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Metamorphoses
by Ovid
Page from the edition of Ovid's Metamorphoses published by Lucantonio Giunti in Venice, 1497
Original title	Metamorphoses
First published in	8 CE
Language	Latin
Genre(s)	Narrative poetry, epic, elegy, tragedy, pastoral (see Contents)
Meter	Dactylic hexameter
Publication date	1471
Published in English	1480; 544 years ago (1480)
Media type	Manuscript
Lines	11,995
Full text
Metamorphoses at Wikisource

The Metamorphoses (Latin: Metamorphōsēs, from Ancient Greek: μεταμορφώσεις: "Transformations") is a Latin narrative poem from 8 CE by the Roman poet Ovid. It is considered his magnum opus. The poem chronicles the history of the world from its creation to the deification of Julius Caesar in a mythico-historical framework comprising over 250 myths, 15 books, and 11,995 lines.

Although it meets some of the criteria for an epic, the poem defies simple genre classification because of its varying themes and tones. Ovid took inspiration from the genre of metamorphosis poetry. Although some of the Metamorphoses derives from earlier treatment of the same myths, Ovid diverged significantly from all of his models.

The Metamorphoses is one of the most influential works in Western culture. It has inspired such authors as Dante Alighieri, Giovanni Boccaccio, Geoffrey Chaucer, and William Shakespeare. Numerous episodes from the poem have been depicted in works of sculpture, painting, and music, especially during the Renaissance. There was a resurgence of attention to Ovid's work near the end of the 20th century. The Metamorphoses continues to inspire and be retold through various media. Numerous English translations of the work have been made, the first by William Caxton in 1480.

Sources and models

Ovid's relation to the Hellenistic poets was similar to the attitude of the Hellenistic poets themselves to their predecessors: he demonstrated that he had read their versions ... but that he could still treat the myths in his own way.

Ovid's decision to make myth the primary subject of the Metamorphoses was influenced by Alexandrian poetry. In that tradition myth functioned as a vehicle for moral reflection or insight, yet Ovid approached it as an "object of play and artful manipulation". The model for a collection of metamorphosis myths was found in the metamorphosis poetry of the Hellenistic tradition, which is first represented by Boios' Ornithogonia—a now-fragmentary poem of collected myths about the metamorphoses of humans into birds.

There are three examples of Metamorphoses by later Hellenistic writers, but little is known of their contents. The Heteroioumena by Nicander of Colophon is better known, and clearly an influence on the poem: 21 of the stories from this work are treated in the Metamorphoses. However, in a way that was typical for writers of the period, Ovid diverged significantly from his models. The Metamorphoses was longer than any previous collection of metamorphosis myths (Nicander's work consisted of probably four or five books) and positioned itself within a historical framework.

Some of the Metamorphoses derives from earlier literary and poetic treatment of the same myths. This material was of varying quality and comprehensiveness; while some of it was "finely worked", in other cases Ovid may have been working from limited material. In the case of an oft-used myth such as that of Io in Book I, which was the subject of literary adaptation as early as the 5th century BCE, and as recently as a generation prior to his own, Ovid reorganises and innovates existing material in order to foreground his favoured topics and to embody the key themes of the Metamorphoses.

Contents

Scholars have found it difficult to place the Metamorphoses in a genre. The poem has been considered as an epic or a type of epic (for example, an anti-epic or mock-epic); a Kollektivgedicht that pulls together a series of examples in miniature form, such as the epyllion; a sampling of one genre after another; or simply a narrative that refuses categorization.

The poem is generally considered to meet the criteria for an epic; it is considerably long, relating over 250 narratives across fifteen books; it is composed in dactylic hexameter, the meter of both the ancient Iliad and Odyssey, and the more contemporary epic Aeneid; and it treats the high literary subject of myth. However, the poem "handles the themes and employs the tone of virtually every species of literature", ranging from epic and elegy to tragedy and pastoral. Commenting on the genre debate, Karl Galinsky has opined that "... it would be misguided to pin the label of any genre on the Metamorphoses".

The Metamorphoses is comprehensive in its chronology, recounting the creation of the world to the death of Julius Caesar, which had occurred only a year before Ovid's birth; it has been compared to works of universal history, which became important in the 1st century BCE. In spite of its apparently unbroken chronology, scholar Brooks Otis has identified four divisions in the narrative:

• Book I – Book II (end, line 875): The Divine Comedy
• Book III – Book VI, 400: The Avenging Gods
• Book VI, 401 – Book XI (end, line 795): The Pathos of Love
• Book XII – Book XV (end, line 879): Rome and the Deified Ruler

Ovid works his way through his subject matter, often in an apparently arbitrary fashion, by jumping from one transformation tale to another, sometimes retelling what had come to be seen as central events in the world of Greek mythology and sometimes straying in odd directions. It begins with the ritual "invocation of the muse", and makes use of traditional epithets and circumlocutions. But instead of following and extolling the deeds of a human hero, it leaps from story to story with little connection.

The recurring theme, as with nearly all of Ovid's work, is love—be it personal love or love personified in the figure of Amor (Cupid). Indeed, the other Roman gods are repeatedly perplexed, humiliated, and made ridiculous by Amor, an otherwise relatively minor god of the pantheon, who is the closest thing this putative mock-epic has to a hero. Apollo comes in for particular ridicule as Ovid shows how irrational love can confound the god out of reason. The work as a whole inverts the accepted order, elevating humans and human passions while making the gods and their desires and conquests objects of low humor.

The Metamorphoses ends with an epilogue (Book XV.871–879), one of only two surviving Latin epics to do so (the other being Statius' Thebaid). The ending acts as a declaration that everything except his poetry—even Rome—must give way to change:

And now, my work is done, which neither Jove
Nor flame nor sword nor gnawing time can fade.
That day, which governs only my poor frame,
May come at will to end my unfixed life,
But in my better and immortal part
I shall be borne beyond the lofty stars
And never will my name be washed away.
Where Roman power prevails, I shall be read;
And so, in fame and on through every age
(If bards foretell the truth at all), I'll live.

