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Kingdom of PortugalRegnum Portugalliae (Latin) Reino de Portugal (Portuguese)
1139–1910
Flag (1830–1910) Coat of arms (1834–1910)
Motto: "In hoc signo vinces" (Latin) "In this sign thou shalt conquer"
Anthem: "Hymno Patriótico" (1809–1834) "Patriotic Anthem" Hino da Carta (1834–1910) "Anthem of the Charter"
The Kingdom of Portugal in 1800
Capital	Coimbra (1139–1255) Lisbon (1255–1910) 38°42′N 9°11′W / 38.700°N 9.183°W / 38.700; -9.183
Official languages	Portuguese Latin
Religion	Roman Catholicism (official)
Demonym(s)	Portuguese
Government	Feudal constitutional monarchy (1139–1698) Absolute monarchy (1698–1820; 1823–1826; 1828–1834) Unitary parliamentary semi-constitutional monarchy (1822–1823; 1826–1828; 1834–1910)
Monarch
• 1139–1185 (first)	Afonso I
• 1908–1910 (last)	Manuel II
Prime Minister
• 1834–1835 (first)	Marquis of Palmela
• 1910 (last)	Teixeira de Sousa
Legislature	Cortes (1139–1706; 1816–1820) None (rule by decree) (1698–1820; 1823–1826; 1828–1834) The General and Extraordinary Cortes of the Portuguese Nation (1820–1822) Cortes Gerais (1820–1823; 1826–1828; 1834–1910)
• Upper house	Chamber of Peers (1822–1838; 1842–1910) Chamber of Senators (1838–1842)
• Lower house	Chamber of Deputies (1822–1910)
History
• Battle of Ourique	25 July 1139
• Treaty of Zamora	5 October 1143
• Restoration of Independence	1 December 1640
• Lisbon Regicide	1 February 1908
• Revolution of 1910	5 October 1910
Area
1300	90,000 km (35,000 sq mi)
Population
• 1300	800,000
• 1800	9,270,000
• 1900	12,434,000
Currency	Portuguese dinheiro, (1139–1433) Portuguese real (1433–1910)
Preceded by Succeeded by County of Portugal Couto Misto First Portuguese Republic Empire of Brazil

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v t e

The Kingdom of Portugal was a monarchy in the western Iberian Peninsula and the predecessor of the modern Portuguese Republic. Existing to various extents between 1139 and 1910, it was also known as the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves after 1415, and as the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves between 1815 and 1822. The name is also often applied to the Portuguese Empire, the realm's overseas colonies.

The nucleus of the Portuguese state was the County of Portugal, established in the 9th century as part of the Reconquista, by Vímara Peres, a vassal of the King of Asturias. The county became part of the Kingdom of León in 1097, and the Counts of Portugal established themselves as rulers of an independent kingdom in the 12th century, following the battle of São Mamede. The kingdom was ruled by the Afonsine Dynasty until the 1383–85 Crisis, after which the monarchy passed to the House of Aviz.

During the 15th and 16th century, Portuguese exploration established a vast colonial empire. From 1580 to 1640, the Kingdom of Portugal was in personal union with Habsburg Spain.

After the Portuguese Restoration War of 1640–1668, the kingdom passed to the House of Braganza and thereafter to the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. From this time, the influence of Portugal declined, but it remained a major power due to its most valuable colony, Brazil. After the independence of Brazil, Portugal sought to establish itself in Africa, but was ultimately forced to halt its expansion due to the 1890 British Ultimatum, eventually leading to the collapse of the monarchy in the 5 October 1910 revolution and the establishment of the First Portuguese Republic.

Portugal was an absolute monarchy before 1822. It alternated between absolute and semi-constitutional monarchy from 1822 until 1834, when it would remain a semi-constitutional monarchy until its fall.

History

Origins

The Kingdom of Portugal finds its origins in the County of Portugal (1096–1139). The Portuguese County was a semi-autonomous county of the Kingdom of León. Independence from León took place in three stages:

1. The first on 26 July 1139 when Afonso Henriques was acclaimed King of the Portuguese internally.
2. The second was on 5 October 1143, when Alfonso VII of León and Castile recognized Afonso Henriques as king through the Treaty of Zamora.
3. The third, in 1179, was the Papal Bull Manifestis Probatum, in which Portugal's independence was recognized by Pope Alexander III.

