Wojciech Jaruzelski - Misplaced Pages

Leader of Poland from 1981 to 1989

GeneralWojciech Jaruzelski
Jaruzelski in 1981

1st President of Poland
In office 19 July 1989 – 22 December 1990
Prime Minister	Mieczysław Rakowski Czesław Kiszczak Tadeusz Mazowiecki
Preceded by	Office restored
Succeeded by	Lech Wałęsa
First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party
In office 18 October 1981 – 29 July 1989
Prime Minister	Himself Zbigniew Messner Mieczysław Rakowski
Preceded by	Stanisław Kania
Succeeded by	Mieczysław Rakowski
6th Chairman of the Council of State
In office 6 November 1985 – 19 July 1989
Prime Minister	Zbigniew Messner Mieczysław Rakowski
Deputy	Tadeusz Witold Młyńczak [pl] Tadeusz Szelachowski Zenon Komender [pl] Kazimierz Barcikowski
First Secretary	Himself Mieczysław Rakowski
Preceded by	Henryk Jabłoński
Succeeded by	Office abolished; Himself as President
Prime Minister of Poland
In office 11 February 1981 – 6 November 1985
First Secretary	Stanisław Kania Himself
Preceded by	Józef Pińkowski
Succeeded by	Zbigniew Messner
Minister of National Defence
In office 11 April 1968 – 22 November 1983
Preceded by	Marian Spychalski
Succeeded by	Florian Siwicki

Personal details
Born	Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski (1923-07-06)6 July 1923 Kurów, Poland
Died	25 May 2014(2014-05-25) (aged 90) Warsaw, Poland
Resting place	Powązki Military Cemetery, Warsaw
Political party	PPR (1944–1948) PZPR (1948–1990) Independent (from 1990)
Spouse	Barbara Jaruzelska (m. 1961)
Children	Monika Jaruzelska
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	Polish People's Republic Republic of Poland
Branch/service	Polish People's Army Polish Armed Forces
Years of service	1943–1991
Rank	General
Battles/wars	World War II Battle of Berlin

Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski (/ˈvɔɪtʃɛx ˌjɑːruːˈzɛlski/ VOY-chekh YAH-roo-ZEL-skee; Polish: [ˈvɔjt͡ɕɛx ˈvʲitɔlt jaruˈzɛlskʲi] ; 6 July 1923 – 25 May 2014) was a Polish military general, politician and de facto leader of the Polish People's Republic from 1981 until 1989. He was the First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party between 1981 and 1989, making him the last leader of the Polish People's Republic. Jaruzelski served as Prime Minister from 1981 to 1985, the Chairman of the Council of State from 1985 to 1989 and briefly as President of Poland from 1989 to 1990, when the office of President was restored after 37 years. He was also the last commander-in-chief of the Polish People's Army, which in 1990 became the Polish Armed Forces.

Born to Polish nobility in Kurów in eastern (then-central) Poland, Jaruzelski was deported with his family to Siberia by the NKVD after the invasion of Poland. Assigned to forced labour in the Siberian wilderness, he developed photokeratitis which forced him to wear protective sunglasses for the rest of his life. In 1943, Jaruzelski joined the newly created First Polish Army and fought alongside the Soviets against Nazi Germany in the Eastern Front, most notably in the liberation of Warsaw and in the Battle of Berlin. Following the Polish October and the expatriation of Marshal Konstantin Rokossovsky back to the Soviet Union, Jaruzelski became the chief political officer of the Polish People's Army and eventually Polish Minister of Defence in 1968.

Jaruzelski became the First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party and leader of Poland after the brief one-year term of Stanisław Kania. Kania's predecessor, Edward Gierek, left Poland severely indebted by accepting loans from foreign creditors and the country's economy almost collapsed by the time Jaruzelski became head of state. As Poland headed towards insolvency, rationing was enforced due to shortages of basic goods, which only contributed to the tense social and political situation. The declining living and working conditions triggered anger among the masses and strengthened anti-communist sentiment; the Solidarity union was also gaining support which worried the Polish Central Committee and the Soviet Union that viewed Solidarity as a threat to the Warsaw Pact. Fearing a Soviet intervention similar to those in Hungary (1956) and Czechoslovakia (1968), Jaruzelski imposed martial law in Poland on 13 December 1981 to crush the anti-communist opposition. The military junta, curfew and travel restrictions lasted until 22 July 1983.

