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In 1806, in the reorganization of Germany occasioned by the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, Maximilian I Joseph, now King of Bavaria, ceded Berg to Napoleon in return for the Principality of Ansbach. On 15 March 1806, the French emperor put Berg under the rule of his brother-in-law Joachim Murat, including territories of the former Prussian Duchy of Cleves east of the Rhine river. Murat's arms combined the red lion of Berg with the Cleves arms. The anchor and the batons came to the party due to Murat's position as Grand Admiral and as Marshal of the Empire. As the husband of Napoleon's sister, he also had the right to use the imperial eagle. On 12 July 1806, Murat joined the Confederation of the Rhine and assumed the title of a grand duke. His lands were further enlarged by the annexation of the County of Mark, the Prince-Bishopric of Münster, the Imperial city of Dortmund and numerous minor territories of the Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle.
Murat eventually left the grand duchy in 1808 to take up his new title as king of Naples but he kept grand duke in his title. Berg was at first directly ruled by Napoleon in a Personal Union. In 1809, Napoleon appointed his young nephew, Prince Napoleon Louis Bonaparte (1804–1831), the elder son of Napoleon's brother Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland, as Grand Duke of Berg; French bureaucrats under Pierre Louis Roederer administered the territory in his name. For nine days in July 1810, Grand Duke Napoleon Louis also ruled over the Kingdom of Holland in another personal union, but this was short-lived, and French troops moved into the kingdom and incorporated it into France.
The state was in constant economic decline ever since its formation, this is in large part due to Napoleon's failed Continental System which led to a series of revolts and uprisings. The grand duchy's short existence came to an end when the French forces pulled back in the course of the German campaign of 1813. The territory was then administered by Prussia, which officially incorporated the former grand duchy according to the Final Act of the 1815 Congress of Vienna. Berg became part of the Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, and the eastern territories of Münster and Mark were merged into the Province of Westphalia. Today, the territory is part of modern Germany.
Coats of arms
Coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Berg (1806–1808)
Seal of the Grand Duchy of Berg (1807)
Coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Berg (1809–1813)
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Flag
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Coat of arms
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The Grand Duchy of Berg in 1812
Coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Berg (1806–1808)
Seal of the Grand Duchy of Berg (1807)
Coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Berg (1809–1813)
Media related to Duchy of Berg at Wikimedia Commons
Europe at the height of Napoleon's Empire