Once Portugal was independent, D. Afonso I's descendants, members of the Portuguese House of Burgundy, would rule Portugal until 1383. Even after the change in royal houses, all the monarchs of Portugal were descended from Afonso I, one way or another, through both legitimate and illegitimate links.

Medieval history (1139–1415)

Renaissance and early modern history (1415–1777)

Modern history (1777–1910)

Fall of the Monarchy

With the start of the 20th century, Republicanism grew in numbers and support in Lisbon among progressive politicians and the influential press. However a minority with regard to the rest of the country, this height of republicanism would benefit politically from the Lisbon Regicide on 1 February 1908. While returning from the Ducal Palace at Vila Viçosa, King Charles and the Prince Royal Luís Filipe were assassinated in the Terreiro do Paço, in Lisbon. With the death of the King and his heir, Charles I's second son would become monarch as King Manuel II. Manuel's reign, however, would be short-lived, ending by force with the 5 October 1910 revolution, sending Manuel into exile in the United Kingdom and giving way to the Portuguese First Republic.

On 19 January 1919, the Monarchy of the North was proclaimed in Oporto. The monarchy would be deposed a month later and no other monarchist counterrevolution in Portugal has happened since.

After the republican revolution in October 1910, the remaining colonies of the empire became overseas provinces of the Portuguese Republic until the late 20th century, when the last overseas territories of Portugal were handed over. Most notably in Portuguese Africa which included the overseas provinces of Angola and Mozambique of which the handover took place in 1975, and finally in Asia the handover of Macau in 1999.

Rulers

Gallery

Flags

• Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal (1495–1521)
• Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal (1521–1578)
• Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal (1521–1640)
• Secondary flag of the Kingdom of Portugal (1616–1640)
• Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal (1640–1667)

Coat of arms

• Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Portugal (1610–1815)
• Arms of the King of Portugal depicted in the Livro do Armeiro-Mor (c. 1509)

Shields

• Shield of the Kingdom of Portugal (1185–1248)
• Shield of the Kingdom of Portugal (1248–1385)
• Shield of the Kingdom of Portugal (1385–1481)
• Shield of the Kingdom of Portugal (1481–1495)

See also

• Kingdom of Algarve
• United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
• List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown
• Portuguese nobility
• Portuguese heraldry

Footnotes

1. also known as the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves (Latin: Regnum Portugalliae et Algarbiae, Portuguese: Reino de Portugal e dos Algarves) after 1415, and as the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (Portuguese: Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil e Algarves) between 1815 and 1822.
2. From 1808 to 1821 Rio de Janeiro was the seat of the Portuguese court and the de facto seat of government. Additionally, Antony I and Mary II ruled from Angra do Heroísmo between 1580 to 1582 and 1830 to 1834 respectively whilst their holds over the mainland were in dispute.
3. Galician-Portuguese (until 16th century)
   Modern Portuguese (16th century onward)
4. Widely used for administrative and liturgical purposes. Medieval Latin replaced by Renaissance Latin by the 15th century.

Citations

1. J. Havighurs, Robert (1969). Society and Education in Brazil. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-0822974079. Catholicism was the state religion of the Kingdom of Portugal
2. ^ Reilly, Bernard F. (1993). The Medieval Spains. Cambridge University Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-0521397414. Retrieved 11 October 2019. The new kingdom of Castile had roughly tripled in size to some 335,000 square kilometers by 1300 Portugal swollen to 90,000 square kilometers and perhaps 800,000 inhabitants
3. (Latin: Regnum Portugalliae; Portuguese: Reino de Portugal)
4. Wilner, Hero, Weiner, p. 190

References

• Serrão, Joaquim Veríssimo (1977). História de Portugal: Do Mindelo à Regeneração (1832-1851) (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Editorial Verbo.
• Hespanha, António Manuel; Cardim, Pedro; Mattoso, José, eds. (1998). O Antigo Regime (1620-1807). História de Portugal (in Portuguese). Vol. 4. Lisboa: Ed. Estampa. ISBN 978-972-33-1311-6.
• Soriano, Simão José da Luz (1893). Historia da Guerra Civil e do estabelecimento do governo parlamentar em Portugal: comprehedendo a historia diplomatica, militar e politica d'este reino desde 1777 até 1834 (in Portuguese). Vol. 9. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional.
• Miguel, Jacinto de São (1901). Mosteiro de Belem: Relação da insigne e real casa de Santa Maria de Belem (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa.
• Willner, Mark; Hero, George A.; Weiner, Jerry (2006). Global History Volume One: The Ancient World to the Age of Revolution. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series. ISBN 978-0-7641-5811-7.
• Wheeler, Douglas L. (1998). Republican Portugal: a political history 1910-1926. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-07450-0.