By the mid-1980s, censorship lost its importance and the authority of the United Workers' Party disintegrated, allowing more freedom of expression in Poland. During the revolutions of 1989 in Central and Eastern Europe, Jaruzelski supported the change of government for the benefit of the country and resigned after the Polish Round Table Agreement, which led to multi-party elections in Poland. He briefly served as President of Poland from July 1989 but exercised no real power and, in the 1990 Polish presidential election, Lech Wałęsa succeeded him as the first President elected in a popular vote.

Having served as the country's leader during its turbulent final years of communist rule, Jaruzelski remains a controversial figure in Poland to this day. He was praised for allowing the country's peaceful transition into democracy, but was also fiercely criticized by contemporaries for his imposition of martial law, including his government's violent suppression of protests and imprisonment of thousands of opposition activists without definite charges, among other human rights violations.

Early life

Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski was born on 6 July 1923 in Kurów, into a family of Polish gentry. He was the son of Wanda (née Zaremba) and Władysław Mieczysław Jaruzelski, a Czech-educated agronomist and volunteered soldier who fought in the war against Soviet Russia in 1920 and was raised on the family estate near Wysokie (in the vicinity of Białystok). From 1933 until September 1939, he was educated in a Catholic school in Warsaw where he received strict religious education.

World War II commenced on 1 September 1939 with the invasion of Poland by Germany, aided by the Soviet invasion of Poland sixteen days later. These resulted in the complete defeat of Poland by October and a partition between Soviet and German zones of control. Jaruzelski and his family fled to Lithuania to stay with some friends. However, a few months later, after Lithuania and the other Baltic states were forcibly incorporated into the Soviet Union, Jaruzelski and his family were captured by the Red Army and designated for deportation to Siberia.

In June 1941, they were stripped of their valuable possessions and deported. At the railway station, Jaruzelski was separated from his father, who was sent directly to a gulag. Jaruzelski and his mother were sent on a month-long journey to Biysk, Altai Krai. After that, Jaruzelski walked for 180 kilometres (110 mi) to Turochak where he was responsible for forest cleaning. During his labour work, he was stricken with snow blindness, suffering permanent damage to his eyes as well as to his back. His eye condition forced him to wear dark sunglasses most of the time for the rest of his life, which became his trademark. Jaruzelski's father died on 4 June 1942 from dysentery; his mother and sister survived the war (she died in 1966).

Military career

Jaruzelski was selected by the Soviet authorities for enrollment into the Soviet Officer Training School. During his time in the Kazakh Republic, Jaruzelski wanted to join the non-Soviet controlled Polish exile army led by Władysław Anders, but in 1943, by which time the Soviet Union was fighting in Europe against Germany in the Eastern Front, he joined the Polish army units being formed under Soviet command. He served in this Soviet-controlled First Polish Army during the war. He participated in the 1945 Soviet military takeover of Warsaw and the Battle of Berlin. By the time the war ended that year, he had gained the rank of lieutenant. He "further credited himself in Soviet eyes" by engaging in combat against the non-Communist Polish Home Army, from 1945 to 1947.

After the end of the war, Jaruzelski graduated from the Polish Higher Infantry School and then from the General Staff Academy. He joined Poland's Communist party, the Polish United Workers' Party, in 1948 and became an informant for the Soviet supervised Main Directorate of Information of the Polish Army using the cover name Wolski. In the initial post-war years, he was among those who fought the Polish anti-Communists ("cursed soldiers") in the Świętokrzyskie region. A BBC News profile of Jaruzelski states that his career "took off after the departure in 1956 of Polish-born Soviet Marshal, Konstantin Rokossovsky", who had been Poland's Commander in Chief and Minister of Defence. Jaruzelski was elected to be a member of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party and became the Chief Political Officer of the Polish armed forces in 1960, its chief of staff in 1964; and Polish Minister of Defence in 1968, succeeding in the latter post Marshal Marian Spychalski persecuted in the years 1948-1956, albeit without the rank.