Books

• Book I – The Creation, the Ages of Mankind, the flood, Deucalion and Pyrrha, Apollo and Daphne, Io, Phaëton.
• Book II – Phaëton (cont.), Callisto, the Raven and the Crow, Ocyrhoe, Mercury and Battus, the envy of Aglauros, Jupiter and Europa.
• Book III – Cadmus, Diana and Actaeon, Semele and the birth of Bacchus, Tiresias, Narcissus and Echo, Pentheus and Bacchus.
• Book IV – The daughters of Minyas, Pyramus and Thisbe, Mars and Venus, the Sun in love (Leucothoe and Clytie), Salmacis and Hermaphroditus, the daughters of Minyas transformed, Athamas and Ino, the transformation of Cadmus, Perseus and Andromeda.
• Book V – Perseus' fight in the palace of Cepheus, Minerva meets the Muses on Helicon, the rape of Proserpina, Arethusa, Triptolemus.
• Book VI – Arachne; Niobe; the Lycian peasants; Marsyas; Pelops; Tereus, Procne, and Philomela; Boreas and Orithyia.
• Book VII – Medea and Jason, Medea and Aeson, Medea and Pelias, Theseus, Minos, Aeacus, the plague at Aegina, the Myrmidons, Cephalus and Procris.
• Book VIII – Scylla and Minos, the Minotaur, Daedalus and Icarus, Perdix, Meleager and the Calydonian Boar, Althaea and Meleager, Achelous and the Nymphs, Philemon and Baucis, Erysichthon and his daughter.
• Book IX – Achelous and Hercules; Hercules, Nessus, and Deianira; the death and apotheosis of Hercules; the birth of Hercules; Dryope; Iolaus and the sons of Callirhoe; Byblis; Iphis and Ianthe.
• Book X – Orpheus and Eurydice, Cyparissus, Ganymede, Hyacinth, Pygmalion, Myrrha, Venus and Adonis, Atalanta.
• Book XI – The death of Orpheus, Midas, the foundation and destruction of Troy, Peleus and Thetis, Daedalion, the cattle of Peleus, Ceyx and Alcyone, Aesacus.
• Book XII – The expedition against Troy, Achilles and Cycnus, Caenis, the battle of the Lapiths and Centaurs, Nestor and Hercules, the death of Achilles.
• Book XIII – Ajax, Ulysses, and the arms of Achilles; the fall of Troy; Hecuba, Polyxena, and Polydorus; Memnon; the pilgrimage of Aeneas; Acis and Galatea; Scylla and Glaucus.
• Book XIV – Scylla and Glaucus (cont.), the pilgrimage of Aeneas (cont.), the island of Circe, Picus and Canens, the triumph and apotheosis of Aeneas, Pomona and Vertumnus, Messapian shepherd, legends of early Rome, the apotheosis of Romulus.
• Book XV – Numa and the foundation of Crotone, the doctrines of Pythagoras, the death of Numa, Hippolytus, Cipus, Asclepius, the apotheosis of Julius Caesar, epilogue.

Themes

The different genres and divisions in the narrative allow the Metamorphoses to display a wide range of themes. Scholar Stephen M. Wheeler notes that "metamorphosis, mutability, love, violence, artistry, and power are just some of the unifying themes that critics have proposed over the years".

Metamorphosis

In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas / corpora;

— Ov., Met., Book I, lines 1–2.

Metamorphosis or transformation is a unifying theme amongst the episodes of the Metamorphoses. Ovid raises its significance explicitly in the opening lines of the poem: In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas / corpora; ("I intend to speak of forms changed into new entities;"). Accompanying this theme is often violence, inflicted upon a victim whose transformation becomes part of the natural landscape. This theme amalgamates the much-explored opposition between the hunter and the hunted and the thematic tension between art and nature.

There is a great variety among the types of transformations that take place: from human to inanimate objects (Nileus), constellations (Ariadne's Crown), animals (Perdix), and plants (Daphne, Baucis and Philemon); from animals (ants) and fungi (mushrooms) to human; from one sex to another (hyenas); and from one colour to another (pebbles). The metamorphoses themselves are often located metatextually within the poem, through grammatical or narratorial transformations. At other times, transformations are developed into humour or absurdity, such that, slowly, "the reader realizes he is being had", or the very nature of transformation is questioned or subverted. This phenomenon is merely one aspect of Ovid's extensive use of illusion and disguise.

Influence

No work from classical antiquity, either Greek or Roman, has exerted such a continuing and decisive influence on European literature as Ovid's Metamorphoses. The emergence of French, English, and Italian national literatures in the late Middle Ages simply cannot be fully understood without taking into account the effect of this extraordinary poem. ... The only rival we have in our tradition which we can find to match the pervasiveness of the literary influence of the Metamorphoses is perhaps (and I stress perhaps) the Old Testament and the works of Shakespeare.

The Metamorphoses has exerted a considerable influence on literature and the arts, particularly of the West; scholar A. D. Melville says that "It may be doubted whether any poem has had so great an influence on the literature and art of Western civilization as the Metamorphoses." Although a majority of its stories do not originate with Ovid himself, but with such writers as Hesiod and Homer, for others the poem is their sole source.

The influence of the poem on the works of Geoffrey Chaucer is extensive. In The Canterbury Tales, the story of Coronis and Phoebus Apollo (Book II 531–632) is adapted to form the basis for The Manciple's Tale. The story of Midas (Book XI 174–193) is referred to and appears—though much altered—in The Wife of Bath's Tale. The story of Ceyx and Alcyone (from Book IX) is adapted by Chaucer in his poem The Book of the Duchess, written to commemorate the death of Blanche, Duchess of Lancaster and wife of John of Gaunt.

The Metamorphoses was also a considerable influence on William Shakespeare. His Romeo and Juliet is influenced by the story of Pyramus and Thisbe (Metamorphoses Book IV); and, in A Midsummer Night's Dream, a band of amateur actors performs a play about Pyramus and Thisbe. Shakespeare's early erotic poem Venus and Adonis expands on the myth in Book X of the Metamorphoses. In Titus Andronicus, the story of Lavinia's rape is drawn from Tereus' rape of Philomela, and the text of the Metamorphoses is used within the play to enable Titus to interpret his daughter's story. Most of Prospero's renunciative speech in Act V of The Tempest is taken word-for-word from a speech by Medea in Book VII of the Metamorphoses. Among other English writers for whom the Metamorphoses was an inspiration are John Milton—who made use of it in Paradise Lost, considered his magnum opus, and evidently knew it well—and Edmund Spenser. In Italy, the poem was an influence on Giovanni Boccaccio (the story of Pyramus and Thisbe appears in his poem L'Amorosa Fiammetta) and Dante.

