Misplaced Pages

Mikhail Sholokhov
Sholokhov in 1960
Born	(1905-05-24)24 May 1905 Vyoshenskaya, Donetsky district, Don Host Oblast, Russian Empire
Died	21 February 1984(1984-02-21) (aged 78) Vyoshenskaya, Rostov Oblast, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Occupation	Novelist, short story writer
Nationality	Soviet
Notable awards	Nobel Prize in Literature 1965 Lenin Prize 1960 Stalin Prize 1941
Signature

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov (Russian: Михаил Александрович Шолохов, IPA: [ˈʂoləxəf]; 24 May [O.S. 11 May] 1905 – 21 February 1984) was a Russian novelist and winner of the 1965 Nobel Prize in Literature. He is known for writing about life and fate of Don Cossacks during the Russian Revolution, the civil war and the period of collectivization, primarily in his most famous novel, And Quiet Flows the Don.

Life and work

Sholokhov was born in the Russian Empire, in the "land of the Cossacks" – the Kruzhilin hamlet, part of stanitsa Vyoshenskaya, in the former Administrative Region of the Don Cossack Host. His father, a Russian, Aleksander Mikhailovich Sholokhov (1865–1925), was a member of the lower middle class, at various times a farmer, a cattle trader, and a miller. Sholokhov's mother, Anastasia Danilovna Chernikova (1871–1942), the widow of a Cossack, came from Ukrainian peasant stock (her father was a peasant in the Chernihiv oblast). She did not become literate until a time in her life when she wanted to correspond with her son. His family were not Don Cossacks, but inogorodnye ("outlanders"), the rather disparaging term used by the Don Cossacks for outsiders who settled in their territory by the banks of the Don. The inogorodyne tended to be much poorer than the Don Cossacks and were excluded from voting for officials in the Host government (the Don Cossack Host were allowed to elect their leaders, except for the ataman who headed the Host, who was always appointed by the Emperor).

Sholokhov attended schools in Karginskaya [ru], Moscow, Boguchar, and Veshenskaya until 1918, when he joined the Bolshevik side in the Russian Civil War at the age of 13. He spent the next few years fighting. During the Russian Civil War, the inogorodnye tended to support the Reds while the Don Cossacks tended to support the Whites.

Sholokhov began writing at 17. He completed his first literary work, the short story "The Birthmark", at 19. In 1922 Sholokhov moved to Moscow to become a journalist, but had to support himself through manual labour. He was a stevedore, a stonemason, and an accountant from 1922 to 1924, but he also intermittently participated in writers' "seminars". His first published work was a satirical article, The Test (19 October 1923). In 1924 Sholokhov returned to Veshenskaya and devoted himself entirely to writing. In the same year he married Maria Petrovna Gromoslavskaia (1901–1992), the daughter of Pyotr Gromoslavsky, the ataman of Bukanovskaya village. They had two daughters and two sons.

Sholokhov's first book was Tales from the Don, a collection of stories largely based on his personal experiences in his native region during World War I and the Russian Civil War; it was published in 1926. The story "Nakhalyonok", partly based on his own childhood, was later made into a popular film.

In the same year, Sholokhov began writing And Quiet Flows the Don, which took him fourteen years to complete (1926–1940). It became the most-read work of Soviet historical fiction, and it earned him the 1941 State Stalin Prize. It deals with the experiences of the Cossacks before and during World War I and the Russian Civil War.

Another novel, Virgin Soil Upturned, which earned a Lenin Prize, took 28 years to complete. It is composed of two parts, Seeds of Tomorrow (1932) and Harvest on the Don (1960), and reflects life during collectivization in the Don area. It was heralded as a powerful example of socialist realism. Virgin Soil Upturned was translated and widely read in China, where it influenced China's socialist literature.

The short story "The Fate of a Man" (1957) was made into a popular Russian film. During World War II, Sholokhov wrote about the Soviet war effort for various journals. He also covered the devastation caused by Wehrmacht troops along the Don. His mother was killed when Veshenskaya was bombed in 1942.

