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Sultanate of MaguindanaoKasultanan nu Magindanaw كسولتانن نو مڬیندنو
1515–1899 or 1926
Flag
Territory of the Sultanate of Maguindanao in 1521 (purple) and its subjects (light purple) according to various accounts.
Capital	Tubok (1515–1543) Selangan (1543–1619; 1701–1711) Ramitan (1619–1637) Simuay (1639–1701) Tamontaka (1711–1861) Cotabato (1861–1888) Libungan (1896–1900) Sibugay (1900–1926)
Common languages	Maguindanaon Iranun Maranao Subanen languages Manobo languages Kalagan
Religion	Islam
Demonym(s)	Magindanawn
Government	Absolute monarchy
Sultan
• 1515–1543	Sharif Kabungsuwan
• 1597–1619	Kapitan Laut Buisan
• 1619–1671	Sultan Dipatuan Qudarat I
• 1896–1926	Sultan Mangigin
• 1899	Datu Piang (Cotabato and Tamontaka)
History
• Established by Sharif Kabungsuwan	1515
• American occupation of Cotabato	December 1899
• Death of Sultan Mangigin	1926
• Disestablished	1899 or 1926
Currency	Barter
Preceded by Succeeded by Prehistory of the Philippines Insular Government of the Philippines Moro Province
Today part of	Philippines

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The Sultanate of Maguindanao (Maguindanaon: Kasultanan nu Magindanaw, Jawi: كسولتانن نو مڬیندنو; Filipino: Kasultanan ng Mangindánaw) was a Sunni Muslim sultanate that ruled parts of the island of Mindanao, in the southern Philippines, especially in modern-day Maguindanao provinces (Maguindanao del Sur and Maguindanao del Norte), Soccsksargen, Zamboanga Peninsula and Davao Region.

Its known historical influence stretches from the peninsula of Zamboanga to bay of Sarangani until Davao Gulf. During the era of European colonization, the sultanate maintained friendly relations with British and Dutch traders.

History

According to the Yuan annals of 1304 in the Nanhai Zhi, a polity known as Wenduling or Bintolang (文杜陵) was once a vassal state of Po-ni. According to Wang Zhenping, Wenduling may have been the predecessor state of Maguindanao. Wenduling was invaded by then Hindu-Buddhist Brunei (Pon-i), until it rebelled and successfully broke away after the Majapahit invasion of the latter. Islamization then happened afterwards.

Islamization and founding

Two brothers named Mamalu and Tabunaway lived peacefully in the Cotabato Valley on Mindanao and then Sharif Kabungsuwan from Johor in what is now modern day Malaysia, preached Islam in the area in the 16th century, Tabunaway converted, while Mamalu decided to hold fast to their ancestral animist beliefs. The brothers parted ways, with Tabunaway heading to the lowlands and Mamalu to the mountains, but they vowed to honor their kinship, and thus an unwritten pact of peace between Maguindanaons and the Teduray was forged through the two brothers.

Shariff Kabungsuwan preached Islam in the area, which was earlier Hindu-influenced from Srivijaya times, at the end of the 16th century and established himself as Sultan seated in Malabang. He exiled some of his people who apostatised to Cotabato. He subsequently married into the families of local chieftains and established the Sultanate of Maguindanao, with its seat in Slangan (the western part of present-day Cotabato), making him virtually Sultan of the whole island. The sultanate was largely centered around the Cotabato Valley.

War with Spain

Sultan Muhammad Kudarat, and whose name as a youth was Ullah Untong, was one of the greatest sultans who controlled Mindanao. In his island sanctuary in Sulu, he was known as Sultan Nasiruddin, and is buried there. His grandson Abd al-Rahman continued increasing the Sultanate's power and influence.

The Maguindanao sultanate also had a close alliance with the Ternate sultanate of the Moluccas region of Indonesia. Ternate regularly sent military reinforcements to Maguindanao during the Spanish-Moro Wars.