In August 1968, Jaruzelski, as the defence minister, ordered the 2nd Army under General Florian Siwicki (of the "LWP") to invade Czechoslovakia, resulting in military occupation of northern Czechoslovakia until 11 November 1968 when under his orders and agreements with the Soviet Union his Polish troops were withdrawn and replaced by the Soviet Army. In 1970, he was involved in the successful plot against Władysław Gomułka, which led to the appointment of Edward Gierek as General Secretary of the Polish United Workers Party. There is some question whether he took part in organising the brutal suppression of striking workers; or whether his orders to the Communist military led to massacres in the coastal cities of Gdańsk, Gdynia, Elbląg and Szczecin. As Minister of Defense, General Jaruzelski was ultimately responsible for 27,000 troops used against unarmed civilians. He claims that he was circumvented, which is why he never apologised for his involvement. Jaruzelski became a candidate member for the Politburo of the Polish United Workers' Party, the chief executive body of the party, obtaining full membership the following year.

Leader of the Polish military government

On 11 February 1981, Jaruzelski was named Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister). On 18 October, Stanisław Kania was ousted as First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party after a listening device recorded him criticising the Soviet leadership. Jaruzelski was elected his successor, becoming the only professional soldier to become the leader of a ruling European Communist party.

A fortnight after taking power, Jaruzelski met with Solidarity head Lech Wałęsa and Catholic bishop Józef Glemp, and hinted that he wanted to bring the church and the union into a sort of coalition government. However, his intention was to crush Solidarity. As early as September, while he was still merely prime minister, he met with his aides to find an excuse to impose martial law. On 13 December, citing purported recordings of Solidarity leaders planning a coup, Jaruzelski organised his own coup by proclaiming martial law. A Military Council of National Salvation was formed, with Jaruzelski as chairman. A BBC News profile of Jaruzelski contends that the establishment of martial law was "an attempt to suppress the Solidarity movement."

Protests held in response to martial law were violently suppressed by the military of paramilitary units mostly by the use of water cannons, tear gas, batons, truncheons, and clubs, with one notable exception in Wujek: following a "shoot-to-kill" order, ZOMO units opened fire on demonstrators there, killing nine and wounding 21 others. The total number of deaths during martial law, while still uncertain and subject to dispute, is estimated to be 91 in total.

In 1982, Jaruzelski helped reorganise the Front of National Unity, the organisation the Communists used to manage their satellite parties, as the Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth. At the invitation of Jaruzelski, a delegation of the ruling Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party visited Poland between 27 and 29 December of that year, with the Hungarian delegation sharing their experiences on crushing the 1956 Hungarian Revolution.

In spite of severe economic sanctions introduced by the Reagan Administration, martial law was largely successful in suppressing and demoralising the opposition, marginalising the Solidarity movement until the late 1980s. As demonstrators gradually declined towards the end of 1982, martial law was suspended on 31 December of that year, and was formally lifted (along with the final restrictions) on 22 July 1983.

In 1985, Jaruzelski resigned as prime minister and defence minister and became the Chairman of the Polish Council of State, a post equivalent to that of the head of state of Poland. However, his power centered on and firmly entrenched in his coterie of "LWP" generals and lower ranks officers of the Polish Communist Army. There were plans in the government circles to award him the rank of Marshal of Poland, ultimately abandoned largely due to his own negative attitude towards the proposal.

Subsequent years saw his government and its internal security forces censor, persecute, and jail thousands of journalists and opposition activists without charge. The socio-economic crisis deepened even more than in the late 1970s and rationing of basic foods such as sugar, milk, and meat, as well as materials such as gasoline and consumer products, continued while the median income of the population fell by as much as 10 percent. During Jaruzelski's rule from 1981 to 1989, between 100,000 and 300,000 people left the country.

Justification for imposing martial law

According to Jaruzelski, an internal crackdown on Solidarity through martial law was necessary to avoid a Soviet invasion. In a May 1992 interview with Der Spiegel, Jaruzelski said: "Given the strategic logic of the time, I probably would have acted the same way if I had been a Soviet general. At that time, Soviet political and strategic interests were threatened." Jaruzelski also claimed in 1997 that Washington had given him a "green light", stating that he had sent Eugeniusz Molczyk to confer with Vice-President George H. W. Bush, who had agreed with Molczyk that martial law was the lesser of two evils. Whether this meeting with the American vice-president occurred is disputed. While it is erroneously cited, Harvard historian Mark Kramer has pointed out that no documents support Jaruzelski's claim. At a press conference in September of that same year, however, former Warsaw Pact forces supreme commander Viktor Kulikov denied that the Soviet Union had either threatened or intended to intervene.

