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Kingdom of MontenegroКраљевина Црна Горa Kraljevina Crna Gora
1910–1918
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: Убавој нам Црној Гори Ubavoj nam Crnoj Gori ("To Our Beautiful Montenegro")
The Kingdom of Montenegro in 1914
Kingdom of Montenegro in 1914 zoomed in the map with some cities
Capital	Cetinje
Capital-in-exile	Bordeaux Neuilly-sur-Seine
Common languages	Serbian
Religion	Serbian Orthodox (official)
Demonym(s)	Montenegrin
Government	Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy under military dictatorship (1913–1917)
King
• 1910–1918	Nicholas I
Prime Minister
• 1910–1912 (first)	Lazar Tomanović
• 1917–1918 (last)	Evgenije Popović
Legislature	Popular Assembly
Historical era	20th century World War I
• Proclamation	28 August 1910
• Balkan Wars	1912–1913
• Treaty of London	30 May 1913
• Balkans Campaign	1914–1918
• Corfu Declaration	20 July 1917
• Podgorica Assembly	28 November 1918
Area
• Total	14.000 km (5.405 sq mi)
Currency	Montenegrin Perper
Preceded by Succeeded by Principality of Montenegro Kingdom of Serbia Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
Today part of	Montenegro Serbia Kosovo

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v t e

The Kingdom of Montenegro (Serbian: Краљевина Црна Горa, romanized: Kraljevina Crna Gora) was a monarchy in southeastern Europe, present-day Montenegro, during the tumultuous period of time on the Balkan Peninsula leading up to and during World War I. Officially it was a constitutional monarchy, but absolutist in practice. On 28 November 1918, following the end of World War I, with the Montenegrin government still in exile, the Podgorica Assembly proclaimed unification with the Kingdom of Serbia, which itself was merged into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes three days later, on 1 December 1918. This unification with Serbia lasted, through various successor states, for almost 88 years, ending in 2006.

History

Prince Nicholas of Montenegro proclaimed the Kingdom of Montenegro in Cetinje on 28 August 1910, elevating the country from the rank of Principality. King Nicholas I had ruled the country as prince since 1860, and had initiated several modernising reforms at the beginning of the 20th century, such as introducing a constitution and a new currency, the Montenegrin perper. Although independent, Montenegro was nationally and culturally close to Serbia.

Montenegro joined the First Balkan War in 1912, hoping to win a share in the last Ottoman-controlled areas of Rumelia. Montenegro did make further territorial gains by splitting Sandžak with Serbia on 30 May 1913. But the Montenegrins had to abandon the newly captured city of İşkodra (Skadar in Serbian, modern-day Shkodër) to the new state of Albania in May 1913, at the insistence of the Great Powers. Esad Pasha made a deal to surrender the town to the Montenegrins in exchange for Montenegro supporting his claims in Central Albania. However, as Shkodër and the surroundings had a large ethnic Albanian majority, the area went to the state of Albania instead. When the Second Balkan War broke out in June 1913, Serbia fought against Bulgaria, and King Nicholas sided with Serbia.

During World War I (1914–1918) Montenegro allied itself with the Triple Entente, in line with King Nicholas' pro-Serbian policy. Accordingly, Austria-Hungary occupied Montenegro from 15 January 1916 to October 1918. In 1918, coastal areas were occupied by the French and the Italian troops within the framework of the occupation of the eastern Adriatic.

On 20 July 1917, the signing of the Corfu Declaration foreshadowed the unification of Montenegro with Serbia. On 26 November 1918, the Podgorica Assembly, an elected body claiming to represent the Montenegrin people, unanimously adopted a resolution deposing king Nicholas I (who was still in exile) and unifying Montenegro with Serbia. Upon this event Nicholas I, who had previously supported unification with Serbia into a greater state with his dynasty playing the pivotal role, switched to promoting Montenegrin nationalism and opposing the union with Serbia, a position he maintained until his death in France in 1921.

On 1 December 1918, Serbia and Montenegro together formed a major part of the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia).

During World War II, the occupying forces in Yugoslavia considered turning the Italian governorate of Montenegro into a puppet kingdom, but nothing came of these plans.