Nevertheless, its power was reduced when the Confederate Sultanates of Lanao declared independence from the Maguindanao Sultanate.

During the Spanish colonial period, the Sultanate of Maguindanao was able to defend its territory, preventing the Spaniards from colonizing the entire coastal Mindanao and ceding the island of Palawan to the Spanish government in 1705. The island priory ceded to him by Sulu Sultan Sahabuddin. This was to have help dissuade Spanish encroachments into the island of Maguindanao and Sulu itself.

Chinese gongs, yellow as a color of royalty, and idioms of Chinese origin entered Mindanao culture. Royalty was connected to yellow. The color yellow was used by the Sultan in Mindanao. Chinese tableware and gongs were exported to the Moros.

Merchant Chinese were tranquilly residing alongside the Moros in Maguindanao.

Government and politics

Similar to neighboring sultanates, Maguindanao was decentralized; every town remained autonomous and ruled by their rajas, datus, etc. However, aspects of centralized authority lay in some sectors of governance absolutely controlled by the sultan. (TBE)

Administration

Diplomacy

Maguindanao maintained close relations with Ternate, Sulu, and Brunei, but developed a rivalry with Buayan. However, Buayan would become a de facto subject state under Sultan Kudarat of Maguindanao. (TBE)

Economy

Since the ratification of a peace treaty between Muslims and Christians in 1645 by Kudarat and Zamboanga governor Francisco de Atienza Ibañez, the following period of relative stability ushered an economic golden age as Maguindanao reopened its harbors to international trade, first based in Kudarat's capital of Simuay (present-day Sultan Mastura).

Maguindanao's economy was principally driven by two sectors: trade exports of raw materials like agricultural and jungle produce, and slave labor; it did not maintain a market large enough for imported spices, gold, silk, and other exotic goods. Consequently, this model largely relied on annual outgoing trade expeditions led by Chinese nakodas accompanying trading chiefs most frequently to Ternate and Manila, and regularly to Amboina, Makassar, Batavia and elsewhere in Java, and around Sumatra.

Within Maguindanao, the sa ilud principalities served as entrepôts for both domestic and foreign trade and the sa raya region as its breadbasket. Several economic reforms were made under Kudarat: wax was monopolized in Sarangani and the Davao Gulf ports, and restricted trade in the former only by permission with a license from the Sultan himself. He also acquired shahbandars to oversee the trade and commodities sectors.

Exports

The most important exports were rice, wax, tobacco, and clove and cinnamon barks, alongside coconut oil, sago, beans, tortoiseshells, bird's nests, and ebony hardwood.

Slavery

• Several policies of attraction
  • Slave raids across islands and mountains
  • Escaped slaves accommodated at Simoay
    • Included Malays, Bugis, Ternatans, Ambonese, Burmese, Makassarese, even from as far as coastal India
    • Only Sultan permits slave sales, otherwise risk beheading
  • Pagali method

Culture and society

Demographics

The people of Maguindanao are certainly known under one name, but consist of many different nations.

— Sultan Barahaman in a letter written in 1693 to a Dutch governor in Ternate

At its peak, Maguindanao maintained a diverse mosaic of indigenous ethnicities and communities; besides the Maguindanaon themselves, under various forms of vassalage were Iranun (including Maranao), Sama-Bajau, Subanon, Sarangani, and Kalagan peoples, while in more mutual yet interdependent trade-based relationships were highlander Tirurays and Manobos.

Maguindanao

Iranun

The Iranun peoples settled along the coasts of the entire Illana Bay, including the Pulangi and Simuay deltas and Polloc harbor, and further inland along the shore of Lake Lanao as Maranaos. Although they were autonomously led by their datus, they were vassals of the Sultan from paying tributes and formal acknowledgements. During Barahaman's reign, their population was estimated to be around 90,000-100,000.

