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v t e

Tenebrae (/ˈtɛnəbreɪ, -bri/—Latin for 'darkness') is a religious service of Western Christianity held during the three days preceding Easter Day, and characterized by gradual extinguishing of candles, and by a "strepitus" or "loud noise" taking place in total darkness near the end of the service.

Tenebrae was originally a celebration of matins and lauds of the last three days of Holy Week (Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and Holy Saturday) in the evening of the previous day (Holy Wednesday, Maundy Thursday and Good Friday) to the accompaniment of special ceremonies that included the display of lighted candles on a special triangular candelabra.

Modern celebrations called Tenebrae may be of quite different content and structure, based for example on the Seven Last Words or readings of the Passion of Jesus. They may be held on only one day of Holy Week, especially Spy Wednesday (Holy Wednesday). They may be held during the daylight hours and the number of candles, if used, may vary.

Tenebrae liturgical celebrations of this kind now exist in the Catholic Church's Latin liturgical rites, Lutheranism, Anglicanism, Methodism, Reformed churches and Western Rite Orthodoxy.

Catholic Church

Original form

In the Catholic Church, "Tenebrae" is the name given to the celebration, with special ceremonies, of matins and lauds, the first two hours of the Divine Office of each of the last three days of Holy Week. In the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church Tenebrae was celebrated in all churches with a sufficient number of clergy until the liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII in the 1950s. The traditions regarding this service go back at least to the ninth century. Matins, originally celebrated a few hours after midnight, and lauds, originally celebrated at dawn, were anticipated by the late Middle Ages on the afternoon or evening of the preceding day, and were given the name "Tenebrae" because concluding when darkness was setting in.

The celebration of matins and lauds of these days on the previous evening in the form referred to as Tenebrae in churches with a sufficient number of clergy was universal in the Roman Rite until the reform of the Holy Week ceremonies by Pope Pius XII in 1955. He restored the Easter Vigil as a night office, moving that Easter liturgy from Holy Saturday morning to the following night and likewise moved the principal liturgies of Holy Thursday and Good Friday from morning to afternoon or evening. Thus matins and lauds of Good Friday and Holy Saturday could no longer be anticipated on the preceding evening, and even matins and lauds of Holy Thursday was allowed to be anticipated only in the case of cathedral churches in which the Chrism Mass was held on Holy Thursday morning.

The 1960 Code of Rubrics, which was incorporated in the next typical edition of the Roman Breviary, published on 5 April 1961, a year ahead of the publication of the 1962 edition of the Roman Missal, allowed no anticipation whatever of lauds, though matins alone could still be anticipated to the day before, later than the hour of vespers.

In sum:

• Until 1955 the three consecutive Tenebrae services for Holy Thursday, Good Friday and Holy Saturday, including the typical ceremonies such as the extinguishing of candles, with each of these three services anticipated on the previous evening, were widely celebrated as an integral part of the liturgy of Holy Week in churches with a sufficient number of clergy wherever the Roman Rite was followed. A rich tradition of music composed for these central occasions had developed.
• From 1956 to 1970 the practice largely declined:
  • The 1955 papal document restored the celebration of matins and lauds of Holy Thursday, Good Friday and Holy Saturday to their original timing as morning services, with only a little allowance for anticipating any of them on the evening before. On these three days attention shifted from what became morning services to the services that were now to be held in the afternoon or evening. Communal celebration of matins and lauds became limited generally to communities that observed the full Divine Office in congregational form. Matins and lauds, having lost their exceptional character, provided composers with little incentive to produce new music for them and there was no demand for grand performances of the existing music earlier composed for Tenebrae.
  • The Roman Breviary, as updated in 1961, did not mention any specific Tenebrae ceremonies to accompany the no longer anticipated matins and lauds of Maundy Thursday, Good Friday and Holy Saturday.
• Finally, in the wake of the Second Vatican Council, matins and lauds throughout the year were completely reformed. Matins, for instance, no longer had the nine psalms and lauds the five psalms that determined the number of candles extinguished in the Tenebrae celebration.

