10. Clarkson, Jonathan; Iurkova, Elena (December 2015). "Important Factors in the Development of an Orthography: Shin-Shorsu Rutul—a Case Study" (PDF). SIL Forum for Language Fieldwork 2015-002. SIL International. Archived from the original on 2016-08-13. Retrieved 2016-06-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
11. ^ G. X. Ibragimov. 2004. Rutul'skij Jazyk. Machacala: Maxačkala: Dagestanskij Gosudarstvennyj Pedagogičeskij Universitet.
12. Ибрагимов, Гарун Халилович (2001). "Рутульский язык". Языки Российской Федерации и соседних государств. Энциклопедия в 3-х томах. Vol. 2. М.: Наука. p. 493. ISBN 5-02-011268-2.
13. Джамалов К. Э., Маамыдова С. М. Алифба: 1-классад китаб. МагьаӀджкъала, 1992
14. ^ Рутульская и агульская литература
15. "Институт Языкознания РАН — Рутульский язык". Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
16. ^ "Рутульцы". Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
17. http://www.riadagestan.ru/news/society/v_makhachkale_sostoitsya_meropriyatie_posvyashchennoe_90_letiyu_izvestnogo_rossiyskogo_filologa_garuna_ibragimova/ Archived 2015-12-08 at the Wayback Machine В Махачкале состоится мероприятие, посвященное 90-летию известного российского филолога Гаруна Ибрагимова
18. Kazuto Matsumura (2002). Indigenous Minority Languages of Russia. A Bibliographical Guide (PDF). Токио, Япония: ELPR. p. 232. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2023-08-14. "Архивированная копия" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
19. ^ Алисултанов, А. С. (2017). К вопросу о внесении дополнений в алфавит рутульского языка (PDF). Языки малочисленных народов России: устное vs. письменное. СПб. pp. 7–9/68.
20. Clarkson, J.; Iurkova, E. Important Factors in the Development of an Orthography: Shin-Shorsu Rutul—a Case Study. SIL International.
21. Yurkova, Elena (2016). Rutul ç`ilid əlifba = Rutul alphabet poster.
22. "The Tsakhur language". ETHEO Project (in Russian). 11 October 2005. Retrieved 26 December 2006.

External links

• Rutul dictionary online (select simple or advanced browsing)
• Appendix:Cyrillic script
• Folk Songs and Dances of the Rutuls of Azerbaijan
• Rutul basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database (3 Rutul dialects: Mukhad, Ixrek, Luchek)

v t e North Caucasian languages
The proposed North Caucasian language family comprises the Northeast and Northwest Caucasian language families.
Northwest (Pontic)	Abazgi Abaza Abkhaz Circassian Adyghe Abzakh Bzhedug Hakuchi Hatuqwai Natukhaj Shapsug Kabardian Besleney Hattic (proposed) Ubykh
Northeast (Caspian)	Avar–Andic Andic Andi Akhvakh Bagvalal–Tindi Botlix–Godoberi Chamalal Karata-Tukita [ru] Avar Dargic Chirag North-Central Mehweb Gapshima Muira [ru] Tsudaqar–Usisha–Butri Northern Dargwa [ru] Aqusha [ru] Literary Dargwa Murego–Gubden [uk] Kadar Mugi [ru] Upper Mulebki Urakhi Southern Ashti [ru]–Kubachi Sanzhi–Itsari Amuzgi–Shiri Sanakari–Chakhrizhi Southwestern Dargwa Sirhwa [lez; uk] Tanti Upper Vurqni Kaitag–Shari Kaitag Shari Tsezic Bezhta–Hunzib–Khwarshi Inkhoqwari Hinukh–Tsez Lezgic Archi Samur Eastern Aghul Lezgian Tabasaran Udi Caucasian Albanian Southern Budukh Kryts Western Rutul Tsakhur Nakh Bats Vainakh Chechen Aukh Ingush Other Khinalug Lak
Italics indicate extinct languages

v t e Languages of the Caucasus
Caucasian (areal)	South (Kartvelian) Karto-Zan Georgian Judaeo-Georgian Old Georgian Zan Laz Mingrelian Svan Northeast (Caspian) Avar–Andic Andic Andi Akhvakh Bagvalal–Tindi Botlikh–Godoberi Chamalal Karata Avar Dargin Chirag North-Central Mehweb Gapshima Muira [ru] Tsudaqar–Usisha–Butri Northern Dargwa [ru] Aqusha [ru] Literary Dargwa Murego–Gubden [uk] Kadar Mugi [ru] Upper Mulebki Urakhi Southern Ashti [ru]–Kubachi Sanzhi–Itsari Amuzgi–Shiri Sanakari–Chakhrizhi Southwestern Dargwa Sirhwa [lez; uk] Tanti Upper Vurqni Kaitag–Shari Kaitag Shari Lezgic Archi Samur Eastern Aghul Lezgin Tabasaran Southern Budukh Kryts Jek Western Rutul Tsakhur Udi Nakh Bats Vainakh Chechen Aukh Ingush Tsezic (Didoic) Bezhta–Hunzib–Khwarshi Hinukh–Tsez Others Khinalug Lak Northwest (Pontic) Abazgi Abaza Abkhaz Circassian Adyghe Kabardian Ubykh
Indo- European	Iranian Kurdish Kurmanji Ossetian Persian Talysh Kilit Tat Judeo-Tat Slavic Russian Ukrainian Others Armenian Eastern Western German Pontic Greek
Turkic	Kipchak Karachay-Balkar Kumyk Nogai Urum Oghuz Azerbaijani Turkish Turkmen
Others	Kalmyk Oirat Lomavren Northeastern Neo-Aramaic Assyrian Bohtan Shirvani Arabic
Italics indicate extinct languages Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left. See also Languages of Armenia Languages of Azerbaijan Languages of Georgia Languages of Russia

• Languages of the Caucasus
• Rutul language
• Lezgian languages
• Northeast Caucasian languages
• Languages of Azerbaijan
• Languages of Russia
• Endangered Caucasian languages