During the Renaissance and Baroque periods, mythological subjects were frequently depicted in art. The Metamorphoses was the greatest source of these narratives, such that the term "Ovidian" in this context is synonymous for mythological, in spite of some frequently represented myths not being found in the work. Many of the stories from the Metamorphoses have been the subject of paintings and sculptures, particularly during this period. Some of the most well-known paintings by Titian depict scenes from the poem, including Diana and Callisto, Diana and Actaeon, and Death of Actaeon. These works form part of Titian's "poesie", a collection of seven paintings derived in part from the Metamorphoses, inspired by ancient Greek and Roman mythologies, which were reunited in the Titian exhibition at The National Gallery in 2020. Other famous works inspired by the Metamorphoses include Pieter Brueghel's painting Landscape with the Fall of Icarus and Gian Lorenzo Bernini's sculpture Apollo and Daphne. The Metamorphoses also permeated the theory of art during the Renaissance and the Baroque style, with its idea of transformation and the relation of the myths of Pygmalion and Narcissus to the role of the artist.

Though Ovid was popular for many centuries, interest in his work began to wane after the Renaissance, and his influence on 19th-century writers was minimal. Towards the end of the 20th century his work began to be appreciated once more. Ted Hughes collected together and retold twenty-four passages from the Metamorphoses in his Tales from Ovid, published in 1997. In 1998, Mary Zimmerman's stage adaptation Metamorphoses premiered at the Lookingglass Theatre, and the following year there was an adaptation of Tales from Ovid by the Royal Shakespeare Company. In the early 21st century, the poem continues to inspire and be retold through books, films and plays. A series of works inspired by Ovid's book through the tragedy of Diana and Actaeon have been produced by French-based collective LFKs and his film/theatre director, writer and visual artist Jean-Michel Bruyere, including the interactive 360° audiovisual installation Si poteris narrare, licet ("if you are able to speak of it, then you may do so") in 2002, 600 shorts and "medium" film from which 22,000 sequences have been used in the 3D 360° audiovisual installation La Dispersion du Fils from 2008 to 2016 as well as an outdoor performance, "Une Brutalité pastorale" (2000).

Manuscript tradition

In spite of the Metamorphoses' enduring popularity from its first publication (around the time of Ovid's exile in 8 AD) no manuscript survives from antiquity. From the 9th and 10th centuries there are only fragments of the poem; it is only from the 11th century onwards that complete manuscripts, of varying value, have been passed down.

The poem retained its popularity throughout late antiquity and the Middle Ages, and is represented by an extremely high number of surviving manuscripts (more than 400); the earliest of these are three fragmentary copies containing portions of Books 1–3, dating to the 9th century.

But the poem's immense popularity in antiquity and the Middle Ages belies the struggle for survival it faced in late antiquity. The Metamorphoses was preserved through the Roman period of Christianization. Though the Metamorphoses did not suffer the ignominious fate of the Medea, no ancient scholia on the poem survive (although they did exist in antiquity), and the earliest complete manuscript is very late, dating from the 11th century.

Influential in the course of the poem's manuscript tradition is the 17th-century Dutch scholar Nikolaes Heinsius. During the years 1640–52, Heinsius collated more than a hundred manuscripts and was informed of many others through correspondence.

Collaborative editorial effort has been investigating the various manuscripts of the Metamorphoses, some forty-five complete texts or substantial fragments, all deriving from a Gallic archetype. The result of several centuries of critical reading is that the poet's meaning is firmly established on the basis of the manuscript tradition or restored by conjecture where the tradition is deficient. There are two modern critical editions: William S. Anderson's, first published in 1977 in the Teubner series, and R. J. Tarrant's, published in 2004 by the Oxford Clarendon Press.

In English translation

The full appearance of the Metamorphoses in English translation (sections had appeared in the works of Chaucer and Gower) coincides with the beginning of printing, and traces a path through the history of publishing. William Caxton produced the first translation of the text on 22 April 1480; set in prose, it is a literal rendering of a French translation known as the Ovide Moralisé.

In 1567, Arthur Golding published a translation of the poem that would become highly influential, the version read by Shakespeare and Spenser. It was written in rhyming couplets of iambic heptameter. The next significant translation was by George Sandys, produced from 1621 to 1626, which set the poem in heroic couplets, a metre that would subsequently become dominant in vernacular English epic and in English translations.

In 1717, a translation appeared from Samuel Garth bringing together work "by the most eminent hands": primarily John Dryden, but several stories by Joseph Addison, one by Alexander Pope, and contributions from Tate, Gay, Congreve, and Rowe, as well as those of eleven others including Garth himself. Translation of the Metamorphoses after this period was comparatively limited in its achievement; the Garth volume continued to be printed into the 1800s, and had "no real rivals throughout the nineteenth century".

Around the later half of the 20th century a greater number of translations appeared as literary translation underwent a revival. This trend has continued into the twenty-first century. In 1994, a collection of translations and responses to the poem, entitled After Ovid: New Metamorphoses, was produced by numerous contributors in emulation of the process of the Garth volume.

French translation

The 1557 edition

One of the most famous translations of the Metamorphoses published in France dates back to 1557. Published under the title La Métamorphose d'Ovide figurée (The Illustrated Metamorphosis of Ovid) by the Maison Tournes (1542–1567) in Lyon, it is the result of a collaboration between the publisher Jean de Tournes and Bernard Salomon, an important 16th-century engraver. The publication is edited octavo format and presents Ovid's texts accompanied by 178 engraved illustrations.

In the years 1540–1550, the spread of contemporary translations led to a true race to publish the ancient poet's texts among the city of Lyon's various publishers. Therefore, Jean de Tournes faced fierce competition, which also published new editions of the Metamorphoses. He published the first two books of Ovid in 1456, a version that was followed by an illustrated reprint in 1549. His main competitor was Guillaume Roville, who published the texts illustrated by Pierre Eskrich in 1550 and again in 1551. In 1553, Roville published the first three books with a translation by Barthélémy Aneau, which followed the translation of the first two books by Clément Marot. However, the 1557 version published by Maison Tournes remains the version that enjoys the greatest fortune, as testified by historiographical mentions.

The 16th-century editions of the Metamorphoses constitute a radical change in the way myths are perceived. In previous centuries, the verses of the ancient poet had been read above all in function of their moralising impact, whereas from the 16th century onwards their aesthetic and hedonistic quality was exalted. The literary context of the time, marked by the birth of the Pléiade, is indicative of this taste for the beauty of poetry.

"The disappearance of the Ars Amatoria and the Remedia amoris marks the end of a Gothic era in Ovidian publishing, just as the publication in 1557 of the Métamorphose figurée marks the appropriation by the Renaissance of a work that is as much in line with its tastes as the moralizing of the Metamorphoses had been with the aspirations of the 14th and 15th centuries".