Alongside the Bajaus, they were the most important allies of the Maguindanao; the sultanate heavily depended on their vast manpower to maintain the status quo throughout the region. Paradoxically, however, they were also perceived by Maguindanao royalty as the least trustworthy of all groups; they were apparently notorious for rogue activities, and several punitive expeditions were made to quell minor Iranun uprisings. European traders were sometimes advised to sail south of the predominantly Iranun Polloc area into the Simuay River if heading towards the capital for safety, and were denied permanent trading posts for the same reason.

Sama-Bajau

The Sama-Bajau, or simply Badjaos, of Maguindanao were primarily based around the Simuay delta, though they were nomads who lived on the shorelines and did not live in permanent settlements like the Iranun; additionally, they were particularly barred from living within the capital itself, though nearby.

Small in numbers, they were typically fishermen who supplied sea produce for trading vessels and Maguindaon land dwellers, sometimes sailing as far as the Tomini Gulf for catches. However, they were also called upon for a variety of other jobs ranging from supplying boats, joining slave raiding expeditions, and as boat rowing entourage for royalty and other esteemed officials alongside more dangerous jobs as the Sultan's envoys, interpreters, tribute collection from the coastal settlements, and as river guardians.

Subanon

The Subanon peoples of the Zamboanga peninsula were also vassals of the sultanate. Aside from offering manpower, they were entrusted with two main roles: production and trade of local cinnamon (Cinnamomum mindanaense) and maintaining storage networks for the Maguindanao's hardware, especially cannons.

Tiruray

The Tirurays of the southern Tiruray Highlands and its coast held a mutual but interdependent position with the sultanate largely defined by trade. Trade pacts were established between Magindanaon datus and Tiruray neighborhoods through seketas teel ("cutting rattan together"). They largely traded forest and some agricultural produce like wax, tobacco, as well as manpower.

Manobo

Manobos comprise a variety of different highland peoples in the northern and western mountains surrounding the Cotabato Basin, and like the Tirurays, held largely mutual trade relationships with the sultanate. Manobo territories were outside the margins of any Maguindanao control and considered too dangerous. Consequently, trade activity was restricted to only between them and the royal family and principal datus. They mostly traded gold for clothing.

Sarangani

Since its capture in 1625, the people of the Sarangani islands were subjugated by Maguindanao through various enforced trade policies in that area, and may be considered slaves of the sultanate than merely subjects.

Aside from serving as the Sultan's primary warehouse, Kudarat restricted their trading activities with foreigners through his personal permission for a license, except for several Chinese in wax trading. The islands' crossroads position served various professions for the sultanate, from ship repair, agricultural produce, wood, water, and manpower.

Kalagan

Otherwise known in historical accounts as simply peoples of the Davao Gulf area, Kalagans were also subject to similar protectionist trade restrictions by Maguindanao since Kudarat's reign. Maguindanao since shared control of the area with Kandahar (Sangir) until usurpation by the former during Sultan Barahaman's rule.

Probably only the town of present-day Davao and nearby settlements were subjugated and paid tribute. Like Sarangani, they offered manpower and agricultural and forest goods.

Kalangan, another settlement elsewhere in the region, had its own tributaries inland and did not pay tribute to Maguindanao, but provided food and traded wax and lower prices for visiting Maguindanaon traders.

List of Sultans of Maguindanao

Historical records document 24 Sultans of Maguindanao.

Pretenders

As of May 2018, there are three major royal families in Maguindanao. Each having an enthroned sultan under the Sultanate of Maguindanao, Kingdom of Buayan, and Domain of Allah Valley.

Genealogy

See also

• List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
  • Sultanate of Buayan
  • Four States of Lanao
  • Sultanate of Sulu
  • Sultanate of Ternate
  • Sultanate of Johor

Notes

1. Wenduling is the Mandarin transliteration, while Bintolang is the Hokkien transliteration for the Chinese characters 文杜陵.

