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His Eminence Jean-Sifrein Maury
Archbishop of Paris
Church	Catholic Church
Archdiocese	Paris
Appointed	10 October 1810
Term ended	10 May 1817
Predecessor	Jean-Baptiste de Belloy
Successor	Alexandre Angélique de Talleyrand-Périgord
Previous post(s)	Archbishop of Nicaea (1792-1794) Bishop of Montefiascone (1794-1816)
Orders
Ordination	1767 by Paul d'Albert
Consecration	1 May 1792 by Francesco Saverio de Zelada
Created cardinal	21 February 1794 by Pope Pius VI
Personal details
Born	26 June 1746 Valréas, Comtat Venaissin
Died	10 May 1817(1817-05-10) (aged 70) Rome, Papal States
Signature

Jean-Sifrein Maury (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ sifʁɛ̃ moʁi]; 26 June 1746 – 10 May 1817) was a French cardinal, archbishop of Paris, and former bishop of Montefiascone.

Biography

The son of a cobbler, he was born at Valréas in the Comtat-Venaissin, the enclave within France that belonged to the pope. He had three brothers.

His first steps in education took place at the school in Valréas, where he completed the course in humanities at the age of thirteen. He spent a year at the minor seminary (high school) of Sainte-Garde, and then transferred to the major seminary of St. Charles, which was run by the Sulpician fathers. His acuteness was observed by the priests of the seminary at Avignon, where he was educated. He received the subdiaconate at Meaux.

In 1765 he took up residence in Paris. He was ordained a priest at Sens by Cardinal Paul d'Albert de Luynes in 1767, having been granted a dispensation because he was below the canonical minimum age.

Early efforts in eloquence

He tried his fortune by writing éloges of famous persons, then a favorite practice, beginning with King Stanislaus of Poland in 1766 and Charles V in 1767. On 25 August 1771, the Académie française awarded his Éloge on Fénelon the second prize, second only to that by La Harpe. Fénelon's grand-nephew, Leo François Ferdinand Salignac de La Mothe-Fénelon, who was bishop of Lombez (1771–1788), was so impressed by Maury's laudation of his relative that he granted him a canonry in his cathedral and named him a Vicar General.

The real foundation of his fortunes was the success of a panegyric on Saint Louis, delivered in the chapel of the Louvre on 25 August 1772, before the Académie française, who caused him to be recommended to Cardinal De La Roche-Aymon, the prelate responsible for the dispensation of royal benefices. Maury was granted the Abbey of La Frénade in the diocese of Saintes in commendam. The Cardinal also appointed him to preach before the King on Holy Thursday 1773, during Advent 1773, and at Versailles during Lent 1775.

In 1777 he published under the title of Discours choisis his panegyrics on Saint Louis, Saint Augustine and Fénelon, his remarks on Bossuet and his Essai sur l'éloquence de la chaire, a volume which contains much good criticism, and remained a French classic through the nineteenth century, as long as elegant rhetoric was valued in the pulpit. The book was often reprinted as Principes de l'éloquence. He became a favorite preacher in Paris, and was Lent preacher at court in 1781, when King Louis XVI said of his sermon: "If the abbé had said only a few words on religion, he would have discussed every possible subject."

In 1786, he obtained the rich priory of Saint Pierre, to which belonged the Seigneurie de Lihons-en-Santerre (Lyons), near Péronne;

Politician in the revolution

In 1785 Abbé Maury was elected to the Académie française, successor to the chair formerly occupied by Lefranc de Pompignan. His morals were as loose as those of his great rival Mirabeau, but he was famed in Paris for his wit and gaiety.

He was elected a member of the Estates-General of 1789 by the clergy of the bailliage of Péronne, proving from the first to be the most able and persevering defender of the ancien régime. (He had, nonetheless, drawn up the greater part of the cahier of the clergy of Péronne which contained a considerable programme of reform.) It is said that he attempted to emigrate both in July and in October 1789, having been placed on a list of proscriptions by the Orléanist faction, but after that time, deserted by nearly all his friends, he decided to remain in France.