Historical evidence released under Boris Yeltsin's presidency paints a more complicated picture: while Eastern Bloc countries were fully in favour of a crackdown on Solidarity, minutes from Politburo, Warsaw Pact and special commission meetings from the year leading up martial law details strong internal divisions on the question of intervening: Senior Soviet party figures and ministers in a special commission formed to respond to developments in Poland, such as Mikhail Suslov, Yuri Andropov, Andrei Gromyko, and Dmitriy Ustinov were reluctant to intervene, citing the 1970 Polish protests and the ongoing Soviet-Afghan war, while the Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev, along with East German and Czechoslovak leaders Erich Honecker and Gustáv Husák, expressed a strong willingness to intervene if necessary. To this end, plans were made for a joint Soviet, East German, and Czechoslovak attack under the pretext of a Warsaw Pact military exercise called 'Soyuz-80,' (dubbed Operation Krkonoše in Czechoslovakia) in December 1980; Before it could be carried out, Brezhnev was convinced by Kania to postpone the planned invasion in order to give Polish leadership a chance.

By the time of Jaruzelski's rise to power, the Soviet leadership's anti-intervention faction had prevailed thanks to the influence of Andropov, who at this point was already a highly influential figure in the Politburo: minutes from their 29 October 1981 meeting details a discussion of Jaruzelski's demands for military support if he failed to control the situation, which were unanimously rejected. Contrary to his public statements after the fact, Jaruzelski was in fact highly insistent on Warsaw Pact military support. Following a long back-and-forth at Warsaw Pact and Politburo meetings, in which even a proposed bluffing statement of support was vetoed by Romania, any notion of a Warsaw Pact intervention was firmly and consequently shut down by Andropov in a Politburo meeting three days before Jaruzelski's proclamation: "We do not intend to introduce troops into Poland. That is the proper position, and we must adhere to it until the end. I don't know how things will turn out in Poland, but even if Poland falls under the control of Solidarity, that's the way it will be."

Presidency

The policies of Mikhail Gorbachev stimulated political reform in Poland as well as in other communist countries in Central and Eastern Europe.

From 6 February to 4 April 1989, negotiations were held between 13 working groups during 94 sessions of the roundtable talks. These negotiations "radically altered the shape" of the Polish government and society, and resulted in an agreement which stated that a great degree of political power would be given to a newly created bicameral legislature. It also restored a post of president to act as head of state and chief executive. Solidarity was also declared a legal organisation. During the ensuing partially-free elections, the Communists and their allies were allocated 65 percent of the seats in the Sejm. Solidarity won all the remaining elected seats, and 99 out of the 100 seats in the fully elected Senate were also won by Solidarity-backed candidates. Amid such a crushing defeat, there were fears Jaruzelski would annul the results. However, he allowed them to stand. Jaruzelski was elected by parliament to the position of president. He was the only candidate.

Jaruzelski was unsuccessful in convincing Lech Wałęsa to include Solidarity in a "grand coalition" with the Communists. He resigned as first secretary of the PZPR on 29 July 1989. Mieczysław Rakowski succeeded him as party leader.

The Communists initially intended to give Solidarity a few token cabinet posts for the sake of appearances. However, Wałęsa persuaded the Communists' two allied parties, the United People's Party (ZSL) and the Alliance of Democrats (SD), to break their alliance with the PZPR. Accepting that he would have to appoint a Solidarity member as prime minister, Jaruzelski then asked Wałęsa to select three candidates, one of whom he would ask to form a government. Ultimately, Tadeusz Mazowiecki, who had helped organise the roundtable talks, was selected as first non-Communist prime minister of an Eastern Bloc country in four decades. Jaruzelski resigned as president in 1990. He was succeeded by Wałęsa, who had won the presidential election on 9 December.

On 31 January 1991, Jaruzelski retired from the army.

After retirement

In October 1994, while attending a book-selling activity in Wroclaw, Jaruzelski was attacked by a male pensioner with a stone; his jaw was injured, requiring surgery. The attacker, who had been imprisoned during the martial law period, was sentenced to two years' imprisonment and fined 2,000,000 złoty.

In an interview in 2001, Jaruzelski said that he believed communism failed and that he was now a social democrat. He also announced his support for President Aleksander Kwaśniewski and Leszek Miller, later Prime Minister. Both Kwaśniewski and Miller were members of the Democratic Left Alliance, the social democratic party that included most of the remains of the PZPR.