Rulers

King of Montenegro (1910–1918)

• Nicholas I of Montenegro (1910–1918)

Prime Ministers (1910–1916)

• Lazar Tomanović (1910–1912)
• Mitar Martinović (1912–1913)
• Janko Vukotić (1913–1915)
• Milo Matanović (1915–1916)
• Lazar Mijušković (1916)

Prime Ministers in-exile (1916–1922)

• Lazar Mijušković (1916)
• Andrija Radović (1916–1917)
• Milo Matanović (1917)
• Evgenije Popović (1917–1919)
• Jovan Plamenac (1919–1921)
• Anto Gvozdenović (1921–1922)
• Milutin Vučinić (1922)
• Anto Gvozdenović (1922)

Gallery

• Civil flag of the Kingdom of Montenegro
• The Kingdom of Montenegro in 1913
• Proclamation of the Kingdom of Montenegro, 28 August 1910
• Text of the Proclamation of the Kingdom of Montenegro

See also

• History of Montenegro
• Principality of Montenegro

References

1. 1916–1922: Government-in-exile
2. Constitution of the Principality of Montenegro, 1905, Article 40, "Paragraph 1: State religion in Montenegro is Eastern-Orthodox. Paragraph 2: Montenegrin Church is Autocephalous. It is independent from any other Church, but maintains dogmatic unity with Eastern-Orthodox Ecumenical Church. Paragraph 3: All other recognized religions are free in Montenegro.
3. Ivetić, Eđidio (2015). GRANICA NA MEDITERANU. ISTOČNI JADRAN IZMEĐU ITALIJE I JUŽNOSLOVENSKOG SVETA OD XIII DO XX VEKA. Arhipelag. p. 72.

Further reading

• Živojinović Dragoljub R. (2014). "King Nikola and the territorial expansion of Montenegro, 1914–1920". Balcanica (45).

External links

• Media related to Kingdom of Montenegro at Wikimedia Commons
• Kingdom of Montenegro in 1918 Archived 2012-12-05 at archive.today
• Montenegro – World Statesmen

v t e Timeline of Yugoslav statehood

Region until 1918 1918– 1929 1929– 1945 1941– 1945 1945– 1946 1946– 1963 1963– 1992 1992– 2003 2003– 2006 2006– 2008 since 2008 Slovenia Part of Austria-Hungary including the Bay of KotorSee also:Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (1868–1918)Kingdom of Dalmatia (1815–1918)Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1878–1918) State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918) Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929) Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1943) See also:Republic of Prekmurje (1919)Banat, Bačka and Baranja (1918–1919)Free State of Fiume (1920–1924) (1924–1945)Italian province of Zadar (1920–1947) Annexed by Italy, Germany, and Hungary Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1943–1945) Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1963) Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1963–1992) Consisted of the Socialist Republics of:Slovenia (1945–1991) Croatia (1945–1991) Bosnia and Herzegovina (1945–1992)Serbia (1945–1992) (included the autonomous provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo)Montenegro (1945–1992) Macedonia (1945–1991) See also:Free Territory of Trieste (1947–1954)  Republic of Slovenia Ten-Day War Dalmatia Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945)Puppet state of Germany. Parts annexed by Italy. Međimurje and Baranja annexed by Hungary.  Republic of Croatia Croatian War of Independence Slavonia Croatia Bosnia  Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian War Consists of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (since 1995), Republika Srpska (since 1995), and Brčko District (since 2000). Herzegovina Vojvodina Part of the Délvidék region of Hungary Autonomous Banat (part of the German Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia) Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Consisted of the Republic of Serbia (1992–2006) and Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006) State Union of Serbia and Montenegro Republic of Serbia Included the autonomous provinces of Vojvodina and, under UN administration, Kosovo and Metohija Republic of Serbia Includes the autonomous province of Vojvodina Serbia Kingdom of Serbia (1882–1918) Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia (1941–1944)  Kosovo Part of the Kingdom of Serbia (1912–1918) Mostly annexed by Italian Albania (1941–1944) along with western Macedonia and south-eastern Montenegro Republic of Kosovo Metohija Kingdom of Montenegro (1910–1918)Metohija controlled by Austria-Hungary 1915–1918 Montenegro Protectorate of Montenegro (1941–1944)  Montenegro Vardar Macedonia Part of the Kingdom of Serbia (1912–1918) Annexed by the Kingdom of Bulgaria (1941–1944)  Republic of North Macedonia Prekmurje annexed by Hungary. See also: SAO Kninska Krajina (1990) → SAO Krajina (1990–1991); and SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia (1990–1991), SAO Western Slavonia (1990–1991) and the Republic of Serbian Krajina (1990–1995), all replaced by the UN Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium (1996–1998). See also: Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina; Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia; and the Serbian Autonomous Oblasts (SAOs) of Bosanska Krajina, North-East Bosnia, Romanija and Herzegovina (1991–1992), which all combined to form the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–1995). Bačka was reannexed by Hungary (1941–1944), while Syrmia was annexed by the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1944). See also: Republic of Užice. Annexed by Italy (1941–1943) and Germany (1943–1944). Smaller part annexed by the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1944). North Macedonia's official and constitutional name was the Republic of Macedonia until 2019. It was known in the United Nations as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia because of a naming dispute with Greece. Free Territory was established in 1947. Its administration was divided into two areas (Zone A) and (Zone B). Free Territory was de facto taken over by Italy and SFRY in 1954.

42°38′00″N 19°32′00″E / 42.6333°N 19.5333°E / 42.6333; 19.5333

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