In the National Constituent Assembly he took an active part in every important debate, combating with especial vigour the alienation of the property of the clergy. He often got the better of his principal antagonist, Mirabeau, but he did not win a single vote.

Maury's eloquence could not exactly be described as studied ; yet it was the outcome of a well-stored mind, long trained in oratory; and hence, his speeches read far better than his rival's, whose rugged genius poured forth its torrents regardless of the rules of rhetoric. Mirabeau triumphed, because he was the man of the hour, giving voice to the unavenged wrongs and pent-up passions of millions. Maury fell back, step by step, with his face to the foe, making the conquerors pay dearly for their victory.

On 2 November 1789, Catholic Church property that was held for purposes of church revenue was nationalized. On 13 February 1790, monastic vows were forbidden and all ecclesiastical orders and congregations were dissolved. On 12 July 1790 the Civil Constitution of the Clergy became law, provoking a schism between France and the Catholic Church, and the breaking off of diplomatic relations between Rome and Paris. His life was often in danger, and he received a letter from Louis XVI on 3 February 1791, recommending greater circumspection and prudence. But his ready wit always saved him, and it was said that one bon mot would preserve him for a month. He finally decided, however, that it was too dangerous for him to remain in France, and in October 1791 he fled to Bruxelles, then Coblenz, and finally Rome.

When he did emigrate, he found himself regarded as a martyr to the church and the king. On 17 April 1792 Pope Pius VI appointed Maury to be his Nuncio in Frankfort, where the imperial diet intended to elect Francis II of Austria as Holy Roman Emperor. He appointed him Archbishop of Nicaea in partibus (Turkey) on 24 April 1792. He was consecrated in Rome in the Vatican Basilica at the altar of the Chair of Saint Peter on 1 May 1792 by Cardinal Francesco Saverio de Zelada.

Cardinal

On 21 February 1794, Maury was named a cardinal by Pope Pius VI, and on 12 September was assigned the titular church of Santissima Trinità dei Monti in Rome. On the day he was named cardinal, he was also made bishop of Montefiascone in Italy. There he settled down, conducted a thorough diocesan visitation, and wrote a detailed report of the status of the diocese for the Sacred Congregation of the Council in Rome (15 November 1796). He held a diocesan synod for the clergy, and made judicious use of the exiled French clergy, improving the teaching at the diocesan seminary by appointing two doctors of the Sorbonne. In 1798, however, the French drove him from his diocese and from the Papal States, and all of his property and benefices were confiscated by order of General Berthier on 12 February 1798. Pope Pius VI, already a captive, through one of his chamberlains ordered Maury to flee. He attempted to seek refuge in Florence, but the Duke was under French pressure to expel him. He did, however, provide Maury with a disguise and a place on a mission he was sending to Venice, where Maury finally settled, under the protection of the Austrians who had taken Venice from Napoleon – who had destroyed the Serene Republic. He arrived in Venice on 17 April 1798.

Conclave in Venice

Pope Pius VI died in the prison fortress of Valence on 29 August 1799. Before being deported to France he had signed and sealed several bulls which allowed the Cardinals to hold a conclave elsewhere than in Rome, if Rome were occupied by enemies, and dispensing them from the observance of the usual rules and regulations governing a conclave, as had been embodied in various papal bulls since the thirteenth century. There were no cardinals left in Rome or the Papal States, and those who had fled to Naples were driven out when a popular uprising created the Parthenopean Republic. The only friendly territory appeared to be Austrian, and the cardinals gradually headed for Venice. Maury, who was in Venice, had already been commissioned by Louis XVIII to work for the assembling of a conclave. In a letter to Louis on 12 October, Maury noted that there were twenty-three cardinals assembled in Venice. On 2 November 1799, there were thirty-three cardinals in Venice, and ultimately thirty-five took part, once the Austrian Herzan and the Spaniard Lorenzana arrived. The opening ceremonies took place on 30 November 1799.