Sholokhov's unfinished novel They Fought for Their Country is about World War II (known in the Soviet Union, and now in Russia, as the Great Patriotic War).

Sholokhov's collected works were published in eight volumes between 1956 and 1960, and he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1965.

Authorship of texts

First rumors of Sholokhov's supposed plagiarism appeared in 1928 following the success of the first two volumes of And Quiet Flows the Don: it was speculated that the author stole the manuscript from a dead White Army officer. Sholokhov asked the Pravda newspaper to prove his authorship, submitting his manuscripts of the first three volumes of And Quiet Flows the Don and the plan of the fourth one. In 1929 a special commission was formed that accepted Sholokhov's authorship. In the conclusion signed by four experts, the commission stated that there was no evidence of plagiarism on the one hand, and on the other hand the manuscripts' style was close to that of Sholokhov's previous book, Tales from the Don.

The allegations resurfaced in the 1960s with Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn as a notable proponent, possibly in retaliation for Sholokhov's scathing opinion of Solzhenitsyn's novella One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich. Several other writers have been proposed as the 'original' author, although Fyodor Kryukov, a Cossack and Anti-Bolshevik who had died in 1920 has emerged as the leading candidate.

In 1984 Norwegian Slavicist and mathematician Geir Kjetsaa, in a monograph written with three other colleagues, provided statistical analyses of sentence lengths showing that Mikhail Sholokhov was likely the true author of And Quiet Flows the Don.

The debate focused on the published book, because Sholokhov's archive was destroyed in a bomb raid during the Second World War and no manuscript material or drafts were known. 143 pages of the manuscript of the 3rd & 4th books were later found and returned to Sholokhov; since 1975, they have been held by the Pushkin House in St Petersburg. Then, in 1987, several hundred pages of notes and drafts of the work were discovered, including chapters excluded from the final draft. The writing paper dates back to the 1920s: 605 pages are in Sholokhov's own hand, and 285 are transcribed by his wife, Maria, and sisters. Sholokhov had had his friend Vassily Kudashov look after it, and after he was killed at war his widow took possession of the manuscript, but she never disclosed it. The manuscript was finally obtained by the Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1999 with assistance from the Russian government.

In 1999 the Russian Academy of Science carried out an analysis of the manuscript and came to the conclusion that And Quiet Flows the Don had been written by Sholokhov himself. A lengthy analysis by Felix Kuznetsov of the creative process visible in the papers provides detailed support for Sholokhov's authorship.

During the 2000s a Russian-Israeli linguist Zeev Bar-Sella once again stated that Sholokhov was not the true author of And Quiet Flows the Don as well as the other works attributed to him. Based on his own textual analysis of the novel he asserts that the manuscripts were written by Sholokhov not earlier than 1929 and names the writer Viktor Sevsky (real name Veniamin Krasnushkin) as the true author.

Political and social activity

Sholokhov met Joseph Stalin in 1930, and subsequently was one of very few people who dared to give the dictator a truthful account of what was happening in the country and nonetheless was not punished. In the 1930s, he wrote several letters to Stalin from his home in Veshenskaya about the appalling conditions in the kolkhozes and sovkhozes along the Don, requesting assistance for the farmers. In January 1931, he warned: "Comrade Stalin, without exaggeration, conditions are catastrophic!" On 4 April 1933, he sent a long letter in which, among many other details, he named two OGPU officers whom he accused of torturing prisoners from his district. Stalin reacted by sending a senior official, Matvei Shkiryatov, to investigate. The two officers were arrested and sentenced to death; their sentences were later revoked, but they were banned from working in Sholokhov's home village. Stalin also arranged for extra food to be sent to Veshenskaya and the neighbouring district.