Structure of the original Tenebrae

The structure is the same for all three days. The first part of the service is matins, which in its pre-1970 form is composed of three nocturns, each consisting of three psalms, a versicle, a silent Pater noster, and three readings, each followed by a responsory. The pre-1970 lauds consists of five psalms, a short versicle and response, and the Benedictus Gospel canticle, followed by Christus factus est, a silent Pater Noster, and the appointed collect. The Gloria Patri is not said after each psalm.

The principal Tenebrae ceremony is the gradual extinguishing of candles upon a stand in the sanctuary called a hearse. Eventually, the Roman Rite settled on fifteen candles, one of which is extinguished after each of the nine psalms of matins and the five of lauds. The six altar candles are put out during the Benedictus, gradually reducing also the lighting in the church throughout the chanting of the canticle. Then any remaining lights in the church are extinguished and the last candle on the hearse is hidden behind the altar (if the altar is such as does not hide the light, the candle, still lit, is put inside a candle lantern), ending the service in total darkness. The strepitus (Latin for "great noise"), made by slamming a book shut, banging a hymnal or breviary against the pew, or stomping on the floor, symbolizes the earthquake that followed Christ's death, although it may have originated as a simple signal to depart. After the candle has been shown to the people, it is extinguished, and then put "on the credence table," or simply taken to the sacristy. All rise and then leave in silence.

Table illustrating the contents of the service

The 1 November 1911 reform of the Roman Breviary by Pope Pius X radically reorganized the weekly recitation of the Psalter. In the Tridentine Roman Breviary of Pope Pius V (1568), Psalms 62/63 and 66/67 (treated as a single unit) and Psalms 148–150 (again treated as a single unit) were recited at lauds every day of the week. Pius X eliminated such repetitions and provided a quite different choice of psalms for lauds.

The situation before the 1911 reform is illustrated in 19th-century publications such as Prosper Guéranger's Passiontide and Holy Week, (Dublin 1870) and The Complete Office of Holy Week According to the Roman Missal and Breviary, in Latin and English (Benziger 1875). It is more difficult to find similar online 20th-century publication, but the text of the Tenebrae services as reformed by Pope Pius X in 1911 is available in the 1924 edition of the Liber Usualis. The 1961 edition, with English rubrics and explanations, is available on more than one site.

Music

The lessons of the first nocturn at matins are taken on all three days from the Book of Lamentations and are sung to a specific Gregorian reciting tone, which has been called "the saddest melody within the whole range of music". The Lamentations of Jeremiah the Prophet have been set to polyphonic music by many composers, including Palestrina, Tallis and Lassus. Such High-Renaissance polyphonic choral settings of Lamentations at Tenebrae, culminating in those of Lassus (1584), share the same texts with, but in musical idiom are to be distinguished from, the French Baroque genre of Leçons de ténèbres, as composed by Marc-Antoine Charpentier (54 settings, H.91 - H.144), Michel Lambert, and François Couperin. In the 20th century Ernst Krenek wrote a Lamentatio Jeremiae prophetae, Op. 93 (1941–1942), and Igor Stravinsky composed Threni (1957–1958).

Each day, the lessons of the second nocturn are from writings of St. Augustine, and the lessons of the third nocturn from two New Testament epistles. These are chanted to the ordinary lesson tone and have been relatively neglected by composers, though there are a few settings by Manuel Cardoso.

The Tenebrae responsories have been set by, among others, Lassus, Gesualdo, Victoria, Marc-Antoine Charpentier, Francesco Antonio Vallotti, and Jan Dismas Zelenka. Gregorio Allegri's setting of the Miserere psalm, to be sung at the Tenebrae Lauds, is one of the best known compositions for the service. Also Gesualdo includes a setting of that psalm in his Responsoria et alia ad Officium Hebdomadae Sanctae spectantia, along with a setting of the Benedictus.

