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Dargwa
дарган мез dargan mez دارگان مەز
Native to	North Caucasus
Region	Dagestan
Ethnicity	630,000 Dargins (2020 census)
Native speakers	590,000 (2020 census, all Dargin languages)
Language family	Northeast Caucasian Dargin North-Central Northern Dargwa [ru] Aqusha [ru] and Urakhi Dargwa
Writing system	Cyrillic
Official status
Official language in	Russia  Dagestan
Language codes
ISO 639-2	dar
ISO 639-3	dar (also Dargin languages)
Glottolog	darg1241 sout3261
Map of all Dargin varieties

Dargwa (дарган мез, dargan mez) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by the Dargin people in the Russian republic Dagestan. This article discusses the literary dialect of the dialect continuum constituting the Dargin languages. It is based on the Aqusha and Urakhi dialects of Northern Dargin.

Classification

Dargwa is part of a Northeast Caucasian dialect continuum, the Dargin languages. The other languages in this dialect continuum (such as Kajtak, Kubachi, Itsari, and Chirag) are often considered variants of Dargwa, but also sometimes considered separate languages by certain scholars. Korjakov (2012) concludes that Southwestern Dargwa is closer to Kajtak than it is to North-Central Dargwa.

Geographic distribution

According to the 2002 Census, there are 429,347 speakers of Dargwa proper in Dagestan, 7,188 in neighbouring Kalmykia, 1,620 in Khanty–Mansi AO, 680 in Chechnya, and hundreds more in other parts of Russia. Figures for the Lakh dialect spoken in central Dagestan are 142,523 in Dagestan, 1,504 in Kabardino-Balkaria, 708 in Khanty–Mansi.

Phonology

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2021)

Consonants

Like other languages of the Caucasus, Dargwa is noted for its large consonant inventory, which includes over 40 phonemes (distinct sounds), though the exact number varies by dialect. Voicing, glottalization (as ejectives), fortition (which surfaces as gemination), and frication are some of the distinct features of consonants in Dargwa. Particularly noteworthy is the inclusion of an epiglottal ejective by some languages such as Mehweb, which it may be the only language in the world to use phonemically. The following chart is of the literary dialect of Dargwa.

1. Mainly heard as an allophone of /ç/.

• The source is rather ambiguous in its using the term "laryngeal" for a presumed column of consonants that includes both a "voiced" and a "glottalized" plosive. A voiced glottal plosive cannot be made, because the glottis needs to be closed, and an ejective consonant requires an additional closure further up the vocal tract. Pending clarification, this row has been transcribed here as an epiglottal column and a glottal stop, both found in many other East Caucasian languages.

Vowels

The Dargwa language features five vowel sounds /i, e, ə, a, u/. Vowels /i, u, a/ can be pharyngealized as /iˤ, uˤ, aˤ/. There is also a pharyngealized mid-back vowel as a realization of /uˤ/, occurring in the Mehweb variety.

Orthography

The current Dargwa alphabet is based on Cyrillic as follows:

The first Dargin alphabet was created by Peter von Uslar in the late 19th century, published in the grammar Хюркилинский язык for the Urakhi dialect of Dargwa.

The Latin alphabet of the 1920s is not entirely supported by Unicode, but is approximately:

a ʙ c ç ꞓ d e ə f g ǥ ƣ h ħ ⱨ i j k ⱪ l m n o p ᶈ q ꝗ r s ꟍ ş t ţ u v w x ҳ ӿ z ƶ ⱬ ƶ̧

(The letters transcribed here ⱨ ⱪ ᶈ ҳ ⱬ might have cedillas instead of hooks; the printing in sources is not clear.)

