Wilhelm von Humboldt

Prussian philosopher, government official, diplomat, and educator (1767–1835)

Wilhelm von Humboldt
Portrait by Thomas Lawrence
Born	(1767-06-22)22 June 1767 Potsdam, Prussia
Died	8 April 1835(1835-04-08) (aged 67) Tegel, Prussia
Education	University of Frankfurt (Oder) University of Göttingen
Spouse	Caroline von Dacheröden

Era	19th-century philosophy
Region	Western philosophy
School	Berlin Romanticism Romantic linguistics Classical liberalism
Institutions	University of Berlin
Main interests	Philosophy of language
Notable ideas	Language as a rule-governed system ("the inner form of language") Humboldtian model of higher education

Signature

Friedrich Wilhelm Christian Karl Ferdinand von Humboldt (22 June 1767 – 8 April 1835) was a German philosopher, linguist, government functionary, diplomat, and founder of the Humboldt University of Berlin. In 1949, the university was named after him and his younger brother, Alexander von Humboldt, a naturalist.

He was a linguist who made contributions to the philosophy of language, ethnolinguistics, and to the theory and practice of education. He made a major contribution to the development of liberalism by envisioning education as a means of realizing individual possibility rather than a way of drilling traditional ideas into youth to suit them for an already established occupation or social role. In particular, he was the architect of the Humboldtian education ideal, which was used from the beginning in Prussia as a model for its system of public education, as well as in the United States and Japan. He was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1822.

Biography

Humboldt was born in Potsdam, Margraviate of Brandenburg, and died in Tegel, Province of Brandenburg.

His father, Alexander Georg von Humboldt (1720–1779), belonged to a prominent German noble family from Pomerania. Although not one of the titled gentry, he was a major in the Prussian Army, who had served with the Duke of Brunswick. At age 42, Alexander Georg was rewarded for his services in the Seven Years' War with the post of royal chamberlain. He profited from the contract to lease state lotteries and tobacco sales.

Wilhelm's grandfather was Johann Paul von Humboldt (1684–1740), who married Sophia Dorothea von Schweder (1688-1749), daughter of Prussian General Adjutant Michael von Schweder (1663–1729). In 1766, his father, Alexander Georg married Marie- Elisabeth Colomb, a well-educated woman and widow of Baron Friedrich Ernst von Holwede (1723–1765), with whom she had a son Heinrich Friedrich Ludwig Ferdinand (1762–1817). Alexander Georg and Maria Elisabeth had four children: two daughters, Karoline and Gabriele, who died young, and then two sons, Wilhelm and Alexander. Her first-born son Heinrich, Wilhelm and Alexander's half-brother, Rittmaster in the Gendarme regiment was something of a ne'er do well, not often mentioned in the family history.

In June 1791, Humboldt married Caroline von Dacheröden. They had eight children, of whom five (amongst them Gabriele von Humboldt) survived to adulthood.

Philosopher

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v t e

Humboldt was a philosopher; he wrote The Limits of State Action in 1791–1792 (though it was not published until 1850, after Humboldt's death), one of the boldest defences of the liberties of the Enlightenment. It influenced John Stuart Mill's essay On Liberty through which von Humboldt's ideas became known in the English-speaking world. Humboldt outlined an early version of what Mill would later call the "harm principle". His house in Rome became a cultural hub, run by Caroline von Humboldt.

The section dealing with education was published in the December 1792 issue of the Berlinische Monatsschrift under the title "On public state education". With this publication, Humboldt took part in the philosophical debate regarding the direction of national education that was in progress in Germany, as elsewhere, after the French Revolution.

Educational reforms

Humboldt had been home schooled and never finished his comparatively short university studies at the universities of Frankfurt (Oder) and Göttingen. Nevertheless, he became one of the most influential officials in German education. Actually, Humboldt had intended to become Minister of education, but failed to attain that position. The Prussian King asked him to leave Rome in 1809 and to lead the directorate of education under Friedrich Ferdinand Alexander zu Dohna-Schlobitten. Humboldt did not reply to the appointment for several weeks and would have preferred to stay on at the embassy in Rome. His wife did not return with him to Prussia; the couple met again when Humboldt stepped down from the educational post and was appointed head of the Embassy in Vienna.