Roman Rite since 1970

After the 1970 revision of the Roman Breviary, now called the Liturgy of the Hours, a 1988 circular letter from the Congregation for Divine Worship recommended communal celebration of the Office of Readings and Morning Prayer − which were formerly called matins and lauds − on Good Friday and Holy Saturday, and remarked that this office was "formerly called 'Tenebrae'". The General Instruction of the Liturgy of the Hours says: "Before morning Lauds on Good Friday and Holy Saturday, the Office of Readings is, if possible, to be celebrated publicly and with the people taking part." The Ceremonial of Bishops (1984) says: "It is also desirable that, if at all possible, the bishop take part with the clergy and people in the office of readings and morning prayer on Good Friday and Holy Saturday." The Office of Readings and Morning Prayer have only 6 psalms (3 in either hour), not the older form's 14, after each of which a candle was extinguished. The readings are no longer 3, divided into 9 sections, but 2 longer readings, and there is provision for extending the Office of Readings on more solemn occasions. In the older form, liturgical practice on those days differed from that on other days, even those of Lent: for instance, Gloria Patri was not included at the end of psalms and responsories. The office of Tenebrae was abandoned at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem only in 1977 − although the rule against anticipation of Matins and Lauds to the previous evening was already in effect there − because the times of Catholic Holy Week services had to remain unchanged due to the established rights of other churches.

Summorum Pontificum (2007) permits clerics bound to recitation of the Divine Office to use the 1961 Roman Breviary. Several religious and secular institutes and societies of apostolic life have availed themselves of this permission. The 1955 and 1960 changes incorporated into that edition of the Breviary continue to exclude anticipation of matins and lauds to the previous evening, whether celebrated with or without the Tenebrae ceremonies.

Services called Tenebrae, differing in several respects from the original form and not necessarily connected with Holy Week, are held even where the pre-Vatican II 1961 Roman Breviary is not used:

• The Jesuit Institute provides a service, denominated Tenebrae, without psalms and not necessarily in darkness, in which a candle is extinguished after the reading of each of seven Scripture passages related to the Passion of Jesus.
• A modified form of the old-style Tenebrae that leaves the church in darkness is used by the Canons Regular of Saint John Cantius in Chicago.
• Several Catholic cathedrals and other churches arrange one-off services with Gregorian chant and polyphonic music from the traditional Tenebrae service, sometimes as an evening concert.

Unlike the original well-attended Tenebrae, these modern adaptations have attracted little attention on the part of musical composers.

Other Western Christian Churches

Some Protestant denominations retained elements of the Roman Tenebrae liturgy, or added others. The Tenebrae services in the Lutheran and Anglican traditions, as well as in Methodist and Reformed (inclusive of Continental Reformed, Presbyterian and Congregationalist denominations) churches that hold them, all contain "the pattern of extinguishing the candles (and the overhead lights) and restoring the Christ candle", along with the strepitus. Some liturgical Baptist congregations also hold Tenebrae Services. Variations of Tenebrae are sometimes celebrated in less formal or non-denominational churches as well.

Lutheran practice

In Lutheran churches that observe the celebration, the Tenebrae service is typically held on Holy Wednesday (Spy Wednesday) as the following days that form the Paschal Triduum have set liturgies. There is a gradual dimming of the lights and extinguishing of the candles as the service progresses. Toward the end of the service, the Christ candle, if present, is removed from the sanctuary. A concluding Strepitus, or loud noise, typically made by slamming shut the Bible, is made, symbolizing the earthquake that took place, and the agony of creation, at the death of Christ.

Certain Tenebrae responsory settings have led their own life in Lutheran practice, for instance:

• Jacob Handl's Ecce quomodo moritur justus
• The Tristis est anima mea setting attributed to Johann Kuhnau

Anglican practice

Most Anglican churches that celebrate the Tenebrae service do so only on Wednesday, so as not to deflect attention from the Holy Thursday and Good Friday practices. But this practice is not universal.

In its Book of Occasional Services, the Episcopal Church (United States) provides for a single Tenebrae service on Holy Wednesday in the evening. That service preserves the number of nine Tenebrae lessons, each followed by a responsory. Church Publishing also offers a booklet called, In the Shadows of Holy Week: The Office of Tenebrae. It provides the full ancient form of Tenebrae as it appears in basic outline in The Book of Occasional Services. This booklet develops that outline providing all of the materials necessary for a recitation of the office: All of the psalms, canticles, responsories, antiphons, and readings are reproduced in full. Rubrics guide participants through each phase of the service.