Sholokhov joined the CPSU in 1932, and in 1937 he was elected to the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. In August 1937, his best friend, the secretary of the Veshenskaya party committee, P.K. Lugovoi, was arrested. Sholokohov was due to take part in an international writers' conference, but he refused to leave the country while Lugovoi was being held. Stalin sent another official, Vladimir Stavsky, to investigate, and invited Sholokhov to visit him in the Kremlin. After their meeting, on 4 November 1937, Lugovoi and two other prisoners on whose behalf Sholokhov had interceded were released, but in a subsequent letter to Stalin, he complained that the people responsible for wrongfully arresting them had not been punished.

On a visit to Moscow in 1938, Sholokhov met Yevgenia Yezhova, wife of Nikolai Yezhov, the People's Commissar for Internal Affairs (NKVD), and checked into a hotel room with her, unaware that the room was bugged. Yezhov heard the recording and attacked Yezhova. On 23 October 1938, Sholokhov met Stalin in the Kremlin to complain that he had been put under surveillance in Veshenskaya, but when Yezhov was summoned to explain, he claimed not to know why. They met again on 31 October: this time the officer who had been investigating Sholokhov was also summoned. He said his orders had come from Moscow, but Yezhov again denied giving the order. Sholokhov claimed that he completed the fourth and last volume of And Quiet Flows the Don and its sequel on 21 December 1939, the day when the USSR was celebrating what was supposedly Stalin's 60th birthday, and celebrated by opening a bottle of wine that Stalin had given him. He then wrote to Stalin to say how he had marked the special day.

In 1959 he accompanied Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev on a trip to Europe and the United States. He became a member of the CPSU Central Committee in 1961, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1939, and was a member of the USSR Supreme Soviet. He was twice awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, and later became vice president of the Union of Soviet Writers.

He commented on the Sinyavsky–Daniel trial at the 23rd Congress by saying that the prison terms meted out to Sinyavsky and Daniel had been much too lenient compared to the "revolutionary understanding of what is right" during the 1920s, which turned part of the Soviet intelligentsia against him and resulted in two open letters by Lydia Chukovskaya and Yuri Galanskov addressed to Sholokhov.

Late years

Sholokhov almost stopped writing after 1969 and spent the late years at the Vyoshenskaya stanitsa. He used his Order of Lenin money to build a local school and his Nobel Prize to take the family on a road trip over Europe and Japan. In 1972 he became a vocal critic of Alexander Yakovlev, then a head of the Central Committee Propaganda Department, and his article "Against Antihistoricism" which attacked Russian nationalism; this resulted in a Politburo meeting and removal of Yakovlev from his position (he was then sent as an ambassador to Canada).

Mikhail Sholokhov died on 21 February 1984, from laryngeal cancer. He was buried in the grounds of his house at the Vyoshenskaya stanitsa along with his wife Maria Petrovna Sholokhova (nee Gromoslavskaya, 1902—1992).

Honours and awards

Soviet Union

	Hero of Socialist Labor, twice (1967, 1980)
	Six Orders of Lenin (1939, 1955, 1965, 1967, 1975, 1980)
	Order of the October Revolution (1972)
	Order of the Patriotic War, 1st class (1945)
	Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" (1970)
	Medal "For the Defence of Stalingrad" (1942)
	Medal "For the Defence of Moscow" (1944)
	Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" (1945)
	Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" (1945)
	Jubilee Medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945" (1965)
	Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" (1975)
	Medal "Veteran of Labour" (1974)

Foreign

	Grand Master of the Order of Cyril and Methodius (Bulgaria)
	Order of Georgi Dimitrov (Bulgaria)
	Star of People's Friendship (East Germany)
	Order of Sukhbaatar (Mongolia)

Legacy

• An asteroid in main-belt is named after him, 2448 Sholokhov.
• Sholokhov Moscow State University for Humanities bears his name.
• His house at the Vyoshenskaya stanitsa was turned into the National Sholokhov Museum-Reserve.
• Monuments in Moscow and Rostov-on-Don.
• Grigory and Aksinya and Grigory and Aksinya in a boat sculptures in the Vyoshenskaya stanitsa and Rostov-on-Don, respectfully.
• The Moscow National Guard Presidential Cadets School is named after him.