The work was republished in French in 1564 and 1583, although it had already been published in Italian by Gabriel Simeoni in 1559 with some additional engravings.

Some copies from 1557 are today held in public collections, namely the National Library of France, the Municipal Library of Lyon, the Brandeis University Library in Waltham (MA) and the Library of Congress in Washington D.C., USA. A digital copy is available on Gallica. It would also appear that a copy has been auctioned at Sotheby's.

Illustrations

The 1557 edition published by Jean de Tournes features 178 engravings by Bernard Salomon accompanying Ovid's text. The format is emblematic of the collaboration between Tournes and Salomon, which has existed since their association in the mid-1540s: the pages are developed centred around a title, an engraving with an octosyllabic stanza and a neat border.

The 178 engravings were not made all at once for the full text, but originate from a reissue of the first two books in 1549. In 1546, Jean de Tournes published a first, non-illustrated version of the first two books of the Metamorphoses, for which Bernard Salomon prepared twenty-two initial engravings. Salomon examined several earlier illustrated editions of the Metamorphoses before working on his engravings, which nevertheless display a remarkable originality.

In the book Bernard Salomon. Illustrateur lyonnais, Peter Sharratt states that the plates in this edition, along with that of the Bible illustrated by the painter in 1557, are Salomon's works that most emphasise the illustrative process based on "a mixture of memories". Among the earlier editions consulted by Salomon, one in particular stands out: Metamorphoseos Vulgare, published in Venice in 1497. The latter shows similarities in the composition of some episodes, such as the 'Creation of the World' and 'Apollo and Daphne'. In drawing his figures, Salomon also used Bellifontaine's canon, which testifies to his early years as a painter. Among other works, he created some frescoes in Lyon, for which he drew inspiration from his recent work in Fontainebleau.

Better known in his lifetime for his work as a painter, Salomon's work in La Métamorphose d'Ovide figurée nevertheless left a mark on his contemporaries. These illustrations contributed to the celebration of the Ovidian texts in their hedonistic dimension. In this respect, Panofsky speaks of "extraordinarily influential woodcuts" and the American art historian Rensselaer W. Lee describes the work as "a major event in the history of art".

In the Musée des Beaux-arts et des fabrics in Lyon, it is possible to observe wooden panels reproducing the model of Salomon's engravings for Ovid's Metamorphoses of 1557.

Adaptations

• The animated film Metamorphoses (1978 film) by writer-director Takashi Masunaga
• The 1981 drama Metamorphoses by author Barbara Keesey
• Metamorphoses (play) (1996) by Mary Zimmerman
• Métamorphoses (2014 film), directed by Christophe Honoré

See also

• Isis (Lully), a French opera based on the poem
• List of Metamorphoses characters
• Tragedy in Ovid's Metamorphoses