Maury was the only one of the five French cardinals at the conclave in Venice. He was not himself a viable candidate. He had no party of supporters, and he was generally looked askance at because he was French. The Austrian government named him as one of the cardinals who was absolutely unacceptable as pope. They preferred Cardinal Alessandro Mattei of Florence (a native Roman), who had signed the Treaty of Tolentino with Napoleon on behalf of Pope Pius VI, since it acknowledged Austria's possession of the three Italian legations of the Papal States. Others, led by Cardinal Albani, the Dean of the College of Cardinals, and including Maury, preferred Cardinal Carlo Bellisomi, Bishop of Cesena, a diplomat with experience in Cologne and Portugal. Each of these candidates had enough committed votes to prevent the other from reaching the required 2/3 of the electors, and therefore they excluded each other. Finally, after three months and fourteen days, and with some hard work by Maury and others behind the scenes, the cardinals chose the Benedictine Bishop of Imola, Gregorio Barnaba Chiaramonti, an accommodating person with no strong positions.

Bonapartist

Maury accompanied Pope Pius on his journey to Rome from Venice, and then traveled himself to Montefiascone. On 21 April 1800, the exiled Louis XVIII wrote to Maury, thanking him for his services at the conclave just concluded, and enclosing the documents which named Maury as his Minister before the Holy See. Thereafter Maury made regular trips to Rome, on behalf of the affairs of Louis XVIII, but also to report to Pius about his correspondence and information gathering about the French bishops who had refused the oath to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy and gone into exile. But the papal government, led by Cardinal Ercole Consalvi, was preparing to come to terms with Napoleon. In the autumn of 1800, Pius VII sent Archbishop Giuseppe Spina to Vercelli for conversations with the First Consul. Before he set out, Maury held several conversations with him, attempting to get Spina to come over to the side of the Bourbons. Spina was noncommittal, but Maury failed. When negotiations began in Paris which led to the Concordat of 1801, the French government insisted that Maury not be consulted or informed, and indeed that he should be kept out of Rome entirely. When the Concordat was signed, Louis XVIII was livid, believing that he had been betrayed by people in Rome whom he had believed to be his friends and supporters, including the Pope and Maury.

In 1804, having discovered the direction of papal policy and feeling the estrangement with Louis XVIII, Cardinal Maury began to prepare his return to France by a well-turned letter to Napoleon, congratulating him on restoring religion to France once more. On 18 May Napoleon was declared Emperor of the French, and in December Pius VII participated in his coronation in Notre Dame in Paris. In 1806 he did return and in 1807 was again received into the Académie française.

The Archbishop of Paris, Cardinal Jean-Baptiste de Belloy died on 10 June 1808. By imperial decree, Napoleon I, Emperor of the French nominated his uncle, Cardinal Joseph Fesch, to the See of Paris This was his right, in accordance with the Concordat of 1801, Article 5, but Fesch was quite aware that Pius VII, who was Napoleon's prisoner, was refusing to provide bulls of institution for any bishops nominated by Bonaparte. On the refusal of Cardinal Fesch, on 10 October 1810 Napoleon nominated Maury. He also suggested to the Chapter of the cathedral of Paris that they elect him Administrator capitular of the diocese. The suggestion was immediately obeyed, by the majority of the Canons. Maury never called himself Archbishop of Paris, only archbishop-designate and Capitular Administrator of the diocese during the Sede vacante. On 5 November 1810, he was ordered by the pope to cease his activities in the diocese of Paris, and threatened him with ecclesiastical censures if he persisted, but Maury refused, claiming that the papal letter was a forgery. On 9 April 1814, the Chapter of Notre Dame met and revoked the powers which they had bestowed on Cardinal Maury in 1810. On 3 May 1814, therefore, in the motu proprio "Gravissimis de Causis", Pope Pius VII suspended him from all episcopal functions in the dioceses of Montefiascone and Corneto. On the Bourbon restoration toward the end of 1814, he was summarily expelled from the French Academy and from the archiepiscopal palace in Paris. He was ordered to leave France by the Comte d'Artois, Lieutenant-General of the Realm.

