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Kwangali language

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Bantu language spoken in Namibia and Angola
Kwangali
Rukwangali
Native toNamibia, Angola
RegionKavango West
Native speakers152,000 (2018)
Language familyNiger–Congo?
Language codes
ISO 639-3kwn
Glottologkwan1273
Guthrie codeK.33

Kwangali, or RuKwangali, is a Bantu language spoken by 85,000 people along the Kavango River in Namibia, where it is a national language, and in Angola. It is one of several Bantu languages of the Kavango which have click consonants; these are the dental clicks c and gc, along with prenasalization and aspiration.

Maho (2009) includes Mbunza as a dialect, but excludes Sambyu, which he includes in Manyo.

Phonology

Consonants

Bilabial Labio-
dental
Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ
Plosive voiceless p t k
aspirated
voiced b d ɡ
prenasal vl. ᵐpʰ ⁿtʰ ᵑkʰ
prenasal vd. ᵐb ⁿd ⁿdʒ ᵑɡ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ h
voiced β v z
prenasal vl. ᶬf ⁿs
prenasal vd. ᶬv ⁿz
Approximant l j w
Trill r

A dental click type may also be heard, being adopted from the neighboring Khoisan languages. The clicks may also tend to be heard as alveolar .

Vowels

Front Central Back
High i u
Mid e o
Low a

Short vowels of /i e o u/ may also be pronounced as .

References

  1. "Kwangali". Ethnologue. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  2. Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
  3. Dammann (1957)
  4. Sommer, Gabi (2003). Western Savanna. Nurse, Derek and Philippson, Gérard (eds.), The Bantu languages: London & New York: Routledge. pp. 566–580.
  • Dammann, Ernst (1957). Studien zum Kwangali: Grammatik, Texte, Glossar. Hamburg: Cram, de Gruyter
  • Derek Nurse & Gérard Philippson, The Bantu languages, 2003:569.

Books

Languages of Namibia
Official language
Recognized regional
Other Bantu languages
Khoisan
Sign languages
Immigrant languages
Languages of Angola
Official language
National languages
Non-official
Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M) (by Guthrie classification)
Zone J*
D40
D50
D60
E10
E20
E30
E40
F20
Zone K
K10
K20
K30
K40
Zone L
L10
L20
L30
L40
L50
L60
Zone M
M10
M20
M30
M40
M50
M60
  • The Guthrie classification is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them.
Narrow Bantu languages by Guthrie classification zone templates
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Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)
Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)
Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)
Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)


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