In May 2005, Russian President Vladimir Putin awarded a medal commemorating the 60th anniversary of victory over Nazi Germany to Jaruzelski and other former leaders, including former Romanian King Michael I. Czech President Václav Klaus criticised this step, saying that Jaruzelski was a symbol of the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968. Jaruzelski said that he had apologised and that the decision on the August 1968 invasion had been a great "political and moral mistake".

On 28 March 2006, Jaruzelski was awarded a Siberian Exiles Cross by Polish President Lech Kaczyński. However, after making this fact public, Kaczyński said that this was a mistake and blamed his staff for giving him a document containing 1,293 names without notifying him of Jaruzelski's inclusion. After this statement, Jaruzelski returned the cross.

On 31 March 2006, the IPN charged Jaruzelski with committing communist crimes, mainly the creation of a criminal military organisation with the aim of carrying out criminal acts—mostly concerned with the illegal imprisonment of people. A second charge involved inciting state ministers to commit acts beyond their competence. Jaruzelski evaded most court appearances, citing poor health. In December 2010, Jaruzelski suffered from severe pneumonia and, in March 2011, he was diagnosed with lymphoma.

Death

Jaruzelski died on 25 May 2014 in a Warsaw hospital after suffering a stroke earlier that month. He had reportedly requested last rites by a Catholic priest. President Bronisław Komorowski, former Presidents Lech Wałęsa and Aleksander Kwaśniewski, and hundreds of other Poles attended his funeral mass at the Field Cathedral of the Polish Army in Warsaw on 30 May. Wałęsa and Komorowski, who were among the thousands imprisoned during the crackdown on Solidarity in 1981, both said that judgment against Jaruzelski "would be left to God". Jaruzelski was cremated and buried with full military honours at Powązki Military Cemetery in Warsaw, near the grave of Bolesław Bierut, the first Communist leader of Poland after World War II. The decision to bury Jaruzelski at Powązki, the burial place of Polish soldiers killed defending their country since the early 19th century, caused protests.

Personal life

Jaruzelski married Barbara Halina Jaruzelska (1931–2017) in 1961. They had a daughter, Monika who was born on 11 August 1963. Monika has a son, Gustaw.

In 2014, his wife Barbara threatened to file for divorce, saying she had caught his nurse Dorota in a compromising position with him beneath the sheets.

Legacy

The BBC reported in 2001 that "for some Poles — particularly the Solidarity generation — he is little short of a traitor". However, opinion polls as of 15 May 2001 suggested that a majority of the Polish people were open to agreeing with his explanation that martial law was implemented to forestall a Soviet invasion. In interviews in Russian media (Rossiyskaya Gazeta, for example), he has been presented as the harbinger of Poland's democracy.

Croatian writer Slavenka Drakulić described Jaruzelski as a "tragic believer in Communism who made a pact with the devil in good faith".

Written works

Różnić się mądrze (English translation: To Differ Wisely; 1999).

"Być może to ostatnie słowo (wyjaśnienia złożone przed Sądem)" (English translation: "It may be the last word (explanations given in the Court)"; 2008).

Promotions

Chorąży ( Standard-bearer) - 16 December 1943
Podporucznik (Second lieutenant) - 11 November 1944
Porucznik (First lieutenant) - 25 April 1945
Kapitan (Captain) - 22 July 1946
Major (Major) - 10 July 1948
Podpułkownik (Lieutenant colonel) - 25 January 1949
Pułkownik (Colonel) - 31 December 1953
Generał brygady (Brigadier general) - 14 July 1956
Generał dywizji (Major general) - 13 July 1960
Generał broni (Lieutenant general) - 9 July 1968
Generał armii (General) - 23 September 1973

Honours and awards

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Poland

	Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari
	Officer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta
	Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta – 5 November 1948
	Order of the Builders of People's Poland
	Order of the Banner of Work, 1st class
	Order of the Cross of Grunwald, 3rd class – 2 September 1945
	Cross of Valour (twice) – 24 June 1945, 14 January 1946
	Silver Cross of Merit – 20 July 1945
	Silver Medal "For Meritorious Field of Glory" (thrice) – 4 February 1945, 27 March 1945, 12 May 1945
	Medal "For Participation in the Fights in Defense of the People's Power"
	Medal of the 10th Anniversary of People's Poland – 1954
	Medal of the 30th Anniversary of People's Poland – 1974
	Medal of the 40th Anniversary of People's Poland – 1984
	Medal "For Oder, Neisse and the Baltic"
	Medal "For Warsaw 1939-1945"
	Medal "For Participation in the Battles for Berlin"
	Medal of Victory and Freedom 1945
	Gold Medal of the Armed Forces in the Service of the Fatherland
	Silver Medal of the Armed Forces in the Service of the Fatherland
	Bronze Medal of the Armed Forces in the Service of the Fatherland
	Gold Medal of Merit for National Defence
	Silver Medal of Merit for National Defence
	Bronze Medal of Merit for National Defence
	Medal of the National Education Commission
	Medal Pro Memoria – 2005
	Gold Badge of them. Janek Krasicki
	Polish State Millennium Badge