v t e Topics related to the Portuguese monarchy
Major events	Battle of São Mamede Battle of Ourique Treaty of Zamora Manifestis Probatum 1383–85 Crisis Battle of Aljubarrota Battle of Alfarrobeira Battle of Alcácer Quibir Portuguese succession crisis of 1580 War of the Portuguese Succession Iberian Union Forty Conspirators Portuguese Restoration War Transfer of the Portuguese court Liberal Revolution of 1820 Vilafrancada April Revolt Portuguese Civil War 31 January 1891 revolt Municipal Library Elevator Coup Lisbon Regicide 5 October 1910 revolution Royalist attack on Chaves Monarchy of the North
Royal houses	Portuguese House of Burgundy House of Aviz House of Habsburg House of Braganza House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (disputed)
Royal residences	Ajuda Palace Belém Palace Bemposta Palace Buçaco Palace Citadel of Cascais Évora Palace Mafra Palace Necessidades Palace Pena Palace Queluz Palace Quinta da Boa Vista Rio de Janeiro Palace Ramalhão Palace Ribeira Palace São Cristóvão Palace São Jorge Castle Santa Cruz Estate Sintra National Palace Vila Viçosa Palace Juvarra's Project for the Royal Palace in Lisbon Project for the Royal Palace in Campo de Ourique
Miscellaneous	Kingdom of Portugal Kingdom of the Algarve Kingdom of Brazil United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves Portuguese Monarchs Miguelism Sebastianism Portuguese Empire Portuguese Cortes Portuguese nobility List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown Council of Portugal Pantheon of the House of Braganza Most Faithful Majesty Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza (current pretender) Family tree of Portuguese monarchs Portuguese Crown Jewels Style of the Portuguese sovereign His Most Faithful Majesty's Council