Maury retired to Rome. On the news of Napoleon's escape from Elba, Pius VII fled from the city, leaving the pro-Secretary of State, Cardinal Bartolomeo Pacca in charge. Pacca took advantage of the moment and ordered Maury imprisoned in the Castel Sant'Angelo, on 12 May 1815, for his disobedience to the papal orders. He was held for three months and fourteen days, until Consalvi returned from Vienna and ordered him released. He was allowed to take up residence in the novice house of the Lazarist fathers at San Silvestro al Quirinale.

Louis XVIII dealt another blow to Cardinal Maury's prestige and amour propre. On 28 March 1816, he issued a royal ordonnance, restoring the pre-revolutionary titles and structure of France's academies, and adding lists of members. Maury's name was deliberately left off the list of members of the Académie française.

Maury died on 10 May 1817, primarily from a disease contracted in prison, thought to have been scurvy.

Legacy

According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition:

As a politician, his wit and eloquence made him a worthy rival of Mirabeau. He sacrificed much to personal ambition, yet remained publicly unremembered by Louis XVIII as a courageous supporter of Louis XVI and by the papacy as the one defender of the Church during the States-General. As a critic, he was and is considered a very able writer. Sainte-Beuve gives him the credit of discovering Father Jacques Bridayne and of giving Bossuet his rightful place as a preacher above Massillon.

Bibliography

• 1766 - Eloge de très-haute, très-puissant et très-exellen prince Stanislas le Bienfaisant, roi de l'Pologne, duc de Lorraine et de Bar. A Paris, chez Antoine Desventes de la Doué
• 1767 - Éloge de Charles V, roi de France, surnommé le sage'. A Paris; chez la veuve Duchsne
• 1771 - Eloge de François de Salignac de La Motte-Fénelon, archevéque-duc de Cambray, précepteur des enfants de France. Paris, Chez la veuve Regnard & Demonville
• 1772 - Panégyrique de Saint Louis. Roi de France. A Paris: Chez Le Jay
• 1790 - Opinion de M. l'abbé Maury, député de Picardie, sur la Constitution civile du Clergé
• 1791 - Esprit, pensées et maximes de m. l'abbé Maury, député a l'Assemblée Nationale. A Paris, chez Cuchet
• 1791 Opinion de M. l'abbé Maury, député de Picardie, sur l'hotel des Invalides. A Paris, Au Bureau de l'Ami du Roi
• 1794 - Lettre pastorale de son eminence monseigneur le cardinal Maury
• 1814 - Naauwkeurig verhaal der vervoering van Paus Pius VII, op last van Buonaparte, der oorzaken van deze vervoering, der mishandelingen en vervolgingen, welke Zijne Heiligheid zoo wel op zijne reize naar, als gedurende zijn verblijf in Frankrijk geleden heeft, en zijner wederkomst in zijne staten. Met eenen brief van Z.H. aan den kardinaal Maury. Te Deventer, bij J.W. Robijns
• 1828 - Essai sur l'éloquence de la chaire, panégyriques, éloges et discours. Tome premier; Tome second; Tome troisieme. La Haye, chez J.-W. ten Hagen
• 1891 - Correspondance diplomatique et mémoires inédits du cardinal Maury (1792-1817). (Tome premier); Tome second. Lille: Desclée, De Brouwer & cie