Parishes of the Anglican Church of Canada that do celebrate Tenebrae follow a variety of practices. The Church of St. Mary Magdalene (Toronto) is notable for the excellence of its music, of which the musical Tenebrae services are exemplary. Christ Church Cathedral (Fredericton) uses Tenebrae in a sung traditional language form on the Wednesday evening of Holy Week which includes lessons from Jeremiah with responding psalms, the fourth being from John 17, and Benedictus. At the Church of the Epiphany (Oakville) Tenebrae is described as the reversal of the Advent wreath: "starting Lent with the brightness of six candles, the darkness grows as a candle is extinguished each week in anticipation of Jesus dying on the cross on Good Friday." This abbreviated Tenebrae liturgy begins worship services on Sundays during Lent. The Sisterhood of Saint John the Divine have their own liturgy, "The Order of Tenebrae", published in 1933.

Methodist practice

In the Methodist tradition, fourteen candles, along with a central Christ candle, are lit on the Tenebrae hearse after the Opening Prayer. They are consequently extinguished after each of the Tenebrae lessons. Prior to the reading of the sixteenth lesson, the Christ candle on the Tenebrae hearse is extinguished and then the church bells are tolled. The sixteenth lesson is read in darkness, followed by the conclusion of the liturgy.

Polish National Catholic practice

The Polish National Catholic service usually takes place on Good Friday, mostly at night. A standing cross is put on the altar with a black veil over it and 12 to 14 candles are placed behind it. The service has a combination of Bitter Lamentations, Matins, and Vespers. Several of the PNCC clergy, vested with cantors, are seated at the high place and the service is chanted. Gradually a minor cleric puts out each candle except for the top one that is taken around the sanctuary into the vestry. At that time a moment of silence is held for Christ's death. Then the candle is placed back; the lights in the church are turned back on; and the final hymns are sung.

Reformed practice

Congregationalist versions of Tenebrae service, particularly on Maundy Thursday or Good Friday, often contain readings from the gospels which describe the time between the Last Supper and the Passion of Christ.

Western Orthodox practice

Some Western Rite Orthodox parishes observe the service of Tenebrae. Among the Byzantine Rite Orthodox the nearest equivalent is Matins of Great Friday, when a candlestick with 12 candles is set up in the center of the temple behind the analogion from which the Twelve Passion Gospels are read. However, here after each reading one of the candles is lit rather than extinguished.