Writing system comparison chart

Compiled from:

Modern Cyrillic	Latin c. 1930	Uslar	Arabic (1920—1928)	Arabic (before 1920)	IPA
А а	A a	а	ا ,آ	آ	a
Б б	B b	б	ب		b
В в	V v	ԝ	و		w
Г г	G g	г	گ	ڮ	g
Гъ гъ	Ƣ ƣ	ӷ	غ		ʁ
Гь гь	H h	һ	ھ	ﻬ	h
ГӀ гӀ	Ⱨ ⱨ	ꜧ	ع		ʕ
Д д	D d	д	د		d
Е е	E e, je	e	اە	-	e, je
Ё ё	-				ɵ
Ж ж	Ƶ ƶ	ж	ژ	ج	ʒ
З з	Z z	з	ز		z
И и	I i	i	اى	-	i
Й й	J j	j	ى	ي	j
К к	K k	кᷱ	ک		k
Къ къ	Q q	к	ڠ	ق	q:
Кь кь	Ꝗ ꝗ	q	ق		qʼ
КӀ кӀ	Ⱪ ⱪ	қ	گ		kʼ
Л л	L l	л	ل		l
М м	M m	м	م		m
Н н	N n	н	ن		n
О о	O o	о	او	-	o
П п	P p	п	پ	ف	p
ПӀ пӀ		ԥ	ڢ	ب	pʼ
Р р	R r	р	ر		r
С с	S s	с	س		s
Т т	T t	т	ت		t
ТӀ тӀ	T̨ t̨	ҭ	ط		t’
У у	U u	у	او	و	u
Ф ф	F f	-	ف		f
Х х	X x	х	خ		χ
Хъ хъ	Ӿ ӿ	k	څ	ق	q
Хь хь	Ҳ ҳ		ؼ		x:
ХӀ хӀ	Ħ ħ		ح		ħ
Ц ц	Ꞩ ꞩ	ц	ڝ	ژ	ʦ
ЦӀ цӀ	Ⱬ ⱬ	წ	ڗ	ژ	ʦ’
Ч ч	C c	ч	چ		tʃ
ЧӀ чӀ	Ç ç	ჭ	ج	چ	ʧ’
Ш ш	Ş ş	ш	ش		ʃ
Щ щ	şş	-			ʃː
Ъ ъ	-		ء	-	ʔ
Ы ы	-				ɨ
Ь ь	-
Э э	E e	-	اه	-	e
Ю ю	ju	-			ju
Я я	Ә ә, ja	ӕ	أ	-	ja
-	Ⱬ̵ ⱬ̵	ђ	ڞ	-	t͡s
-	Ӡ ӡ	-
-	є	-	ڃ	چ
-	g̵	гᷱ	ݢ	-

Grammar

Verb

TAM

Assertive (finite) forms

References

1. 1. НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ СОСТАВ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ
2. Том 5. «Национальный состав и владение языками». Таблица 7. Население наиболее многочисленных национальностей по родному языку
3. Forker D (2019). A grammar of Sanzhi Dargwa (pdf). Berlin: Language Science Press. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3339225. ISBN 978-3-96110-197-9.
4. Korjakov, Yu. B. (2012). Лексикостатичексая классификация Даргинских Языков (Paper presented at the Moscow Seminar on Nakh-Dagestanian lanlanguages organized by Nina Sumbatova) (in Russian).
5. Echols, John (Jan–Mar 1952). "Lakkische Studien by Karl Bouda". Language. 28 (1). Linguistic Society of America: 159. doi:10.2307/410010. JSTOR 410010.
6. ^ Daniel, Michael; Dobrushina, Nina; Ganenkov, Dmitry (2019). The Mehweb language: Essays on phonology, morphology and syntax. Berlin: Language Science Press.
7. "НЭБ - Национальная электронная библиотека".
8. А. А. Исаев (1970). "Социологический сборник". О формировании и развитии письменности народов Дагестана. Махачкала. pp. 173–232.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
9. Nina R. Sumbatova, Rasul Osmanovič Mutalov. "A Grammar of Icari Dargwa". Lincom GmbH, 2003

Notes

1. Introduced in the 1960s
2. ^ Excluded in 1932

Bibliography

• Z. G. Abdullaev: Darginskij jazyk (3 Vol.). Moskau 1993. (in Russian)
• Z. G. Abdullaev: Darginskij jazyk Archived 2006-12-07 at the Wayback Machine. In: Jazyki narodov SSSR. Vol. 4. Moskau 1967. (in Russian)
• Karl Bouda: Die darginische Schriftsprache. (= Beiträge zur kaukasischen und sibirischen Sprachwissenschaft. Vol. 4). Leipzig 1937.
• Tb (2019). Daniel, Michael; Dobrushina, Nina; Ganenkov, Dmitry (eds.). The Mehweb language: Essays on phonology, morphology and syntax. Berlin: Language Science Press. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3374730. ISBN 978-3-96110-208-2.
• van den Berg, Helma (2001). Dargi folktales. Oral stories from the Caucasus. With an introduction to Dargi Grammar. Leiden: University of Leiden. ISBN 978-90-5789-066-6.