References

1. T. B. Scannell, "Cardinal Maury," The Irish Ecclesiastical Record. Vol. XIII. Dublin: Browne and Nolan. 1892. pp. 990–1004, 1066–1087. Thomas B. Scannell, "Jean Siffrein Maury", Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. X. New York: Appleton. 1911. pp. 72–73.
2. ^ Chisholm 1911, p. 915.
3. Louis Sifrein Maury, p. 1.
4. Poujoulat, p. 4.
5. Poujoulat, p. 7.
6. Poujoulat, p. 18.
7. Poujoulat, pp. 10-11.
8. Poujoulat, p. 19.
9. Scannell, p. 995.
10. Poujoulat, pp. 35-37.
11. "Essay on the eloquence of the pulpit".
12. "C'est dommage! dit le roi; si l'abbé Maury nous avait parlé un peu de religion, il nous aurait parlé de tout." Poujoulat, p. 37.
13. Fisquet, p. 560.
14. Besterman, Theodore (1986). Studies on Voltaire and the eighteenth century. Oxford: The Voltaire Foundation at the Taylor Institution. p. 324. ISBN 9780729403375. Retrieved 14 January 2012. Maury represented the clergy of Péronne (Somme) at the Constituent Assembly....
15. Fisquet, p. 561.
16. Scannell, p. 998-999.
17. Poujoulat, pp. 69-83. Scannell, pp. 1000-1004. Patricia Chastain Howe (2008). Foreign Policy and the French Revolution: Charles-François Dumouriez, Pierre LeBrun, and the Belgian Plan, 1789–1793. London-New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 44, 47. ISBN 978-0-230-61688-2.
18. Fisquet, p. 563. Poujolat, pp. 197-198.
19. Louis Sifrein Maury, pp. 62-63. Fisquet, p. 563.
20. ^ Chisholm 1911, p. 916.
21. Louis Sifrein Maury, p. 66.
22. Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1958). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi. Vol. VI (1730-1799). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio. p. 308 with note 7. Louis Siffrein Maury, p. 67.
23. Ritzler and Sefrin, pp. 38 no. 67; 49 column 2. Scannell, p. 1066, states that Maury had been created a cardinal in petto before his flight from Paris in October 1791. It is true that Pope Pius had named a cardinal in pectore on 26 September 1791, following the death of Cardinal Loménie de Brienne (Ritzler-Sefrin, p. 37, note 56), but the Acta Cameralia state that on 21 February 1794, the Pope "creavit et publicavit 8 S.R.E. card., nempe pbr. Antonium Dugnani archiep. Rhodien., Hippolytum Vincenti archiep. Corinthien., Ioannem Sifredum Maury archiep. ep. Montis Falisci et Cornetan.,..." (Ritzler-Sefrin, p. 37, note 56). The words "created and published" seem to exclude the mere public announcement.
24. Ritzler and Sefrin, p. 295.
25. Antoine Ricard (1891). "A Montefiascone". Correspondance diplomatique et mémoires inédits du Cardinal Maury: 1792-1817 (in French). Vol. Tome premier. Lille: Desclée de Brouwer. pp. 156–179.
26. Ricard, Correspondence diplomatique et mémoires inédits, I, p. 184.
27. Some narratives place him in St. Petersburg, a guest of the Czar Paul, but it has been shown that this is a hasty reading of various letters. He was offered help by Count Mocenigo, the Russian envoy in Florence, but he declined. Louis Sifrein Maury, pp. 80-81. Poujoulat, p. 208. Maury wrote to Mocenigo on 2 July 1798: "Si je ne consultais que mon coeur et mes intérêts, je partirais assurément pour la Russie; mais j'appartiens à un corps, dont il ne serait ni noble ni sage de me séparer dans ces circonstances. Une juste délicatesse ne me permet guère de quitter l'Italie avant d'avoir acquitté la dette que peut m'imposer mon état d'un moment à l'autre."
28. Ricard, Correspondence diplomatique et mémoires inédits, I, p. 185, note 1.
29. Poujoulat, p. 208.
30. Ricard, Correspondence diplomatique et mémoires inédits du Cardinal Maury Vol. I, pp. 227-228.
31. Ricard, p. 248.
32. Scannell, "Cardinal Maury," pp. 1069-1071.
33. Charles van Duerm, Un peu plus de lumière sur le Conclave de Venise et sur les commencements du Pontificat de Pie VII, 1799-1800 (Louvain: Ch. Peeters 1896), pp. 26-31: "We extend our exception to all cardinals of French origin, and to all those who have shown any disposition to espouse the cause of France.... In a most special manner we formally and absolutely exclude the cardinals Gerdil, Caprara, Antonelli, Maury, and those of the Doria family.... "
34. Reuben Parsons (1898). Studies in Church History. Vol. V. New York: F. Pustet & Company. pp. 1–10, at p. 8.
35. Hercule Consalvi, Mémoires du Cardinal Consalvi seconde édition (Paris: Plon 1866), pp. 263-273.
36. Poujoulat, pp. 245-250.
37. Scannell, "Cardinal Maury," pp. 1074-1075.
38. "The nominations to the bishoprics which shall be vacant in the future shall likewise be made by the First Consul, and the canonical institution shall be given by the Holy See. in conformity with the preceding article."
39. Bonet-Maury, p. 18.
40. Honoré Fisquet (1864). La France pontificale (Gallia Christiana): Paris I (in French). Paris: Etienne Repos. p. 565.
41. Scannell, Irish Ecclesiastical Record (1892), p. 1078.
42. Fisquet, p. 566.
43. Fisquet, p. 567.
44. Louis Sifrein Maury, Vie du Cardinal Maury, pp. 271-272.
45. Scannell, p. 1079.
46. The Secretary of State, Cardinal Ercole Consalvi was attending the Congress of Vienna.
47. Fisquet, p. 568.
48. Fisquet, p. 568. Poujoulat, p. 428.
49. Recueil général annoté des lois, decrets, ordonnances, etc., Tome treizième (Paris: À l'Administration du Journal des notaires et des avocats 1839), pp. 469-471.
50. Fisquet, p. 568. Poujoulat, p. 433.
51. Fisquet, p. 568.