References

1. New Oxford American Dictionary (Second ed.).
2. Kosloski, Philip (12 April 2017). Into the darkness of Good Friday: The ancient liturgy of Tenebrae. Retrieved 17 April 2019. On each day of Tenebrae (Spy Wednesday, Holy Thursday and Good Friday) a special triangular candelabrum (called a Tenebrae hearse) is displayed, traditionally holding 15 candles.
3. Webster's New World College Dictionary (2014) defines Tenebrae as "a Holy Week night service (Wednesday through Friday), formerly widely observed in the Western Church, consisting of group recitation of Matins and Lauds of the following day in commemoration of Christ's death and burial". Collins English Dictionary (British usage) gives: "(formerly) the matins and lauds for Thursday, Friday, and Saturday of Holy Week, usually sung in the evenings or at night.
4. Kosloski, Philip (28 March 2018). "What is "Spy Wednesday"?". Aleteia. Retrieved 17 April 2019. From Wednesday onward, Judas secretly watched for a chance to turn Jesus over to the chief priests, and so many Christians labeled this day as "Spy Wednesday." In the same vein various cultures reflected the somber mood of this day by calling it "Black Wednesday" or "Wednesday of Shadows," which also corresponds to the liturgical rite of Tenebrae that is celebrated on this day.
5. Book of Occasional Services. Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States. 2018. In this book, provision is made for Tenebrae on Wednesday evening only, in order that the proper liturgies of Maundy Thursday and Good Friday may find their place as the principal services of those days.
6. ^ Boonstra, Harry (1986). "Tenebrae". Reformed Worship. Retrieved 27 March 2018. Tenebrae services today, usually held on one day instead of three, follow many of the ancient customs. The pastor and members of the congregation read a number of Scripture passages— either the traditional fourteen or fewer. Often these passages are not psalms but rather portions of the Passion story. But no matter which Scripture and music are selected, the pattern of extinguishing the candles (and the overhead lights) and restoring the Christ candle remains the same. Some churches accentuate the darkness by tolling the bells.
7. Ruehlmann, Greg (21 March 2008). "In the Dark". Busted Halo. Retrieved 18 April 2019. It has not been popular in decades, and it would be misleading to call it a "best-kept secret" of the Catholic Church—it's celebrated by some mainline Anglican and Lutheran communities as well.
8. James Monti. The Week of Salvation: History and Traditions of Holy Week p. 79 ff. Our Sunday Visitor Publishing, 1993 ISBN 0879735325 ISBN 9780879735326
9. ^ Herbert Thurston, "Tenebrae," Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 14 (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912).
10. Theresa Sanders, "Festivals of Holy Pain : In the Wake of Good Friday" in Marko Zlomislic, Neal DeRoo (editors), Cross and Khora (Wipf and Stock 2010)
11. "Matins and lauds are not anticipated in the evening, but are said in the morning, at the proper hour. In cathedral churches, however, since the Mass of the Chrism is celebrated in the morning of Thursday of the Lord's Supper, Matins and Lauds of the same Thursday can be anticipated in the evening." Decree Maxima redemptionis nostrae mysteria (16 November 1955), No. 5, §2, translated from Acta Apostolicae Sedis 47 (1955), pp. 838–847.
12. Marini, Piero (1962-06-23). Piero Marini, A Challenging Reform: Realizing the Vision of the Liturgical Renewal, 1963–1975 (Liturgical Press 2007), quotation: "new standard editions of the Breviary (April 5, 1961)" ...". Liturgical Press. ISBN 9780814630358. Retrieved 2018-07-09.
13. Bradshaw, Paul (2012-06-21). Paul Bradshaw and Maxwell E. Johnson, The Eucharistic Liturgies: Their evolution and interpretation (SPCK 2012), quotation: "A new Roman Breviary was released in 1961". ISBN 9780281068081. Retrieved 2018-07-09.
14. lisar1@charter.net (2015-11-11). "Liturgical Books of the Roman Liturgy". Magnificat Media. Retrieved 2018-07-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
15. The Latin Mass Society: "The changes to the Breviary in the 60's and 70's"
16. "If the Office is recited in choir or in common, matins is not anticipated the evening before, but is said in the morning at a suitable hour. In churches where the Mass of the Chrism is celebrated, however, matins may be anticipated the evening before." Introductory rubric, Matins, Thursday of the Lord’s Supper, The Hours of the Divine Office in English and Latin, vol. 2 (Collegeville: The Liturgical Press, 1964) p. 1099. "In accord with the typical edition."
17. ^ Catholic Church The Complete Office of Holy Week According to the Roman Missal and Breviary, in Latin and English, pp. 184–250; 282–336; 380–418 Benziger brothers, 1875
18. ^ Prosper Guéranger, translated by Laurence Shepherd. Passiontide and Holy Week, Volume VI of The Liturgical Year, pp. 304–352; 414–450; 519–546 Dublin, 1870.
