Métis French - Misplaced Pages

Canadian French variety of the Métis people

Métis French
Le français métis
Native to	Saskatchewan, Alberta, Manitoba
Ethnicity	Métis people
Native speakers	(undated figure of <100)
Language family	Indo-European Italic Latino-Faliscan Romance Italo-Western Western Romance Gallo-Romance French Canadian French Métis French
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None

Métis "mixed"
People	Métis
Language	Michif Métis French Hand Talk
Country	Michif Piyii

Métis French (French: français métis) is one of the traditional languages of the Métis people along with Michif and Bungi, and is the French-dialect source of Michif.

Features

Métis French is a variety of Canadian French with some added characters such as Ññ, Áá, Óó, and Ææ (from older French spellings) (example, il ñá ócun nævus sur ce garçon English: "there is no birthmark on this boy") and words loaned from indigenous languages such as Ojibwe, Beaver and Cree.

Like Michif, Métis French is spoken in Manitoba and North Dakota and adjacent provinces or states. As a general rule, Métis individuals speak one or the other, rarely both. Métis French and Michif share a common phonology and morphosyntax for the noun phrase but differ as to their sources for the verb phrase which is Ojibwe-Cree based in Michif, French-based in Métis French. Examples of this loaning can be found in words such as cacúare French pronunciation: [qɑˈkwɑʁ] from the Cree word, kakwe "to try/attempt" which maintains its Cree meaning with the additional colloquial use of "to wander" as in il á cacúu là English: "he wandered there" which suggests that the subject wandered with little control of his own feet; in the word ttonne French pronunciation: [tʼɔn] meaning "wolf" or "loyal" (in a pack-like sense) when used as an adjective from the word for wolf in Beaver, ch'one or in the words jaganache French pronunciation: [ʒagɑ̃ʃ] meaning "white/non-Métis" person from the Ojibwe word zhaganash and minapæ French pronunciation: [mɛ̃nape] from the Cree word for "good person", miyo-nâpêw though in Métis French it is closer to the word "mec" (guy) and implies that the word refers someone that the speaker knows personally.

Phonology

Consonants


		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular
Nasal		m ⟨m⟩	n ⟨n⟩	ɲ ⟨ñ⟩	ŋ ⟨ng⟩
Stop	voiceless	p ⟨p⟩	t ⟨t⟩		k ⟨c/qu⟩	q ⟨c⟩
	voiced	b ⟨b⟩	d ⟨d⟩		ɡ ⟨g⟩
	ejective	pʼ ⟨pp⟩	tʼ ⟨tt⟩		kʼ ⟨cq⟩
Fricative	voiceless	f ⟨f⟩	s ⟨s⟩	ʃ ⟨ch⟩		ʁ ⟨r⟩
Fricative	voiced	v ⟨v⟩	z ⟨s/z⟩	ʒ ⟨j⟩		χ ⟨h⟩
Approximant	voiceless		l ⟨l⟩	j ⟨y⟩
Approximant	voiced				w ⟨ou⟩

Vowels

Oral
	Front		Central	Back
	unrounded	rounded	Central	Back
Close	i ⟨i⟩	y ⟨u⟩		u ⟨ú⟩
Close-mid	e ⟨æ⟩	ø ⟨é⟩	ə ⟨e⟩	o ⟨ó⟩
Open-mid	ɛ ⟨ê⟩	œ ⟨œ⟩	ə ⟨e⟩	ɔ ⟨ô/o⟩
Open			a ⟨á⟩	(ɑ) ⟨a⟩

Nasal
	Front		Back
Mid			ɔ̃ ⟨on⟩
Open	ɛ̃ ⟨en⟩	(œ̃) ⟨un⟩	ɑ̃ ⟨an⟩

References

Citations

"Aboriginal peoples and language". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
Bakker, Peter; Papen, Robert A. "Michif and other languages of the Canadian Métis". metismuseum.ca. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
Bakker 1997, p. 85