Sources

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Maury, Jean Siffrein". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 915–916.
• Maury, Jean-Sifrein (1827). Ricard, A. (ed.). Oeuvres choisies du Cardinal Jean-Sifrein Maury...: précédées d'une notice sur sa vie et ses ouvrages... (in French). Vol. Tome premier. Paris: Aucher-Leroy. Maury, Jean-Sifrein (1827). Tome deuxième. Maury, Jean-Sifrein (1827). Tome troisième. Maury, Jean-Sifrein (1827). Tome quatrième. Maury, Jean-Sifrein (1827). Tome cinquième.
• Ricard, Antoine (1891). Correspondance diplomatique et mémoires inédits du cardinal Maury (1792-1817): L'élection du dernier roi des Romains. Les affaires de France. Le conclave de Venise. Le concordat de 1801. Le sacre. L'empire. La restauration (in French). Vol. Tome premier. Lille: Desclée, De Brouwer & cie. Maury, Jean Siffrein (1891). Tome second.
• Maury, Louis Sifrein (1828). Vie du cardinal Jean Sifrein Maury: avec des notes et des pièces justificatives (in French). Paris: Gayet.
• Poujoulat, Jean-Joseph-François (1859). Le Cardinal Maury: sa vie et ses oeuvres (in French) (deuxieme ed.). Paris: C. Douniol.
• Sainte-Beuve, Charles-Augustin (1853). Causeries du Lundi (in French). Vol. Tome quatrième (seconde ed.). Paris: Garnier Frères. pp. 199–217.
• Ricard, Antoine (1887). L'abbé Maury (1746-1791) : L'Abbé Maury avant 1789, L'Abbé Maury et Mirabeau (in French). Paris: E. Plon, Nourrit et cie.
• Bonet-Maury, Gaston (1892). Le Cardinal Maury d'après ses mémoires et sa correspondance inédits. Paris: Administration des deux revues.
• Aulard, François-Alphonse (1905). Les orateurs de la révolution: L'Assemblée constituante (in French) (nouvelle ed.). Paris: E. Cornély et cie.
• Libels written against Maury during the Revolution, claimed by Jacques René Hébert but sometimes attributed to Rétif de la Bretonne:

Hébert, Jacques-René (1790). Vie privée de l'abbé Maury, écrite sur des mémoires fournis par lui-même, pour joindre à son Petit Carême... [par J. R. Hébert] (in French). Paris: De l'Imprimerie de J. Grand.