19. Leo Kelly, "Tenebrae Hearse," The Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 7 (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910).
20. ^ P. J. B. de Herdt, Sacrae liturgiae praxis, juxta ritum romanum (Vanlinthout, Louvain, 1863), vol. 3, p. 41
21. De l'office des Ténèbres, Cérémonies à observer, 338,3
22. Adrian Fortescue, The Ceremonies of the Roman Rite Described, 1917, p. 288.
23. 1924 Liber Usualis, with modern musical notation
24. Liber Usualis 1961 edition on archive.org and on sanctamissa.org Archived 2020-02-17 at the Wayback Machine
25. Psalm 70
26. Psalm 26
27. Psalm 15
28. Psalm 71
29. Psalm 37
30. Psalm 23
31. Psalm 72
32. Psalm 39
33. Psalm 26
34. Psalm 73
35. Psalm 53
36. Psalm 29
37. ^ Augustine, Exposition on Psalm 55
38. ^ Augustine, Exposition on Psalm 64
39. Psalm 74
40. Psalm 58
41. Psalm 53
42. Psalm 75
43. Psalm 87
44. Psalm 75
45. Psalm 76
46. Psalm 93
47. Psalm 87
48. Psalm 50
49. Psalm 89
50. Psalm 142
51. Psalm 91
52. Psalm 91
53. ^ Psalm 62+Psalm 66
54. Psalm 35
55. Psalm 84
56. Psalm 63
57. ^ Psalm 148–150
58. Psalm 146
59. Psalm 147
60. Psalm 150
61. Psalm 50
62. Breviarium Romanum 1981 (totum), pp. 501, 512, 521
63. Liber Usualis 1981, p. 660, also referenced on pp. 719, 776C
64. Liber Usualis, p. 631. Other Gregorian melodic patterns are found in manuscripts, but only this one is now commonly used (Lamentations, Book of.
65. John F. Sullivan, The Externals of the Catholic Church (Aeterna Press 1951)
66. Congregation for Divine Worship, Circular Letter Paschalis sollemnitatis Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine Concerning the Preparation and Celebration of the Easter Feasts (16 January 1988), n. 40: Notitiae 24 (1988) pp. 81–107: "It is recommended that there be a communal celebration of the Office of Readings and Morning Prayer on Good Friday and Holy Saturday. It is fitting that the bishop should celebrate the Office in the cathedral, with as far as possible the participation of the clergy and people. This Office, formerly called 'Tenebrae', held a special place in the devotion of the faithful as they meditated upon the passion, death and burial of the Lord, while awaiting the announcement of the resurrection."
67. The General Instruction of the Liturgy of the Hours, 210
68. Congregation for Divine Worship, Ceremonial of Bishops (1984), n. 296; also nn. 189 and 217.
69. See General Instruction of the Liturgy of the Hours Archived 2019-07-05 at the Wayback Machine, 73; Ceremonial of Bishops (1984), 214–216.
70. Liber Usualis (1961) Archived 2014-02-26 at the Wayback Machine, p. 625]
71. "Reform of the Holy Week Liturgy at the Holy Sepulchre". Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
72. "The Liturgy of Tenebrae". Jesuit Institute. Retrieved 2018-07-09.
73. "Tenebrae for Holy Week – Back by Popular Demand". Catholic.org. Retrieved 2018-07-09.
74. "Diocese of Savannah: Tenebrae Service and Concert". Diosav.org. 2017-04-12. Retrieved 2018-07-09.
75. "Tenebrae Service". Diocese of Trenton. 2017-04-12. Retrieved 2018-07-09.
76. "Regina magazine: Time to bring Tenebrae out of the shadows". Reginamag.com. 21 March 2016. Retrieved 2018-07-09.
77. Ravensworth Baptist Church, Annandale, Virginia. "Holy Week 2012" in News from the Corner, April 1–14, 2012
78. ^ "The Three Days: traditions of Maundy Thursday, Good Friday and the Vigil of Easter". Living Lutheran. 5 April 2013.
79. Henson, Michael D. (31 March 2021). "Tenebrae on Holy Wednesday". Trinity Lutheran Church. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
80. Tomasz Jeż. "The Motets of Jacob Handl in Inter-confessional Silesian Liturgical Practice" in De musica disserenda III/2, 2007, pp. 37–48
81. Melamed, Daniel R. (1995). J.S. Bach and the German Motet. Cambridge University Press. pp. 148–149. ISBN 0-52-141864-X.
82. Church Publishing The Book of Occasional Services • 2003, pp. 74–83. New York, 2004. ISBN 089869664X ISBN 9780898696646
83. Church Publishing In the Shadows of Holy Week: The Office of Tenebrae • 2002 United Kingdom, 2002 ISBN 9780898697094
84. "An idea worth sharing – Lenten Tenebrae Liturgy – The Niagara Anglican". Niagaraanglican.news. 11 May 2017. Retrieved 2018-07-09.
85. A Journey Just Begun: The Story of an Anglican Sisterhood – The Sisterhood of St. John the Divine – Google Books. Dundurn. 2015-02-21. ISBN 9781459723702. Retrieved 2018-07-09.
86. ^ The United Methodist Book of Worship. Kingswood Books. 5 April 2016. pp. 299–301. ISBN 9781426735004.
87. United Church of Christ. "Tenebrae: Service of Shadows – Good Friday – April 6, 2012" in Worship Ways

External links

• Catholic devotions: Tenebrae
• An Episcopal Tenebrae service
• Tenebrae – Catholic Encyclopedia article
• Tenebrae Hearse – Catholic Encyclopedia article
• Presbyterian Tenebrae Order of Service
• United Methodist Church Tenebrae
• Sample non-denominational Tenebrae
• Tenebrae – The Jesuit Institute

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