Soviet Union

	Order of Lenin (twice) – 1968 and 1983
	Order of the October Revolution – 1973
	Order of the Red Banner – 1978
	Order of Friendship of Peoples – 1973
	Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" – 1969
	Medal "For the Liberation of Warsaw" – 1945
	Medal "For the Capture of Berlin" – 1945
	Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" - 1945
	Jubilee Medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" – 1965
	Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" – 1975
	Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" – 1985
	Jubilee Medal "50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR" – 1968
	Jubilee Medal "60 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR" – 1978
	Jubilee Medal "70 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR" – 1988
	Medal "For Strengthening of Brotherhood in Arms" – 1979

Other countries

	Commander of the Order of the Crown (Belgium) – 1967
	Order of Georgi Dimitrov (Bulgaria) – 1983
	Medal of 30th Anniversary of the Bulgarian Armed Forces (Bulgaria) – 1974
	Order of José Martí (Cuba) – 1983
	Collar of the Order of the White Lion (Czechoslovakia) – 1978
	Order of Klement Gottwald (Czechoslovakia) – 1983
	Order of the Red Banner (Czechoslovakia) – 1971
	Medal “For Strengthening Friendship in Arms”, Golden class (Czechoslovakia)
	Grand Cross of the White Rose of Finland (Finland) – 1989
	Grand Cross of the Legion d'Honneur (France) – 1989
	Order of Karl Marx (East Germany) – 1983
	Scharnhorst Order (East Germany) – 1975
	Grand Cross of Order of the Redeemer (Greece) – 1987
	Order of the Flag of the Republic of Hungary, 1st with diamonds (Hungary) – 1983
	Order of the Red Banner (Hungary) – 1977
	Medal of 60th Anniversary of the End of World War II (Israel) – 2005
	Knight Grand Cross with Ribbon of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (Italy) – 1989
	Order of Sukhbaatar (Mongolia) – 1977
	Order of the Red Banner (Mongolia) – 1983
	Order of the National Flag, 1st class (North Korea) – 1977
	Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry (Portugal)
	Order of the Star of the Romanian People's Republic, 1st class (Romania) – 1983
	Gold Medal "Virtutea Ostăşească" (Romania) – 1971
	Medal of Zhukov (Russia) – 1996
	Jubilee Medal "50 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" (Russia) – 1995
	Jubilee Medal "60 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" (Russia) – 2005
	Gold Star Order (Vietnam) – 1983

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Piotr Wróbel, Rebuilding Democracy in Poland, 1989-2004, in M. B. B. Biskupski; James S. Pula; Piotr J. Wrobel (25 May 2010). The Origins of Modern Polish Democracy. Ohio University Press. pp. 273–275. ISBN 978-0-8214-1892-5. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
Martin, Douglas (28 October 2013). "Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Ex-Premier of Poland, Dies at 86". The New York Times.
"A Biographical Note". Lech Wałęsa Institute. Archived from the original on 14 June 2009.
"Stanisław Ciosek: Gen. Jaruzelski to wielki Polak. Powinniśmy być mu wdzięczni". Wiadomosci.onet.pl. 25 May 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
Liu, Yanshun (1 July 2016). Jaruzelski, the Shaker of Polish History (in Chinese) (1 ed.). Beijing, China: Shijiezhishi. p. 354. ISBN 9787501252299.
"Putin gives medal to Poland's communist-era strongman - AFP - Find Articles at BNET.com". 1 May 2008. Archived from the original on 1 May 2008. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
"Former Polish President Apologizes for 1968 Soviet-Led Invasion of Cz…". mosnews.com. 17 January 2004. Archived from the original on 17 January 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
"Wyborcza.pl". wyborcza.pl. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
^ "Gwardianie generała". Wiadomosci.onet.pl. 26 July 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
"Wojciech Jaruzelski 'admitted to hospital with pneumonia'". Telegraph. 29 December 2010. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
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Poland's last Communist leader Wojciech Jaruzelski dies. 25 May 2014, BBC News.
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^ Poland's Walesa kneels in prayer at funeral mass for former foe Jaruzelski | Reuters. 30 May 2014
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Bibliography