• Querard, Joseph Marie (1833). La france litteraire, ou dictionnaire bibliographique des savants, historiens, et gens de lettres (in French). Vol. Tome cinquième. Paris: Firmin Didot freres. pp. 648–651.
• Beik, Paul H. “Abbé Maury and the National Assembly.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 95, no. 5 (1951): 546–55. .

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Significant civil and political events by year 1788 Day of the Tiles (7 Jun 1788) Assembly of Vizille (21 Jul 1788) 1789 What Is the Third Estate? (Jan 1789) Réveillon riots (28 Apr 1789) Convocation of the Estates General (5 May 1789) Death of the Dauphin (4 June 1789) National Assembly (17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790) Tennis Court Oath (20 Jun 1789) National Constituent Assembly (9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791) Storming of the Bastille (14 Jul 1789) Great Fear (20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789) Abolition of Feudalism (4–11 Aug 1789) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (26 Aug 1789) Women's March on Versailles (5 Oct 1789) Nationalization of the Church properties (2 Nov 1789) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements (Feb–Jul 1790) Abolition of the Nobility (23 Jun 1790) Civil Constitution of the Clergy (12 Jul 1790) Fête de la Fédération (14 Jul 1790) 1791 Flight to Varennes (20–21 Jun 1791) Champ de Mars massacre (17 Jul 1791) Declaration of Pillnitz (27 Aug 1791) The Constitution of 1791 (3 Sep 1791) National Legislative Assembly (1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792) 1792 France declares war (20 Apr 1792) Brunswick Manifesto (25 Jul 1792) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary (Jun 1792) 10th of August (10 Aug 1792) September Massacres (Sep 1792) National Convention (20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795) First republic declared (22 Sep 1792) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI (21 Jan 1793) Revolutionary Tribunal (9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795) Reign of Terror (27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists (2 Jun 1793) Assassination of Marat (13 Jul 1793) Levée en masse (23 Aug 1793) The Death of Marat (painting) Law of Suspects (17 Sep 1793) Marie Antoinette is guillotined (16 Oct 1793) Anti-clerical laws (throughout the year) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined (5 Apr 1794) Law of 22 Prairial (10 Jun 1794) Thermidorian Reaction (27 Jul 1794) Robespierre guillotined (28 Jul 1794) White Terror (Fall 1794) Closing of the Jacobin Club (11 Nov 1794) 1795–6 Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III (1 Apr 1795) Constitution of the Year III (22 Aug 1795) Directoire (1795–99) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 13 Vendémiaire 5 Oct 1795 Conspiracy of the Equals (May 1796) 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor (4 Sep 1797) Second Congress of Rastatt (Dec 1797) 1798 Law of 22 Floréal Year VI (11 May 1798) 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial VII (18 Jun 1799) Coup of 18 Brumaire (9 Nov 1799) Constitution of the Year VIII (24 Dec 1799) Consulate
Revolutionary campaigns 1792 Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur 1793 First Coalition War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden Battle of Famars (23 May 1793) Expedition to Sardinia (21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees) Siege of Toulon (18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793) First Battle of Wissembourg (13 Oct 1793) Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees) Second Battle of Wissembourg (26–27 Dec 1793) 1794 Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies (24 Apr 1794) Second Battle of Boulou (Pyrenees) (30 Apr – 1 May 1794) Battle of Tourcoing (18 May 1794) Battle of Tournay (22 May 1794) Glorious First of June (1 Jun 1794) Battle of Fleurus (26 Jun 1794) Chouannerie Battle of Aldenhoven (2 Oct 1794) Siege of Luxembourg (22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795) 1795 Siege of Luxembourg (22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795) Peace of Basel 1796 Italian campaign (1796) Battle of Lonato (3–4 Aug 1796) Battle of Castiglione (5 Aug 1796) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim (11 Aug 1796) Battle of Amberg (24 Aug 1796) Battle of Würzburg (3 Sep 1796) Battle of Rovereto (4 Sep 1796) First Battle of Bassano (8 Sep 1796) Battle of Emmendingen (19 Oct 1796) Battle of Schliengen (26 Oct 1796) Second Battle of Bassano (6 Nov 1796) Battle of Calliano (6–7 Nov 1796) Battle of Arcole (15–17 Nov 1796) Ireland expedition (Dec 1796) 1797 Italian campaign (1797) Naval Engagement off Brittany (13 Jan 1797) Battle of Rivoli (14–15 Jan 1797) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz (25 Jan 1797) Treaty of Leoben (17 Apr 1797) Battle of Neuwied (18 Apr 1797) Treaty of Campo Formio (17 Oct 1797) 1798 French invasion of Switzerland (28 January – 17 May 1798) French Invasion of Egypt (1798–1801) Irish Rebellion of 1798 (23 May – 23 Sep 1798) Quasi-War (1798–1800) Peasants' War (12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798) 1799 Second Coalition (1798–1802) Siege of Acre (20 Mar – 21 May 1799) Battle of Ostrach (20–21 Mar 1799) Battle of Stockach (25 Mar 1799) Battle of Magnano (5 Apr 1799) Battle of Cassano (27–28 Apr 1799) First Battle of Zurich (4–7 Jun 1799) Battle of Trebbia (17–20 Jun 1799) Battle of Novi (15 Aug 1799) Second Battle of Zurich (25–26 Sep 1799) 1800 Battle of Marengo (14 Jun 1800) Convention of Alessandria (15 Jun 1800) Battle of Hohenlinden (3 Dec 1800) League of Armed Neutrality (1800–02) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville (9 Feb 1801) Treaty of Florence (18 Mar 1801) Algeciras campaign (8 Jul 1801) 1802 Treaty of Amiens (25 Mar 1802) Treaty of Paris (25 Jun 1802)
Military leaders France French Army Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte Louis-Alexandre Berthier Jean-Baptiste Bessières Napoléon Bonaparte Guillaume Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean-Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine Louis-Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas-Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis-Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean-Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean-Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Étienne Macdonald Jean-Antoine Marbot Marcellin Marbot François Séverin Marceau Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre-Jacques Osten [fr] Nicolas Oudinot Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon Jean-Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean-de-Dieu Soult Louis-Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles-Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt (Walloon) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze (Swiss) Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray (Hungarian) Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc (French) Maximilian Baillet de Latour (Walloon) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto (Saxon) Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló (Hungarian) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany Netherlands William V, Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Andrei Rosenberg Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos
Other significant figures and factions Patriotic Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean-Sifrein Maury François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean-François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean-Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer-Collard Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Girondins Jacques Pierre Brissot Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Olympe de Gouges Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles-François Lebrun Pierre-Joseph Cambon Bertrand Barère Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean-Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint-Just Paul Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau Jacques-Louis David Marquis de Sade Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean-Henri Voulland Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean-Pierre-André Amar Prieur de la Côte-d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint-André Jean-Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles-Philippe Ronsin Antoine-François Momoro François-Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas-Marie Maillard Charles-Philippe Ronsin Jean-François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Figures Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien Louis Henri, Prince of Condé Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques-Donatien Le Ray Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target Catherine Théot Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne Jacques Necker Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil List of people associated with the French Revolution Factions Jacobins Cordeliers Panthéon Club Social Club
Influential thinkers Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles-Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean-Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft
Cultural impact La Marseillaise Cockade of France Flag of France Liberté, égalité, fraternité Marianne Muscadin Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican calendar Metric system Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans-culottes Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Incroyables and merveilleuses Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution Films

• 1746 births
• 1817 deaths
• People from Provence
• 19th-century French cardinals
• Bishops of Montefiascone
• Archbishops of Paris
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