Notes

1. "The Hayden White Rare Book Collection". University of California, Santa Cruz. Retrieved 15 April 2013.
2. More, Brookes. Commentary by Wilmon Brewer. Ovid's Metamorphoses (Translation), pp. 353–86, Marshall Jones Company, Francestown, New Hampshire, revised edition, 1978. ISBN 978-0-8338-0184-5, LCCN 77-20716.
3. ^ Galinsky 1975, p. 2.
4. ^ Galinsky 1975, p. 1.
5. Fletcher, Kristopher F. B. (2009). "Boios' Ornithogonia as Hesiodic Didactic" (PDF). Classical Association of the Middle West and South (CAMWS).
6. Galinsky 1975, pp. 2–3.
7. Galinsky 1975, p. 3.
8. Anderson 1997, p. 14.
9. Anderson 1997, p. 19.
10. Farrell 1992, p. 235.
11. Wheeler 2000, p. 1.
12. ^ Solodow 1988, pp. 17–18.
13. ^ Galinsky 1975, p. 41.
14. Galinsky 1975, p. 4.
15. Harrison 2006, p. 87.
16. ^ Solodow 1988, p. 18.
17. Harrison 2006, p. 88.
18. Otis 2010, p. 83.
19. Melville 2008, p. 466.
20. Melville 2008, p. xvi.
21. ^ Soucy 2023, p. xxx.
22. Melville 2008, pp. vii–viii.
23. Wheeler 1999, p. 40.
24. Swanson, Roy Arthur (1959). "Ovid's Theme of Change". The Classical Journal. 54 (5): 201–05. JSTOR 3295215. (subscription required)
25. ^ Johnston, Ian. "The Influence of Ovid's Metamorphoses". Project Silver Muse. University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2013.
26. Segal, C. P. Landscape in Ovid's Metamorphoses (Wiesbaden, 1969) 45
27. Solodow 1988, pp. 208–213.
28. Ian, Johnston. "The Transformations in Ovid's Metamorphoses". Vancouver Island University. Archived from the original on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
29. Galinsky 1975, p. 181.
30. Von Glinski, M. L. Simile and Identity in Ovid's Metamorphoses. Cambridge: 2012. p. 120 inter alia
31. Melville 2008, pp. xxxvi–xxxvii.
32. Benson 2008, p. 952.
33. Benson 2008, p. 873.
34. "Influences". The World of Chaucer, Medieval Books and Manuscripts. University of Glasgow. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2013.
35. ^ Melville 2008, p. xxxvii.
36. Halio, Jay (1998). Romeo and Juliet: A Guide to the Play. Westport: Greenwood Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-313-30089-9.
37. Marshall, David (1982). "Exchanging Visions: Reading A Midsummer Night's Dream". ELH. 49 (3): 543–75. doi:10.2307/2872755. JSTOR 2872755. (subscription required)
38. Belsey, Catherine (1995). "Love as Trompe-l'oeil: Taxonomies of Desire in Venus and Adonis". Shakespeare Quarterly. 46 (3): 257–76. doi:10.2307/2871118. JSTOR 2871118. (subscription required)
39. West, Grace Starry (1982). "Going by the Book: Classical Allusions in Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus". Studies in Philology. 79 (1): 62–77. JSTOR 4174108. (subscription required)
40. Vaughan, Virginia Mason; Vaughan, Alden T. (1999). The Tempest. The Arden Shakespeare, Third Series. The Arden Shakespeare. pp. 26, 58–59, 66. ISBN 978-1-903436-08-0.
41. Melville 2008, pp. 392–393.
42. Cumming, William P. (1931). "The Influence of Ovid's "Metamorphoses" on Spenser's "Mutabilitie" Cantos". Studies in Philology. 28 (2): 241–56. JSTOR 4172096. The indebtedness to Ovid of passages and ideas in Spenser's Mutabilite cantos has been pointed out by various commentators; (subscription required)
43. Gross, Kenneth (1985). "Infernal Metamorphoses: An Interpretation of Dante's "Counterpass"". MLN. 100 (1): 42–69. doi:10.2307/2905667. JSTOR 2905667. (subscription required)
44. Most, Glen W. (2006). "Dante's Greeks". Arion. 13 (3): 15–48. JSTOR 29737275. (subscription required)
45. Alpers, S. (1971). The Decoration of the Torre della Parada (Corpus Rubenianum Ludwig Burchard Part ix). London. p. 151.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
46. Allen 2002, p. 336.
47. "Who was Ovid?". The National Gallery. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
48. "Diana and Callisto". The National Gallery. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
49. "Diana and Actaeon". The National Gallery. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
50. "Death of Actaeon". The National Gallery. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
51. "Titian's 'poesie': The commission | Titian: Love Desire Death | National Gallery, London". www.nationalgallery.org.uk. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
52. Barolsky, Paul (1998). "As in Ovid, So in Renaissance Art". Renaissance Quarterly. 51 (2): 451–74. doi:10.2307/2901573. JSTOR 2901573. S2CID 192959612. (subscription required)
53. Hughes, Ted (1997). Tales from Ovid (2nd print. ed.). London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-19103-1.
54. "Metamorphoses". Lookingglass Theatre Company. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
55. "Archive Catalogue". Shakespeare birthplace trust. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
56. Mitchell, Adrian (2010). Shapeshifters : tales from Ovid's Metamorphoses. Illustrated by Alan Lee. London: Frances Lincoln Children's Books. ISBN 978-1-84507-536-1.
57. Beck, Jerry (2005). The Animated Movie Guide (1. ed.). Chicago: Chicago Review Pr. pp. 166–67. ISBN 978-1-55652-591-9.
58. Nestruck, J. Kelly. "Onstage pools and lots of water: The NAC's Metamorphoses (mostly) makes a splash". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
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60. "The Myth of Io". The Walters Art Museum. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
61. ^ Anderson 1997, p. 31.
62. Anderson 1997, pp. 31–32.
63. Tarrant 2004, p. vi.
64. Reynolds, L. D., ed., Texts and Transmission: A Survey of the Latin Classics, 277.
65. Brooks Otis (1936). "The Argumenta of the So-Called Lactantius". Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. 47: 131–163. doi:10.2307/310573. JSTOR 310573.
66. ^ Tarrant 1982, p. 343.
67. Tarrant 2004, Praefatio.
68. Richard Treat Bruere (1939). "The Manuscript Tradition of Ovid's Metamorphoses". Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. 50: 95–122. doi:10.2307/310594. JSTOR 310594.
69. ^ Lyne 2006, p. 249.
70. Gillespie & Cummings 2004, p. 207.
71. Blake, N. F. (1990). William Caxton and English literary culture. London: Hambledon. p. 298. ISBN 978-1-85285-051-7.
72. Lyne 2006, pp. 250–251.
73. Lyne 2006, p. 252.
74. Gillespie & Cummings 2004, pp. 208–209.
75. Lyne 2006, p. 254.
76. Gillespie & Cummings 2004, p. 212.
77. Lyne 2006, p. 256.
78. ^ Lyne 2006, p. 258.
79. Gillespie & Cummings 2004, pp. 216–218.
80. Gillespie & Cummings 2004, p. 218.
81. Lyne 2006, pp. 259–260.
82. ^ Sharratt, Peter; Salomon, Bernard (2005). Bernard Salomon: illustrateur lyonnais. Travaux d'Humanisme et Renaissance. Genève: Droz. ISBN 978-2-600-01000-9.
83. Lamarque, Henri, ed. (1981). Ovide en France dans la Renaissance. Cahiers de l'Europe classique et néo-latine. Toulouse: Publ. de l'Univ. Toulouse-Le Mirail. ISBN 978-2-85816-011-2.
84. texte, Ovide (0043 av J.-C.-0017) Auteur du (18 July 1557). "La métamorphose d'Ovide figurée". Retrieved 18 July 2024 – via gallica.bnf.fr.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
85. "La Metamorphose d'Ovide... Lyon, 1557. Petit in-8. Rel. de Allô. Ed. originale. 178 bois de B. Salomon. | Livres et Manuscrits du XVe siècle à nos jours, dont Cinéma, Art contemporain et Bande dessinée | 2023". Sotheby's. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
86. Lejeune, Maud (2021). Gravures et dessins de Bernard Salomon, peintre à Lyon au XVIe siècle. Cahiers d'humanisme et Renaissance. Genève: Droz. ISBN 978-2-600-06277-0.
87. "Metamorphoseos vulgare". gallica.bnf.fr. 1497.
88. Panofsky, Erwin (1969). Problems in Titian mostly iconographic. The Wrightsman lectures. London: Phaidon ISBN 978-0-7148-1325-7.
89. Attanasio, Paul (29 September 1981). "Hit or myth". The Boston Phoenix. Retrieved 19 May 2024.

References

Modern translations

• Ovid (2008). Metamorphoses. Translated by Melville, A. D. Introduction and notes by Edward John Kenney. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953737-2.
• Ovid (2023). Ovid's Metamorphoses: A New Translation. Translated by Soucy, C. Luke. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5203-9485-8.

Secondary sources

• Allen, Christopher (2002). "Ovid and art". In Philip Hardie (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Ovid. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 336–367. doi:10.1017/CCOL0521772818.022. ISBN 978-0-521-77528-1.
• Anderson, William S., ed. (1997). Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books 1–5. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2894-8.
• Benson, Larry D., ed. (2008). The Riverside Chaucer (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-955209-2.
• Farrell, Joseph (1992). "Dialogue of Genres in Ovid's "Lovesong of Polyphemus" (Metamorphoses 13.719–897)". American Journal of Philology. 113 (2): 235–268. doi:10.2307/295559. JSTOR 295559. (subscription required)
• Galinsky, Karl (1975). Ovid's Metamorphoses: an introduction to the basic aspects. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-02848-7.
• Gillespie, Stuart; Cummings, Robert (2004). "A Bibliography of Ovidian Translations and Imitations in English". Translation and Literature. 13 (2): 207–218. doi:10.3366/tal.2004.13.2.207. JSTOR 40339982. (subscription required)
• Harrison, Stephen (2006). "Ovid and genre: evolutions of an elegist". In Philip Hardie (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Ovid. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-99896-6.
• Lyne, Raphael (2006). "Ovid in English translation". In Philip Hardie (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Ovid. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-99896-6.
• Otis, Brooks (2010). Ovid as an Epic Poet (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-14317-2.
• Solodow, Joseph B. (1988). The World of Ovid's Metamorphoses. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-1771-1.
• Tarrant, R. J. (1982). "Review Article: Editing Ovid's Metamorphoses: Problems and Possibilities". Classical Philology. 77 (4): 342–360. doi:10.1086/366734. JSTOR 269419. S2CID 162744932. (subscription required)
• Tarrant, R. J. (2004). P. Ouidi Nasonis Metamorphoses. Oxford Classical Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Wheeler, Stephen M. (1999). A Discourse of Wonders: Audience and Performance in Ovid's Metamorphoses. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-3475-6.
• Wheeler, Stephen M. (2000). Narrative dynamics in Ovid's Metamorphoses. Tübingen: Narr. ISBN 978-3-8233-4879-5.