v t e Portuguese Empire
North Africa 15th century 1415–1640 Ceuta 1458–1550 Alcácer Ceguer (El Qsar es Seghir) 1471–1550 Arzila (Asilah) 1471–1662 Tangier 1485–1550 Mazagan (El Jadida) 1487–16th century Ouadane 1488–1541 Safim (Safi) 1489 Graciosa 16th century 1505–1541 Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir) 1506–1525 Mogador (Essaouira) 1506–1525 Aguz (Souira Guedima) 1506–1769 Mazagan (El Jadida) 1513–1541 Azamor (Azemmour) 1515–1541 São João da Mamora (Mehdya) 1577–1589 Arzila (Asilah)
Sub-Saharan Africa 15th century 1455–1633 Arguim 1462–1975 Cape Verde 1470–1975 São Tomé 1471–1975 Príncipe 1474–1778 Annobón 1478–1778 Fernando Poo (Bioko) 1482–1637 Elmina (São Jorge da Mina) 1482–1642 Portuguese Gold Coast 1498–1540 Mascarene Islands 16th century 1500–1630 Malindi 1501–1975 Portuguese Mozambique 1502–1659 Saint Helena 1503–1698 Zanzibar 1505–1512 Quíloa (Kilwa) 1506–1511 Socotra 1508–1547 Madagascar 1557–1578 Accra 1575–1975 Portuguese Angola 1588–1974 Cacheu 1593–1698 Mombassa (Mombasa) 17th century 1645–1888 Ziguinchor 1680–1961 São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin 1687–1974 Bissau 18th century 1728–1729 Mombassa (Mombasa) 1753–1975 Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe 19th century 1879–1974 Portuguese Guinea 1885–1974 Portuguese Congo Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753. Or 1600. A factory (Anosy Region) and small temporary coastal bases. Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879. Part of Portuguese Angola from the 1920s.
Middle East 16th century 1506–1615 Gamru (Bandar Abbas) 1507–1643 Sohar 1515–1622 Hormuz (Ormus) 1515–1648 Quriyat 1515–? Qalhat 1515–1650 Muscat 1515?–? Barka 1515–1633? Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah) 1521–1602 Bahrain (Muharraq • Manama) 1521–1529? Qatif 1521?–1551? Tarut Island 1550–1551 Qatif 1588–1648 Matrah 17th century 1620–? Khor Fakkan 1621?–? As Sib 1621–1622 Qeshm 1623–? Khasab 1623–? Libedia 1624–? Kalba 1624–? Madha 1624–1648 Dibba Al-Hisn 1624?–? Bandar-e Kong
South Asia 15th century 1498–1545 Laccadive Islands (Lakshadweep) 16th century Portuguese India  • 1500–1663 Cochim (Kochi)  • 1501–1663 Cannanore (Kannur)  • 1502–1658  1659–1661 Quilon (Coulão / Kollam)  • 1502–1661 Pallipuram (Cochin de Cima)  • 1507–1657 Negapatam (Nagapatnam)  • 1510–1961 Goa  • 1512–1525  1750 Calicut (Kozhikode)  • 1518–1619 Portuguese Paliacate outpost (Pulicat)  • 1521–1740 Chaul   (Portuguese India)  • 1523–1662 Mylapore  • 1528–1666 Chittagong (Porto Grande De Bengala)  • 1531–1571 Chaul  • 1531–1571 Chalé  • 1534–1601 Salsette Island  • 1534–1661 Bombay (Mumbai)  • 1535 Ponnani  • 1535–1739 Baçaím (Vasai-Virar)  • 1536–1662 Cranganore (Kodungallur)  • 1540–1612 Surat  • 1548–1658 Tuticorin (Thoothukudi)  • 1559–1961 Daman and Diu  • 1568–1659 Mangalore   (Portuguese India)  • 1579–1632 Hugli  • 1598–1610 Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam) 1518–1521 Maldives 1518–1658 Portuguese Ceylon (Sri Lanka) 1558–1573 Maldives 17th century Portuguese India  • 1687–1749 Mylapore 18th century Portuguese India  • 1779–1954 Dadra and Nagar Haveli
East Asia and Oceania 16th century 1511–1641 Portuguese Malacca 1512–1621 Maluku  • 1522–1575  Ternate  • 1576–1605  Ambon  • 1578–1650  Tidore 1512–1665 Makassar 1515–1859 Larantuka 1557–1999 Macau 1580–1586 Nagasaki 17th century 1642–1975 Portuguese Timor (East Timor) 19th century Portuguese Macau  • 1864–1999 Coloane  • 1851–1999 Taipa  • 1890–1999 Ilha Verde 20th century Portuguese Macau  • 1938–1941 Lapa and Montanha (Hengqin) 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.
North America and North Atlantic 15th century 1420 Madeira 1432 Azores 16th century 1500–1579? Terra Nova (Newfoundland) 1500–1579? Labrador 1516–1579? Nova Scotia
South America and Caribbean 16th century 1500–1822 Brazil  • 1534–1549  Captaincy Colonies of Brazil  • 1549–1572  Brazil  • 1572–1578  Bahia  • 1572–1578  Rio de Janeiro  • 1578–1607  Brazil  • 1621–1815  Brazil 1536–1620 Barbados 17th century 1621–1751 Maranhão 1680–1777 Nova Colónia do Sacramento 18th century 1751–1772 Grão-Pará and Maranhão 1772–1775 Grão-Pará and Rio Negro 1772–1775 Maranhão and Piauí 19th century 1808–1822 Cisplatina (Uruguay) 1809–1817 Portuguese Guiana (Amapá) 1822 Upper Peru (Bolivia)
Armorial of Portuguese colonies Evolution of the Portuguese Empire Portuguese colonial architecture Portuguese colonization of the Americas Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago Portuguese India Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia

• Kingdom of Portugal
• 1139 establishments in Europe
• 12th-century establishments in Portugal
• 1910 disestablishments in Portugal
• 1910 disestablishments in the Portuguese Empire
• 2nd millennium in Portugal
• Christian states
• Early modern history of Portugal
• Former countries on the Iberian Peninsula
• Former kingdoms
• Former monarchies of Europe
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• Medieval history of Portugal
• Modern history of Portugal
• Monarchism in Portugal
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• States and territories disestablished in 1910
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