References

1. Kalipa, Candidato L.; Lumapenet, Husna T. (December 2021). "The Authorities and Customary Practices of the Buayan Sultanates in the Philippines" (PDF).
2. Bacani, Benedicto R. (January 2005). "The Mindanao Peace Talks: Another Opportunity to Resolve the Moro Conflict in the Philippines" (PDF).
3. Rodríguez, Rufus B. "Mindanao's Participation in the Philippine Revolution". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
4. Donoso, Isaac (March 2, 2023). Bichara: Moro Chanceries and Jawi Legacy in the Philippines. Springer. ISBN 978-9811908200.
5. Palafox, Queenie. "The Sultan of the River". National Historical Commission. Archived from the original on June 17, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
6. Reading Song-Ming Records on the Pre-colonial History of the Philippines By Wang Zhenping Page 256.
7. ^ "Cotabato tells its own stories". May 10, 2018.
8. "The Maguindanao Sultanate" Archived January 26, 2003, at the Wayback Machine, Moro National Liberation Front web site. "The Political and Religious History of the Bangsamoro People, condensed from the book Muslims in the Philippines by Dr. C. A. Majuli." Retrieved January 9, 2008.
9. Sordilla, Shane Patrick. "MAGUINDANAO AND TERNATE CONNECTION AND DISCONNECTION DURING THE AGE OF EUROPEAN COLONIZATION: AN OVERVIEW" – via www.academia.edu. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
10. Shinzō Hayase (2007). Mindanao Ethnohistory Beyond Nations: Maguindanao, Sangir, and Bagobo Societies in East Maritime Southeast Asia. University of Hawaii Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-971-550-511-6.
11. "Royalpanji.net - royalpanji Resources and Information". Archived from the original on January 21, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
12. Ghislaine Loyré-de-Hauteclocque (1991). The institutions of Maguindanao. Historical Conservation Society. p. 21.
13. Philippines. Census Office; Ignacio Villamor; Felipe Buencamino (1920). Census of the Philippine Islands Taken Under the Direction of the Philippine Legislature in the Year 1918. Bureau of printing. p. 148.
14. John Russell Frank, Ph.D. (December 29, 2009). On the Road Home: An American Story: A Memoir of Triumph and Tragedy on a Forgotten Frontier. iUniverse. pp. 26–. ISBN 978-1-4401-9375-0.
15. Laarhoven, Ruurdje (1986). "We Are Many Nations: The Emergence of a Multi-Ethnic Maguindanao Sultanate". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. 14 (1): 34. ISSN 0115-0243. JSTOR 29791876.
16. ^ Laarhoven, Ruurdje (1986). "We Are Many Nations: The Emergence of a Multi-Ethnic Maguindanao Sultanate". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. 14 (1): 35. ISSN 0115-0243. JSTOR 29791876.
17. Laarhoven, Ruurdje (1986). "We Are Many Nations: The Emergence of a Multi-Ethnic Maguindanao Sultanate". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. 14 (1): 34–36. ISSN 0115-0243. JSTOR 29791876.
18. Laarhoven, Ruurdje (1986). "We Are Many Nations: The Emergence of a Multi-Ethnic Maguindanao Sultanate". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. 14 (1): 36. ISSN 0115-0243. JSTOR 29791876.
19. Laarhoven, Ruurdje (1986). "We Are Many Nations: The Emergence of a Multi-Ethnic Maguindanao Sultanate". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. 14 (1): 42–48. ISSN 0115-0243. JSTOR 29791876.
20. Laarhoven, Ruurdje (1986). "We Are Many Nations: The Emergence of a Multi-Ethnic Maguindanao Sultanate". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. 14 (1): 42–44. ISSN 0115-0243. JSTOR 29791876.
21. Laarhoven, Ruurdje (1986). "We Are Many Nations: The Emergence of a Multi-Ethnic Maguindanao Sultanate". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. 14 (1): 44–45. ISSN 0115-0243. JSTOR 29791876.
22. Laarhoven, Ruurdje (1986). "We Are Many Nations: The Emergence of a Multi-Ethnic Maguindanao Sultanate". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. 14 (1): 45. ISSN 0115-0243. JSTOR 29791876.
23. Laarhoven, Ruurdje (1986). "We Are Many Nations: The Emergence of a Multi-Ethnic Maguindanao Sultanate". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. 14 (1): 46. ISSN 0115-0243. JSTOR 29791876.
24. ^ Laarhoven, Ruurdje (1986). "We Are Many Nations: The Emergence of a Multi-Ethnic Maguindanao Sultanate". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. 14 (1): 47. ISSN 0115-0243. JSTOR 29791876.
25. Laarhoven, Ruurdje (1986). "We Are Many Nations: The Emergence of a Multi-Ethnic Maguindanao Sultanate". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. 14 (1): 48. ISSN 0115-0243. JSTOR 29791876.
26. "Philippines". www.worldstatesmen.org.
27. Forrest, Thomas (1779) . A voyage to New Guinea, and the Moluccas, from Balambangan. Dubli : printed for Messrs. Price, W. and H. Whitestone, Sleater, Potts, Williams .
28. ^ Saleeby, Najeeb M. (Najeeb Mitry) (2005). Studies in Moro history, law, and religion: by Najeeb M. Saleeby.
29. Commission (1900-1916), United States Philippine (1901). Report of the Philippine Commission to the Secretary of War ... 1900-1915. U.S. Government Printing Office.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
30. "News – Manila Bulletin". Archived from the original on October 31, 2019. Retrieved May 16, 2018.
31. "Moro queen's crown fits 3 heirs after more than century | Inquirer News". January 18, 2015.