Further reading

• Online books
• Resources in your library
• Resources in other libraries

• Anderson, William S., ed. (1972). Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books 6–10. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-1456-9.
• Behm, Torben (2022). Städte in Ovids Metamorphosen: Darstellung und Funktion einer literarischen Landschaft. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 9783525311394.
• Elliot, Alison Goddard (1980). "Ovid's Metamorphoses: A Bibliography 1968–1978". Classical World. 73 (7): 385–412. doi:10.2307/4349232. JSTOR 4349232. (subscription required)
• Hollis, A. S., ed. (1970). Ovid. Metamorphoses, Book VIII. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-814460-1.
• Martelli, Francesca; Sissa, Giulia, eds. (2023). Ovid's Metamorphoses and the Environmental Imagination. London: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781350268944.
• Martindale, Charles, ed. (1988). Ovid Renewed: Ovidian Influences on Literature and Art from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-39745-2.
• Sharrock, Alison; Möller, Daniel; Malm, Mats, eds. (2020). Metamorphic Readings: Transformation, Language, and Gender in the Interpretation of Ovid's Metamorphoses. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192609595.

External links

Latin versions

• Ovid Illustrated: The Renaissance Reception of Ovid in Image and Text – An elaborate environment allowing simultaneous access to Latin text, English translations, commentary from multiple sources along with woodcut illustrations by Virgil Solis.
• Metamorphoses in Latin edition and English translations from Perseus – Hyperlinked commentary, mythological, and grammatical references)
• University of Virginia: Metamorphoses – Contains several versions of the Latin text and tools for a side-by-side comparison.
• The Latin Library: P. Ovidi Nasonis Opera – Contains the Latin version in several separate parts.
• List of 16th-century printed editions

English translations

• Ovid's Metamorphoses trans. by Sir Samuel Garth, John Dryden et al., 1717.
• Ovid's Metamorphoses trans. by George Sandys, 1632.
• Ovid's Metamorphoses trans. by Brookes More, 1922, revised edition 1978, with commentary by Wilmon Brewer. OCLC 715284718.

Analysis

• The Ovid Project: Metamorphising the Metamorphoses – Illustrations by Johann Whilhelm Baur (1600–1640) and anonymous illustrations from George Sandys's edition of 1640.
• A Honeycomb for Aphrodite by A. S. Kline.

Audio

• Metamorphoses public domain audiobook at LibriVox
• Ovid ~ Metamorphoses ~ 08-2008 – Selections from Metamorphoses, read in Latin and English by Rafi Metz. Approximately 4½ hours.

Images

• "Neapolitan Ovid" – An illustrated manuscript from 1000–1200 AD, hosted by the World Digital Library.

v t e Poems by Ovid
Metamorphoses Amores Ars Amatoria Remedia Amoris Heroides Fasti Tristia Epistulae ex Ponto Ibis Medicamina Faciei Femineae
Double Heroides (authorship uncertain)
Category

v t e Ancient Roman religion and mythology
Deities (Dii Consentes)	Agenoria Angerona Anna Perenna Apollo Aurora Bellona Bona Dea Carmenta Castor and Pollux Ceres Cloacina Cupid Dea Dia Diana Dies Dīs Pater Egeria Fauna Faunus Flora Genius Hercules Janus Juno Jupiter Lares Lares Familiares Liber Libertas Luna Mars Mercury Minerva Neptune Nox Ops Orcus Penates Pluto Pomona Priapus Proserpina Quirinus Salacia Saturn Silvanus Sol Summanus Venus Veritas Vesta Vertumnus Vulcan Abstract deities Abundantia Aequitas Aeternitas Africa Annona Averruncus Caelus Concordia Feronia Fides Fortuna Fontus Laverna Pax Pietas Roma Salus Securitas Spes Tranquillitas Terra Victoria
Legendary figures	Aeneas Rhea Silvia Romulus and Remus Numa Pompilius Tullus Hostilius Servius Tullius Ancus Marcius Lucius Tarquinius Priscus Lucius Tarquinius Superbus Kings of Alba Longa Hersilia
Legendary beings	She-wolf Barnacle goose
Texts	Virgil Aeneid Ovid Fasti Metamorphoses Propertius Varro Res divinae Sibylline Books Apuleius The Golden Ass
Concepts and practices	Festivals Interpretatio graeca Imperial cult Charity Palladium Theology of victory Pomerium Temples Capitolium Cella Celtic
Philosophy	Cynicism Epicureanism Neoplatonism Peripateticism Pythagoreanism Stoicism
Events	Golden Bough Founding of Rome Rape of the Sabine Women Battle of Lacus Curtius
Objects	Gubernaculum Parabiago Plate Pignora imperii
Variations	Gallo-Roman Mysteries Cybele Isis Mithraism
See also	Classical mythology Decline Persecution Etruscan religion Glossary Greek mythology Myth and ritual