Selected publications

• Donskie Rasskazy, 1925 – Tales of the Don.
• Lazorevaja Step, 1926.
• Tikhii Don, 4 vol., 1928–1940 (The Quiet Don) – And Quiet Flows the Don (1934); The Don Flows Home to the Sea (1940); Quiet Flows the Don (1966). A three-part film version, directed by Sergei Gerasimov and starring P. Glebov, L. Khityaeva, Z. Kirienko and E. Bystrltskaya, was produced in 1957–1958.
• Podnyataya Tselina, 1932–1960 – Virgin Soil Upturned (1935); Harvest on the Don (1960).
• Oni Srazhalis Za Rodinu, 1942 – They Fought for Their Country.
• Nauka Nenavisti, 1942 – Hate / The Science of Hatred.
• Slovo O Rodine, 1951.
• Sudba Cheloveka, 1956–1957 – Fate of a Man. A film version, Destiny of a Man, directed by Sergei Bondarchuk and starring Sergei Bondarchuk, Pavlik Boriskin, Zinaida Kirienko, Pavel Volkov, Yuri Avelin, and K. Alekseev, was produced in 1959.
• Sobranie Sochinenii, 1956–1958 – collected works (8 vols.)
• Oni Srazhalis Za Rodinu, 1959 – They Fought for their Country
• Sobranie Sochinenii, 1962 – collected works (8 vols.)
• Early Stories, 1966.
• One Man's Destiny, and Other Stories, Articles, and Sketches, 1923–1963, 1967
• Fierce and Gentle Warriors, 1967.
• Po Veleniju Duši, 1970 – At the Bidding of the Heart
• Sobranie Sochinenii, 1975 (8 vols.)
• Rossiya V Serdtse, 1975.
• SLOVO O RODINE, 1980.
• Collected Works, 1984 (8 vols.)
• Sobranie Sochinenii, 1985 (collected works) (8 vols.)
• Sholokhov I Stalin, 1994.

References

1. ^ Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov. Encyclopaedia Britannica
2. "Sholokhov". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
3. Ryan 1991, p. 2716.
4. Ermolaev 1982, p. 9.
5. Cai, Xiang; 蔡翔 (2016). Revolution and its narratives : China's socialist literary and cultural imaginaries (1949-1966). Rebecca E. Karl, Xueping Zhong, 钟雪萍. Durham: Duke University Press. pp. xvii. ISBN 978-0-8223-7461-9. OCLC 932368688.
6. Struve 1971, p. 137.
7. Struve 1971, p. .
8. Письмо в редакцию // Правда. 1929. 29 марта. С. 4. (A Letter to the Editorial Office. Pravda, 1929, 29 March, p. 4.) (Russian)
9. ^ Kuznetsov, F. (2003) Рукопись "Тихого дона" и проблема авторства, pp. 96–206 in Новое о Михаиле Шолохове: Исследования и материалы. Moscow: Gorky Institute of World Literature
10. Scammell, Michael (25 January 1998) BOOKEND; The Don Flows Again. New York Times
11. Chernyshova, Veronika (30 November 2006). "Ответ антишолоховедению". exlibris.ng.ru. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2010.
12. Kjetsaa et al. 1984, p. .
13. Hjort N. L. (2007), "And quiet does not flow the Don: statistical analysis of a quarrel between Nobel laureates Archived 30 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine", Consilience Archived 5 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine (editor—Østreng W.) 134–140 (Oslo: Centre for Advanced Study at the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters).
14. Karamysheva, Lyudmila (25 May 2000). РУКОПИСИ ВПРАВДУ НЕ ГОРЯТ!. Trud (Russian newspaper)
15. "Подлинность рукописи "Тихого Дона" установлена". lenta.ru. 25 October 1999. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
16. Bar-Sella 2005, p. .
17. ФЭБ: Переписка – 1997 (описание)
18. McSmith 2015, p. 207.
19. McSmith 2015, pp. 207–209.
20. Stalin 1995, p. 232.
21. Jensen 2002, pp. 166159–160.
22. McSmith 2015, p. 221.
23. Quoted in Morson, Gary Saul (8 February 2019) "Collaborator Laureate". Wall Street Journal
24. Sinyavsky–Daniel trial article at Kommersant №12, p. 22, 3 April 2015 (in Russian)
25. Aleksei Torgashev. Who and how spent his Nobel Prize article at Kommersant, from Ogoniok №41, p. 16, 16 October 2005 (in Russian)
26. Ligachev 2018, p. .
27. ^ Official website of the National Sholokhov Museum-Reserve