External links

• Laarhoven, Ruurdje. We Are Many Nations: The Emergence of a Multi-Ethnic Maguindanao Sultanate. Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 14, no. 1 (1986): 32–53.
• Archived January 21, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
• Mamadra, Daturaiz. "The Maguindanao Sultanate". www.academia.edu. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
• http://nlpdl.nlp.gov.ph:81/CC01/NLP00VM052mcd/v1/v31.pdf Archived February 15, 2019, at the Wayback Machine

v t e Historical and present-day states in the Philippines
Pre-16th century c. 1000 BC–200 AD: Jade culture before 900–1589: Tondo before 971–after 1339: Ma-i before 989–1521: Butuan 1175–1571: Namayan before 1225–1576: Pangasinan and Caboloan c. 13th century–1457: Lupah Sug c. 13th century–1569: Madja-as c. 1350–1905: Sultanate of Buayan c. 1400–1565: Cebu 1457–1915: Sultanate of Sulu c. 1500–1571: Maynila 1515–1899: Sultanate of Maguindanao unknown–1593: Bo-ol/Dapitan unknown–1571: Cainta 16th century 1565–1898: Spanish East Indies 17th century 1616–1904: Confederate States of Lanao 18th century 1762–1764: British Manila 19th century 1896–1897: Sovereign Tagalog Nation 1897–1897: Tejeros Revolutionary Government 1897–1897: Republic of Biak-na-Bato 1898–1898: Central Executive Committee 1898–1898: Dictatorial Government of the Philippines 1898–1899: Revolutionary Government of the Philippines 1898–1901: Republic of Negros 1898–1899: Federal State of the Visayas 1899–1901: First Philippine Republic 1899–1903: Republic of Zamboanga 1900–1945 1898–1902: United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands 1902–1906: Tagalog Republic 1902–1935: Insular Government of the Philippine Islands 1935–1946: Commonwealth of the Philippines 1943–1945: Second Philippine Republic 1945–present 1946–1981: Third Republic 1981–1986: Fourth Republic 1986–present: Fifth Republic
See also: Category:Former countries in Philippine history

• History of Mindanao
• Former countries in Philippine history
• Former sultanates
• Muslim dynasties
• History of Maguindanao del Norte
• History of Maguindanao del Sur
• Moro history
• Filipino royalty
• History of the Philippines (900–1565)
• History of the Philippines (1565–1898)
• States and territories disestablished in 1888
• 1888 disestablishments in the Philippines
• 1515 establishments in Asia
• 1888 disestablishments in Asia
• Maritime Southeast Asia
• Precolonial states of Indonesia