v t e Metamorphoses in Greek mythology
Animals	Avian Abas Acanthis Acanthus Acmon Aëdon Aegolius Aegypius Aëtos Aesacus Agrius and Oreius Agron Alcander Alcyone Alcyone and Ceyx Alcyonides Alectryon Anthus Antigone Argus Arne Sithonis Artemiche Ascalaphus Asteria Autonous Botres Bulis Byssa Caeneus Celeus Cerberus Chelidon Cinyras Clinis Combe Corone Ctesylla Cycnus of Aetolia Cycnus of Ares Cycnus of Colonae Cycnus of Liguria Daedalion Erinoma Erodius Eumelus Gerana Harmothoë Harpalyce Harpasus Harpe Hierax Hippodamia Hyperippe Hyria Ictinus Idas Ino Itys Iynx Laius Lelante Lycius Lycus Megaletor Meleagrids Memnonides Meropis Merops Minyades Munichus Neophron Nisus Nyctaea Nyctimene Oenoe Oenotropae Ortygius Pandareus Pelia Perdix Periphas Peristera Picus Pierides Phene Philaeus Philomela Pleiades Polyphonte Polytechnus Procne Rhexenor Schoeneus Scylla Tereus Timandra Non-avian Abas Actaeon Arachne Arcas Arge Aristaeus Ascalabus Atalanta Cadmus Calchus Callisto Cephissus Cerambus Cercopes Chelone Circe Curetes Cynosura Galanthis Gale Harmonia Hecuba Helice Hippomenes Io Lycaon Lycian peasants Lyncus Melanippe Melian nymphs Melissa Minyades Myia Myrmex Naïs Nerites Ocyrhoe Odysseus Pentheus Phalanx Phineus Phoenice Pompilus Taygete Theophane Tiresias Titanis Tithonus Tyrrhenian pirates Aethalides Alcimedon Dictys Epopeus Melas Medon Opheltes
Base appearance	Achilles Antigone Charybdis Lamia Medusa Midas Mulberry fruit Phaon Scylla Sirens White raven
Humanoids	Arne Calliste Cymodoce Cephalus' wife Galatea Leleges Myrmidons Nephele Spartoi Weasel
Inanimate objects	Aconteus Aglaurus Alcmene Anaxarete Ariadne Arsinoë Aspalis Battus Britomartis Calydon Cercopes Cragaleus Daphnis Iodame Laelaps Lethaea Lyco and Orphe Olenus Pallas Pandareus Phineus Polydectes Proetus Propoetides Pyrrhus Teumessian fox Wolf
Landforms	Achelous Acheron Acis Aea Alope Alpheus Arethusa (Boeotia) Arethusa (Elis) Arethusa (Ithaca) Asteria Atlas Aura Byblis Calliste Castalia Chione Cleite Comaetho Cyane Dirce Haemus Lichas Lilaeus Manto Marsyas Menippe and Metioche Niobe Perimele Pirene Pyramus and Thisbe Rhodope Rhodopis Sangas Selemnus Sybaris
Opposite sex	Caeneus Hermaphroditus Iphis Leucippus Salmacis Siproites Sithon Tiresias
Plants	Adonis Agdistis Ajax Amaracus Ambrosia Ampelus Anethus Attis Baucis and Philemon Calamus Carpus Carya Cissus Clytie Crocus Cyparissus Daphne Diopatra Dryope Elaea Elate Eteocleides Heliades Aegle Dioxippe Lampetia Merope Phaethusa Phoebe Hesperides Aegle Erytheia Hyacinthus Leuce Leucothoe Libanus Lotis Lycurgus Mecon Melos Messapians Milk Minthe Myrice Myrina Myrsine Narcissus Oechalides Philyra Phyllis Picolous Pitys Platanus Psalacantha Saliva Side Smilax Smyrna Spear Syceus Syrinx
Voluntary	Greek gods Kobalos Mestra Periclymenus
Other	Cumaean Sibyl Echo Hyades Hylas Milk of Hera Pleiades
False myths	Acantha Amethyste Orchis Rhodanthe
Metamorphoses

v t e William Shakespeare's The Tempest
Characters	Prospero Miranda Ariel Caliban Sycorax Ferdinand Gonzalo Stephano
Sources	A True Reportory of the Wracke and Redemption of Sir Thomas Gates, Knight Decades of the New World Montaigne's Essays Ovid's Metamorphoses (Of Cannibals) Erasmus's Naufragium Commedia dell'arte Sea Venture
Films	1908 1911 1960 1963 1979 1980 1992 2010
Adaptations	Music Three Shakespeare Songs (Vaughan Williams) The Tempest (Sullivan) The Tempest (Sibelius) The Tempest (Tchaikovsky) The Tempest (ballet) (Nordheim) "Don't Pay the Ferryman" (1982) Screen Yellow Sky (1948) Forbidden Planet (1956) Tempest (1982) The Journey to Melonia (1989) Prospero's Books (1991) The Tempest (1998) Shakespeare's Shitstorm (2020) Mobile Suit Gundam: The Witch from Mercury (2022-2023) Painting Scene from Shakespeare's The Tempest (c, 1736-1738, Hogarth) Ferdinand Lured by Ariel (1850, Millais) Musicals Beach Blanket Tempest Return to the Forbidden Planet Amaluna Plays The Tempest (Dryden) The Sea Voyage The Mock Tempest (1674 Duffet) Une Tempête (1969 Césaire) The Sea (play) (1973) I'll Be The Devil (2008) Opera The Tempest (1756 Smith) Die Geisterinsel (libretto 1796) Die Geisterinsel (1798 Reichardt) Die Geisterinsel (1805 Zumsteeg) Der Sturm (1955 Martin) Noises, Sounds & Sweet Airs (1991 Nyman) The Tempest (Adès 2004) The Enchanted Island (2011 Sams) Poetry and prose fiction "Caliban upon Setebos" (Browning) "The Sea and the Mirror" (Auden) Indigo (Warner) A Midsummer Tempest (Anderson) Island (Rogers) Hag-Seed (Atwood) Video Games The Book of Watermarks (1999)
Phrases	"Ariel's Song" "Full fathom five" "Sea change" "What's past is prologue"
Sculpture	The Tempest (1966)

v t e William Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus
Characters	Titus Andronicus Tamora Aaron Lavinia Emperor Saturninus Marcus Lucius
Sources	Ab Urbe Condita (c.26 BC) Metamorphoses (c.AD 8) Thyestes (first century AD) Gesta Romanorum (late third century AD)
Adaptations	Titus Andronicus (1985; TV) Titus (1999) "Scott Tenorman Must Die" (2001; TV) The Hungry (2017)
Related	Peacham drawing Authorship question Themes "Titus Andronicus' Complaint" George Peele Philomela Thyestes Revenge play Grand Guignol Gorboduc (1561) Edmund Ironside (1590) Jan Vos Titus (soundtrack)