Cited sources

• Bar-Sella, Zeev (2005). Literaturnyĭ kotlovan : proekt "Pisatelʹ Sholokhov". Moskva: Rossiĭskiĭ gos. gumanitarnyĭ universitet. ISBN 5-7281-0816-4. OCLC 61489007.
• Ermolaev, Herman (1982). Mikhail Sholokhov and his art. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691629834.
• Jensen, Marc (2002). Stalin's Loyal Executioner: People's Commissar Nikolai Ezhov, 1895–1940. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press. pp. 166159–160. ISBN 978-0-8179-2902-2.
• McSmith, Andy (2015). Fear and the Muse Kept Watch: The Russian Masters from Akhmatova and Pasternak to Shostakovich and Eisenstein Under Stalin. New York: The New Press. ISBN 978-1-59558-056-6.
• Ryan, Bryan (1991). Major 20th-century writers: a selection of sketches from Contemporary authors. Farmington Hills: Gale Research. ISBN 0810379155.
• Stalin, Josef (1 January 1995). Naumov, Oleg V.; Hlevnûk, Oleg Vitalʹevič; Lih, Lars T. (eds.). Stalin's Letters to Molotov: 1925-1936. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-06211-3.
• Struve, Gleb (1971). Russian literature under Lenin and Stalin, 1917-1953 (1st ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0806109312.
• Kjetsaa, Geir; Gustavsson, S; Beckman, B; Gil, S (1984). The Authorship of The Quiet Don. International Specialized Book Service Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-391-02948-4.
• Ligachev, Yegor (23 February 2018). Inside Gorbachev's Kremlin: The Memoirs Of Yegor Ligachev. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-97942-2.

Further reading

• Boeck, Brian J, Stalin's Scribe: Literature, Ambition, and Survival: The Life of Mikhail Sholokhov (2019) excerpt
• Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr. "Sholokhov and the riddle of ‘The Quiet Don’". The Times Literary Supplement, 24 May 2016 (originally published 1974).

External links

• Nobel-winners.com's article on Michail Sholokhov
• 107 years of Sholokhov, from SovLit.net.
• Mikhail Sholokhov at IMDb
• On-line Sholokhov texts (Russian)
• Politicians Praise Soviet-Era Writer Mikhail Sholokhov’s Contribution to World Literature
• Sholokhov Moscow State University for Humanities
• Stremya Tihogo Dona: Solzhenitsyn's accusations of plagiarism (in Russian)
• An interview with Bar-Sela (in Russian)
• And Quiet Does not Flow the Don: Statistical Analysis of a Quarrel between Nobel Laureates (PDF)
• (in Russian) Sholokhov: biography, photos, prose, critical essays
• Mikhail Sholokhov on Nobelprize.org