External links

• An online dictionary of Sanzhi Dargwa (in Dictionaria), by Diana Forker
• Appendix:Cyrillic script
• Dargin language (in Russian)
• Consonant Systems of the North-East Caucasian Languages
• Dargwa basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
• Sanzhi Dargwa DoReCo corpus compiled by Diana Forker and Nils Norman Schiborr. Audio recordings of narrative texts with transcriptions time-aligned at the phone level, translations, and - for some texts - time-aligned morphological annotations.

v t e North Caucasian languages
The proposed North Caucasian language family comprises the Northeast and Northwest Caucasian language families.
Northwest (Pontic)	Abazgi Abaza Abkhaz Circassian Adyghe Abzakh Bzhedug Hakuchi Hatuqwai Natukhaj Shapsug Kabardian Besleney Hattic (proposed) Ubykh
Northeast (Caspian)	Avar–Andic Andic Andi Akhvakh Bagvalal–Tindi Botlix–Godoberi Chamalal Karata-Tukita [ru] Avar Dargic Chirag North-Central Mehweb Gapshima Muira [ru] Tsudaqar–Usisha–Butri Northern Dargwa [ru] Aqusha [ru] Literary Dargwa Murego–Gubden [uk] Kadar Mugi [ru] Upper Mulebki Urakhi Southern Ashti [ru]–Kubachi Sanzhi–Itsari Amuzgi–Shiri Sanakari–Chakhrizhi Southwestern Dargwa Sirhwa [lez; uk] Tanti Upper Vurqni Kaitag–Shari Kaitag Shari Tsezic Bezhta–Hunzib–Khwarshi Inkhoqwari Hinukh–Tsez Lezgic Archi Samur Eastern Aghul Lezgian Tabasaran Udi Caucasian Albanian Southern Budukh Kryts Western Rutul Tsakhur Nakh Bats Vainakh Chechen Aukh Ingush Other Khinalug Lak
Italics indicate extinct languages

v t e Languages of the Caucasus
Caucasian (areal)	South (Kartvelian) Karto-Zan Georgian Judaeo-Georgian Old Georgian Zan Laz Mingrelian Svan Northeast (Caspian) Avar–Andic Andic Andi Akhvakh Bagvalal–Tindi Botlikh–Godoberi Chamalal Karata Avar Dargin Chirag North-Central Mehweb Gapshima Muira [ru] Tsudaqar–Usisha–Butri Northern Dargwa [ru] Aqusha [ru] Literary Dargwa Murego–Gubden [uk] Kadar Mugi [ru] Upper Mulebki Urakhi Southern Ashti [ru]–Kubachi Sanzhi–Itsari Amuzgi–Shiri Sanakari–Chakhrizhi Southwestern Dargwa Sirhwa [lez; uk] Tanti Upper Vurqni Kaitag–Shari Kaitag Shari Lezgic Archi Samur Eastern Aghul Lezgin Tabasaran Southern Budukh Kryts Jek Western Rutul Tsakhur Udi Nakh Bats Vainakh Chechen Aukh Ingush Tsezic (Didoic) Bezhta–Hunzib–Khwarshi Hinukh–Tsez Others Khinalug Lak Northwest (Pontic) Abazgi Abaza Abkhaz Circassian Adyghe Kabardian Ubykh
Indo- European	Iranian Kurdish Kurmanji Ossetian Persian Talysh Kilit Tat Judeo-Tat Slavic Russian Ukrainian Others Armenian Eastern Western German Pontic Greek
Turkic	Kipchak Karachay-Balkar Kumyk Nogai Urum Oghuz Azerbaijani Turkish Turkmen
Others	Kalmyk Oirat Lomavren Northeastern Neo-Aramaic Assyrian Bohtan Shirvani Arabic
Italics indicate extinct languages Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left. See also Languages of Armenia Languages of Azerbaijan Languages of Georgia Languages of Russia

• Languages of the Caucasus
• Dargwa language
• Northeast Caucasian languages
• Languages of Russia
• Dagestan