Berger, Manfred E. Jaruzelski: Traitor or Patriot? London: Hutchinson, 1990. ISBN 0091744660
Berger, Manfred E., and Zbigniew Bauer. Jaruzelski. Kraków: Oficyna Cracovia, 1991. ISBN 8385104216
Labedz, Leopold. Poland Under Jaruzelski: A Comprehensive Sourcebook on Poland During and After Martial Law. New York: Scribner, 1984. ISBN 0684181169
Pelinka, Anton. Politics of the Lesser Evil: Leadership, Democracy, & Jaruzelski's Poland. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1999. ISBN 1560003677
Swidlicki, Andrzej. Political Trials in Poland, 1981–1986. London: Croom Helm, 1988. ISBN 0709944446
Weschler, Lawrence. The Passion of Poland, from Solidarity Through the State of War. New York: Pantheon Books, 1982. ISBN 0394722868
Yanshun, Liu [zh], "Jaruzelski, the Shaker of Polish History" Beijing, Shijiezhishi, 2016 ISBN 9787501252299

External links

Official website
Jaruzelski: Selected Speeches
Marek Jan Chodakiewicz (12 December 2006), The Jaruzelski Case: The Ascent of Agent 'Wolski' Archived 11 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine, World Politics Review

Political offices
Preceded byJózef Pińkowski	Prime Minister of Poland 11 February 1981 – 6 November 1985	Succeeded byZbigniew Messner
Preceded byHenryk Jabłoński	Chairman of the Council of State 6 November 1985 – 19 July 1989	Succeeded byOffice abolished
Preceded byOffice restored Bolesław Bierut (in Poland) Kazimierz Sabbat (in Exile)	President of Poland 19 July 1989 – 22 December 1990	Succeeded byLech Wałęsa
Party political offices
Preceded byStanisław Kania	First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party 18 October 1981 – 29 July 1989	Succeeded byMieczysław Rakowski

v t e Chairmen of the Polish Council of State
Bolesław Bierut Aleksander Zawadzki Edward Ochab Marian Spychalski Józef Cyrankiewicz Henryk Jabłoński Wojciech Jaruzelski

v t e First Secretaries of the Central Committee of the PZPR
Bolesław Bierut Edward Ochab Władysław Gomułka Edward Gierek Stanisław Kania Wojciech Jaruzelski Mieczysław Rakowski

v t e Heads of state of Poland
Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)	Provisional Council Regency Council
Republic of Poland (1918–1939)	Józef Piłsudski Gabriel Narutowicz Maciej Rataj* Stanisław Wojciechowski Maciej Rataj* Ignacy Mościcki
Polish government-in-exile (1939–1990)	Władysław Raczkiewicz August Zaleski Stanisław Ostrowski Edward Raczyński Kazimierz Sabbat Ryszard Kaczorowski
Polish People's Republic (1944–1989)	Bolesław Bierut Franciszek Trąbalski* Władysław Kowalski* Bolesław Bierut Aleksander Zawadzki Edward Ochab Marian Spychalski Józef Cyrankiewicz Henryk Jabłoński Wojciech Jaruzelski
Republic of Poland (1990–present)	Wojciech Jaruzelski Lech Wałęsa Aleksander Kwaśniewski Lech Kaczyński Bronisław Komorowski* Bogdan Borusewicz* Grzegorz Schetyna* Bronisław Komorowski Andrzej Duda
*Acting

v t e Prime ministers of Poland
Duchy of Warsaw (1807–1813)	Małachowski Gutakowski Poniatowski* Potocki
Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)	Kucharzewski Ponikowski Kanty Steczkowski Świeżyński Wróblewski
Republic of Poland (1918–1939)	Daszyński Moraczewski Paderewski Skulski Grabski Witos Ponikowski Śliwiński Nowak Sikorski Witos Grabski Skrzyński Witos Bartel Piłsudski Bartel Świtalski Bartel Sławek Piłsudski Sławek Prystor Jędrzejewicz Kozłowski Sławek Zyndram-Kościałkowski Składkowski
Polish government-in-exile (1939–1990)	Sikorski Mikołajczyk Arciszewski Bór-Komorowski Tomaszewski Odzierzyński Hryniewski Mackiewicz Hanke Pająk Zawisza Muchniewski Urbański Sabbat Szczepanik
Polish People's Republic (1944–1989)	Osóbka-Morawski Cyrankiewicz Bierut Cyrankiewicz Jaroszewicz Babiuch Pińkowski Jaruzelski Messner Rakowski Kiszczak Mazowiecki
Republic of Poland (1990–present)	Mazowiecki Bielecki Olszewski Pawlak Suchocka Pawlak Oleksy Cimoszewicz Buzek Miller Belka Marcinkiewicz Kaczyński Tusk Kopacz Szydło Morawiecki Tusk
*Acting