v t e Ancient seafaring
Vessels Types Balangay Bangka Beden Coracle Dhow Dragon boat Dugout canoe Fire ship Galley Penteconter Kunlun ship Liburna Longship Multihull Navis lusoria Obelisk ship Outriggers Sakman Single-outrigger Catamaran Trimaran Polyremes Bireme Oared warships Trireme Quadrireme Quinquereme Hexareme Tessarakonteres Raft Reed boat Sailing ship Solar ship Tomol Tākitimu Uru by region Austronesia Egypt Persia Rome Propulsion Paddling Sailing Towing Poling Components Anchor Bow Cabin Deck Figurehead Hull Planking Keel Mast Oar Paddle Rope Rudder Steering oar Sail Sail components Stem Sternpost Strake Tiller Construction Boat building Careening Carvel built Clinker built Dugout Framing Frame-first Shell-first Joinery Lashed-lug Mortise and tenon Phoenician joint Scarf joint Sewn-plank Shipbuilding By region: Egypt Rigging Crab claw Fore-and-aft Lateen Settee Tanja Triangular sail Junk Mast-aft Spritsail Square Armaments Ballista Catapult Corvus Dolphin Fire ship Harpax Ram Sambuca
Navigation, and ports and harbors Navigation Celestial Charts Coastal Lighthouses History Ocean swell Stick chart Periplus Piloting Pilot boat Maritime pilot By region: Inuit Micronesian Polynesia Ports and harbors Actium Aden Adulis Alexandria Apollonia Arikamedu Arsinoe Avalites Barbarikon Barygaza Basra Berenice Troglodytica Bosphorus Caesarea Maritima Canopus Carthage Centumcellae Charmutha Chittagong Delos Essina Giao Chỉ Godavaya Guangzhou Jambukola Jeddah Kaveri Poompattinam Kedah Korkai Leptis Magna Lothal Manthai Madurai Malao Mersa Gawasis Myos Hormos Martaban Mueang Phra Rot Muscat Muziris Narbonne Nesis Óc Eo (Cattigara) Opone Ostia Antica Palembang Piraeus Portus Augusti Portus Pisanus Prosphorion Ptolemais Theron Puteoli Qal'at al-Bahrain Qandala Quilon Rhacotis Sarapion Satingpra Sidon Socotra Sounagoura Thapsus Trincomalee Tulum Tyndis Tyre Wadi al-Jarf Zanzibar
History Prehistory Timeline Britain Oceania Remote Near Ubaid period Indus Valley Civilizations Ancient Egypt Old Kingdom Austronesia Philippines Sa Huỳnh Lapita Micronesia Langkasuka Kedah Champa Kutai Tarumanagara Kalingga Srivijaya Sunda Polynesia Minoan Indus Valley Tamilakam Chola Chera Pandya Somalia Dilmun Maya Nuragic Mycenaean Phoenicia Olmecs Carthage Greece Archaic Classical Rome Achaemenid Nabatea Aksum Migration and exploration Peopling of Australia Peopling of Micronesia Austronesian Expansion Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul Ocean exploration Phoenician maritime expansion Sardinia Circumnavigation of Africa Pytheas' voyage to Britain Roman circumnavigation of Britain Timeline Mariners and explorers Henenu Euthymenes Hanno the Navigator Himilco Sataspes Androsthenes of Thasos Archias of Pella Alexander the Great Nearchus Pytheas Megasthenes Xu Fu Hippalus Julius Caesar Eudoxus of Cyzicus Maes Titianus Military Navies Egyptian Achaemenid Greek Roman Battles Mediterranean:   Alashiya Nile Delta Salamis Artemisium Eurymedon Naupactus Olpae Syracuse Cynossema Arginusae Mytilene Hellespont Echinades Salamis II Mylae Cape Hermaeum Ecnomus Drepana Aegates Lake Trasimene Chios Myonessus Nile Naulochus Mycale Actium Tactics Boarding Grappling Incendiaries Oared vessels Sailing ships Greek navy Ramming By region China India Odisha Japan Rome South America Rafts
Economy and trade Whaling Fishing Egypt Land of Punt Indo–Mesopotamia relations Meluhha Maritime Jade Route Tin Spice trade Austronesian network Sa Huynh-Kalanay Incense trade Maritime Silk Road Periplus of the Erythraean Sea Maya Greece Greco–Indian shipping Rome Indo–Roman
Piracy History Mediterranean piracy Ameinias the Phocian Cilician pirates Jewish pirates Kidnapping of Julius Caesar Pompey's campaign against the pirates
Research and education Scholars Historians David Blackman Lionel Casson Fik Meijer John Sinclair Morrison William L. Rodgers Chester G. Starr Archaeologists George Bass Jean-Yves Empereur Boris Rankov J. Richard Steffy Peter Throckmorton Shelley Wachsmann Topics and theories Coastal defence and fortification Grave goods Lighthouses Alexandria Marine art Marine navigation Maritime archaeology Naval warfare Maritime temples Temple of Isthmia Temple of Poseidon, Sounion Samothrace temple complex Nusantao network Phoenician discovery of America Pre-Columbian theories Sea Peoples Shipbuilding Shell middens Ship burial Tacking Thalassocracy Underwater archaeology Underwater exploration Wrecks and relics Earliest: Pesse canoe Dufuna canoe Abydos Moor Sand Dokos Khufu ship Dover Bronze Age Boat Uluburun Canaanite Cape Gelidonya Zambratija Rochelongue Hjortspring Austronesia Pontian boat Butuan boats Black Sea‎ Sinop D Marsala Greek: Ashkelon Kyrenia Leontophoros Syracusia Phoenician: Gozo Bajo de la Campana Punic: Marsala Punic shipwreck Roman: Alkedo Arles Rhône 3 Blackfriars I Caligula's Giant Ship De Meern ships Isis Madrague de Giens Nemi ships Marausa Yassi Ada Lists: Oldest surviving Museum ships Surviving ancient ships Sites H3 Qal'at al-Bahrain Experimental archaeology Ship replica Heyerdahl expeditions Kon-Tiki Ra and Ra II Austronesian replicas Hōkūleʻa Sarimanok Te Au o Tonga Hawaiʻiloa canoe Samudra Raksa Alingano Maisu Saina Balangay Voyage Faʻafaite Gaualofa Marumaru Atua Mediterranean Olympias Regina Phoenician Ship Expedition Viking replicas Viking Others Vital Alsar Ivlia Abora Viracocha Tangaroa Institutes and conferences Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology Archaeological Institute of America European Association of Archaeologists Institute of Nautical Archaeology International Congress of Maritime Museums Nautical Archaeology Society RPM Nautical Foundation Sea Research Society Society for American Archaeology Museums and memorials Boat Museum, Kolkata Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology Giza Solar boat museum Grand Egyptian Museum Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle Museum of Ancient Seafaring Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology Viking ship museums: Oslo Roskilde
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