Bibliography

Bakker, Peter (1997). A language of our own: the genesis of Michif, the mixed Cree-French language. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195357080.
Douaud, Patrick C. (1980). "Métis: A case of triadic linguistic economy". Anthropological Linguistics. 22 (9): 392–414. JSTOR 30027800.
Douaud, Patrick C. (January 1983). "An example of suprasegmental convergence". International Journal of American Linguistics. 49 (1): 91–93. doi:10.1086/465770.
Douaud, Patrick C. (1985). Ethnolinguistic profile of the Canadian Métis. National Museum of Man, Mercury Series 99. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada. ISBN 978-1-77282-262-5.
Edwards, John R. (1998). Language in Canada. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521563284.
Jackson, Michael (1974). "Aperçu de tendances phonétiques du parler français en Saskatchewan". Revue canadienne de linguistique (in French). 19 (2): 121–133. doi:10.1017/S0008413100007714.
Lincoln, Neville J. (1963). Phonology of the Métis French dialect of St. Paul, Alberta (Thesis). University of Alberta in Edmonton.
Lussier, Antoine S. (1980). "Un métis écrit une lettre". In Lussier, A.; Sealy, B. (eds.). The other natives: Les Métis (in French). Vol. 3. Winnipeg: Manitoba Métis Federation Press. pp. 167–70.
Papen, Robert (1979), Le parler français des métis de Batoche (in French), Département de linguistique, Université du Québec à Montréal
Papen, Robert (1984). "Quelques remarques sur un parler français méconnu de l'Ouest canadien: le métis". Revue québécoise de linguistique (in French). 14 (1). Université du Québec à Montréal: 113–139. doi:10.7202/602530ar.
Papen, Robert (1993). "La variation dialectale dans le parler français des Métis de l'Ouest canadien". Francophonies des Amériques (in French). 3 (3): 25–38. doi:10.7202/1004439ar.
Papen, Robert (1998). "Le parler français des Métis de l'Ouest canadien". In Brasseur, P. (ed.). Français d'Amirique: Variation, criolisation, normalisation (in French). Avignon: Centre d'études canadiennes, Université d'Avignon. pp. 147–161. ISBN 9782951196308.
Pappen, Robert (1998). "French: Canadian varieties". In Edwards, John R. (ed.). Language in Canada. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 160–176. ISBN 9780521563284.
Papen, Robert (2004). "Sur quelques aspects structuraux du français des Métis de l'Ouest canadien". In Coveney, A.; Sanders, C. (eds.). Variation et francophonie (in French). Paris: L’Harmattan. ISBN 9782747568043.
Papen, Robert (2004). "Les troub' : une analyse linguistique d'un texte oral en français des Métis". Cahiers franco-canadiens de l'Ouest (in French). 14 Numéro spécial sur les Métis.
Préfontaine, R. (1980). "Le parler métis". In Lussier, A.; Sealy, B. (eds.). The other natives: Les Métis (in French). Vol. 3. Winnipeg: Manitoba Métis Federation Press. pp. 162–66.
Thogmartin, Clyde (1974). "The phonology of three varieties of French in Manitoba". Orbis. 23 (2): 335–49.
Wittmann, Henri (1995). "Grammaire comparée des variétés coloniales du français populaire de Paris du 17e siècle et origines du français québécois". In Fournier, Robert; Wittmann, Henri (eds.). Le français des Amériques (in French). Trois-Rivières: Presses universitaires de Trois-Rivières. pp. 281–334.

Varieties of the French language

Asian

Canadian	Quebec Joual Magoua Brayon Acadian Chiac Newfoundland Métis Ontario
United States	Houma Frenchville Louisiana Métis Missouri Muskrat New England
Caribbean	Haitian Saint-Barthélemy

Signed

Français signé

Gallo-Romance languages and dialects

Areal groups

Canadian French*

Langues d'oïl

Antillean Creole	Dominican Grenadian Saint Lucian
Bourbonnais Creoles	Agalega Chagossian Mauritian Réunion Rodriguan Seychellois
French*	Acadian Chiac St. Marys Bay African* Abidjan Kinshasa Aostan Belgian Métis New England Québécois* Joual Magoua Cambodian Francien Frenchville Haitian Houma French Indian Jersey Legal Laotian Middle French Meridional Metropolitan Missouri Muskrat Newfoundland Ontarian Saint-Barthélemy Standard Swiss Vietnamese
Norman	Anglo-Norman Augeron Auregnais Cauchois Cotentinais Guernésiais Jèrriais Law French Old Norman Sercquiais
Others	Angevin Berrichon Bolze Bourbonnais Burgundian Burundi Pidgin Camfranglais Champenois Frainc-Comtou Gallo Guianese Haitian Creole* Karipúna Creole Labrador Inuit Pidgin Lorrain Welche Louisiana Creole Louisiana French Michif Moselle Romance Nouchi Old French Orléanais Petit nègre Picard Poitevin-Saintongeais Poitevin Saintongeais Tayo Tây Bồi Walloon Wisconsin Walloon Zarphatic

Francoprovencalic

Faetar/Faetar-Cigliàje
Franco-Provençal/Arpitan
- Savoyard
- Valdôtain

Italics indicate extinct languages or dialects
A star (*) indicates varieties with more than 5 million speakers
Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.

v t e Métis people
Modern Governments	Métis Nation British Columbia Métis Nation of Alberta Métis Nation—Saskatchewan Métis Nation of Ontario Manitoba Métis Federation Northwest Territory Métis Nation Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians Métis Settlements General Council (Alberta)
Historic Governments	Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia (1870) (Red River Colony) Council of St. Laurent (1873–1878) (Southbranch Settlement) Exovedate (1885) (Southbranch Settlement)
Organizations	Métis National Council (Canada-wide) North Slave Métis Alliance Congress of Aboriginal Peoples (Canada-wide) Alberta Métis Federation Vancouver Métis Community Association Union nationale métisse Saint-Joseph du Manitoba
History	Indian trade Scottish Fur trade Marriage Pemmican War Pemmican Proclamation (1814) Battle of Seven Oaks (1816) The National Committee of the Métis (est. 1864) Red River Rebellion (1869–1870) North-West Rebellion (1885) Southbranch Settlement Half-Breed Tract Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation Powley ruling (2003) Daniels ruling (2016)
Society	Canadian Métis in Alberta US Métis Anglo-Métis Bois-Brûlés People Métis Population Betterment Act List of settlements in Alberta Metis Child and Family Services Society Gabriel Dumont Institute
Culture	Bungi Chinook Jargon Hivernants Métis French Michif Flag Métis fiddle Métis buffalo hunt Red River Jig

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