Leaders of the ruling Communist parties of the Eastern Bloc

Party of Labour of Albania	Enver Hoxha Ramiz Alia
Bulgarian Communist Party	Georgi Dimitrov Valko Chervenkov Todor Zhivkov Petar Mladenov
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia	Klement Gottwald Antonín Novotný Alexander Dubček Gustáv Husák Miloš Jakeš Karel Urbánek
Socialist Unity Party of Germany	Wilhelm Pieck Otto Grotewohl Walter Ulbricht Erich Honecker Egon Krenz
Hungarian Working People's Party Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party	Mátyás Rákosi Ernő Gerő Imre Nagy János Kádár Károly Grósz Rezső Nyers

Polish Workers' Party Polish United Workers' Party	Bolesław Bierut Edward Ochab Władysław Gomułka Edward Gierek Stanisław Kania Wojciech Jaruzelski Mieczysław Rakowski
Romanian Communist Party	Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej Gheorghe Apostol Nicolae Ceaușescu
Communist Party of the Soviet Union	Vladimir Lenin Joseph Stalin Georgy Malenkov Nikita Khrushchev Leonid Brezhnev Yuri Andropov Konstantin Chernenko Mikhail Gorbachev
League of Communists of Yugoslavia	Josip Broz Tito Stevan Doronjski Lazar Mojsov Dušan Dragosavac Mitja Ribičič Dragoslav Marković Ali Šukrija Vidoje Žarković Milanko Renovica Boško Krunić Stipe Šuvar Milan Pančevski

Revolutions of 1989

Internal
background

International
background

Reforms

Government
leaders

Opposition
methods

Opposition
leaders

Opposition
movements

Events
by location

Central and Eastern Europe	Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary Poland Romania Soviet Union Yugoslavia
Soviet Union	Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Chechnya Estonia Georgia Latvia Lithuania Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan
Elsewhere	Afghanistan Angola Benin Burma Cambodia China Congo-Brazzaville Ethiopia Mongolia Mozambique Somalia South Yemen

Individual
events

Later events

Human rights in the Soviet Union

v t e History of the Polish People's Republic
1945–48 Early post-war	Recovered Territories Polish population transfers (1944–1946) Expulsion of Germans Operation Vistula Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland Polish Committee of National Liberation Provisional Government of National Unity Trial of the Sixteen Cursed soldiers Augustów roundup 1946 Polish people's referendum 1947 Polish legislative election Small Constitution of 1947 Amnesty of 1947 Battle for trade Three-Year Plan
1948–56 Sovietization under Bierut's rule	Polish United Workers' Party Six-Year Plan Collectivization Socialist realism in Poland Mokotów Prison executions of 1951 1952 Constitution Stalinist show trial of the Kraków Curia Trial of the Generals PAX Association Poznań protests of 1956 Polish October (1956)
1956–70 Gomułka's autarchic communism	1957 Polish legislative election Millennium of the Polish State Bishops' Letter of Reconciliation 1968 Polish political crisis Kniefall von Warschau Polish protests of 1970
1970–81 Gierek's international opening	1971 Łódź strikes Letter of 59 June 1976 protests Workers' Defence Committee Flying University 1980 Lublin strikes Gdańsk Agreement Jastrzębie-Zdrój strikes Solidarity (Polish trade union) Independent Students' Association Rural Solidarity Bydgoszcz events 1981 warning strike in Poland 1981 Polish hunger demonstrations
1981–89 Jaruzelski's autocratic rule and demise	Martial law in Poland Militsiya hour Military Council of National Salvation Pacification of Wujek 1982 demonstrations Fighting Solidarity Federation of Fighting Youth Orange Alternative 1987 Polish political and economic reforms referendum 1988 Polish strikes Polish Round Table Agreement

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