v t e Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Literature
1901–1920	1901: Sully Prudhomme 1902: Theodor Mommsen 1903: Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson 1904: Frédéric Mistral / José Echegaray 1905: Henryk Sienkiewicz 1906: Giosuè Carducci 1907: Rudyard Kipling 1908: Rudolf Eucken 1909: Selma Lagerlöf 1910: Paul Heyse 1911: Maurice Maeterlinck 1912: Gerhart Hauptmann 1913: Rabindranath Tagore 1914 1915: Romain Rolland 1916: Verner von Heidenstam 1917: Karl Gjellerup / Henrik Pontoppidan 1918 1919: Carl Spitteler 1920: Knut Hamsun
1921–1940	1921: Anatole France 1922: Jacinto Benavente 1923: W. B. Yeats 1924: Władysław Reymont 1925: George Bernard Shaw 1926: Grazia Deledda 1927: Henri Bergson 1928: Sigrid Undset 1929: Thomas Mann 1930: Sinclair Lewis 1931: Erik Axel Karlfeldt (posthumously) 1932: John Galsworthy 1933: Ivan Bunin 1934: Luigi Pirandello 1935 1936: Eugene O'Neill 1937: Roger Martin du Gard 1938: Pearl S. Buck 1939: Frans Eemil Sillanpää 1940
1941–1960	1941 1942 1943 1944: Johannes V. Jensen 1945: Gabriela Mistral 1946: Hermann Hesse 1947: André Gide 1948: T. S. Eliot 1949: William Faulkner 1950: Bertrand Russell 1951: Pär Lagerkvist 1952: François Mauriac 1953: Winston Churchill 1954: Ernest Hemingway 1955: Halldór Laxness 1956: Juan Ramón Jiménez 1957: Albert Camus 1958: Boris Pasternak 1959: Salvatore Quasimodo 1960: Saint-John Perse
1961–1980	1961: Ivo Andrić 1962: John Steinbeck 1963: Giorgos Seferis 1964: Jean-Paul Sartre (declined award) 1965: Mikhail Sholokhov 1966: Shmuel Yosef Agnon / Nelly Sachs 1967: Miguel Ángel Asturias 1968: Yasunari Kawabata 1969: Samuel Beckett 1970: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 1971: Pablo Neruda 1972: Heinrich Böll 1973: Patrick White 1974: Eyvind Johnson / Harry Martinson 1975: Eugenio Montale 1976: Saul Bellow 1977: Vicente Aleixandre 1978: Isaac Bashevis Singer 1979: Odysseas Elytis 1980: Czesław Miłosz
1981–2000	1981: Elias Canetti 1982: Gabriel García Márquez 1983: William Golding 1984: Jaroslav Seifert 1985: Claude Simon 1986: Wole Soyinka 1987: Joseph Brodsky 1988: Naguib Mahfouz 1989: Camilo José Cela 1990: Octavio Paz 1991: Nadine Gordimer 1992: Derek Walcott 1993: Toni Morrison 1994: Kenzaburō Ōe 1995: Seamus Heaney 1996: Wisława Szymborska 1997: Dario Fo 1998: José Saramago 1999: Günter Grass 2000: Gao Xingjian
2001–2020	2001: V. S. Naipaul 2002: Imre Kertész 2003: J. M. Coetzee 2004: Elfriede Jelinek 2005: Harold Pinter 2006: Orhan Pamuk 2007: Doris Lessing 2008: J. M. G. Le Clézio 2009: Herta Müller 2010: Mario Vargas Llosa 2011: Tomas Tranströmer 2012: Mo Yan 2013: Alice Munro 2014: Patrick Modiano 2015: Svetlana Alexievich 2016: Bob Dylan 2017: Kazuo Ishiguro 2018: Olga Tokarczuk 2019: Peter Handke 2020: Louise Glück
2021–present	2021: Abdulrazak Gurnah 2022: Annie Ernaux 2023: Jon Fosse 2024: Han Kang

• Mikhail Sholokhov
• 1905 births
• 1984 deaths
• 20th-century Russian short story writers
• Don Cossacks
• Heroes of Socialist Labour
• First convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
• Foreign members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
• Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
• Members of the Central Committee of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
• Members of the Central Committee of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
• Members of the Central Committee of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
• Members of the Central Committee of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
• Members of the Central Committee of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
• Members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
• Nobel laureates in Literature
• People from Don Host Oblast
• People from Rostov Oblast
• People of the Russian Revolution
• Recipients of the Stalin Prize
• Russian male short story writers
• Russian people of Ukrainian descent
• Socialist realism writers
• Soviet Nobel laureates
• Soviet male writers
• Soviet Marxist writers
• Soviet short story writers
• Soviet novelists