Humboldt installed a standardized system of public instruction, from basic schools till secondary education, and founded Berlin University. He imposed a standardization of state examinations and inspections and created a special department within the ministry to oversee and design curricula, textbooks and learning aids.

Humboldt's educational model went beyond vocational training. In a letter to the Prussian king, he wrote: "There are undeniably certain kinds of knowledge that must be of a general nature and, more importantly, a certain cultivation of the mind and character that nobody can afford to be without. People obviously cannot be good craftworkers, merchants, soldiers or businessmen unless, regardless of their occupation, they are good, upstanding and – according to their condition – well-informed human beings and citizens. If this basis is laid through schooling, vocational skills are easily acquired later on, and a person is always free to move from one occupation to another, as so often happens in life." The philosopher Julian Nida-Rümelin has criticized discrepancies between Humboldt's ideals and modern European education policy, which narrowly understands education as a preparation for the labor market, and argued that we need to decide between McKinsey and Humboldt.

Diplomat

As a successful diplomat between 1802 and 1819, Humboldt was plenipotentiary Prussian minister at Rome from 1802, ambassador at Vienna from 1812 during the closing struggles of the Napoleonic Wars, at the congress of Prague (1813) where he was instrumental in drawing Austria to ally with Prussia and Russia against Napoleon; a signer of the peace treaty at Paris and the treaty between Prussia and defeated Saxony (1815), and at the congress at Aachen in 1818. However, the increasingly reactionary policy of the Prussian government made him give up political life in 1819; and from that time forward he devoted himself solely to literature and study.

Linguist

Wilhelm von Humboldt was an adept linguist and studied the Basque language. He translated Pindar and Aeschylus into German.

Humboldt's work as a philologist in Basque has had more extensive impact than his other work. His two visits to the Basque country resulted in Researches into the Early Inhabitants of Spain by the help of the Basque language (1821). In this work, Humboldt endeavored to show by examining geographical placenames that at one time a race or races speaking dialects allied to modern Basque extended throughout Spain, southern France and the Balearic Islands; he identified these people with the Iberians of classical writers, and further surmised that they had been allied with the Berbers of northern Africa. Humboldt's pioneering work has been superseded in its details by modern linguistics and archaeology, but is sometimes still uncritically followed even today. He was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1820, and a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1822.

Humboldt died while preparing his greatest work, on the ancient Kawi language of Java, but its introduction was published in 1836 as The Heterogeneity of Language and its Influence on the Intellectual Development of Mankind. His 1836 book on the philosophy of speech introduces the concept of "the inner form of language" (according to Encyclopædia Britannica 1911):

irst clearly laid down that the character and structure of a language expresses the inner life and knowledge of its speakers, and that languages must differ from one another in the same way and to the same degree as those who use them. Sounds do not become words until a meaning has been put into them, and this meaning embodies the thought of a community. What Humboldt terms the inner form of a language is just that mode of denoting the relations between the parts of a sentence which reflects the manner in which a particular body of men regards the world about them. It is the task of the morphology of speech to distinguish the various ways in which languages differ from each other as regards their inner form, and to classify and arrange them accordingly.

Noam Chomsky frequently quotes Humboldt's description of language as a rule-governed system which "makes infinite use of finite means", meaning that an infinite number of sentences can be created using a finite number of grammatical rules. Humboldt scholar Tilman Borsche notes profound differences between von Humboldt's view of language and that of Chomsky.

More recently, Humboldt has also been credited as an originator of the linguistic relativity hypothesis (more commonly known as the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis), developed by linguists Edward Sapir or Benjamin Lee Whorf a century later.

The reception of Humboldt's work remains problematic in English-speaking countries, despite the work of Langham Brown, Manchester and James W. Underhill (Humboldt, Worldview and Language, 2009), on account of his concept of what he called Weltansicht, the linguistic worldview, with Weltanschauung being translated simply as 'worldview', a term associated with ideologies and cultural mindsets in both German and English. The centrality of distinction in understanding Humboldt's work was set out by one of the leading contemporary German Humboldt scholars, Jürgen Trabant, in his works in both German and French. Polish linguists at the Lublin School (see Jerzy Bartmiński), in their research of Humboldt, also stress this distinction between the worldviews of a personal or political kind and the worldview that is implicit in language as a conceptual system.

However, little rigorous research in English has gone into exploring the relationship between the linguistic worldview and the transformation and maintenance of this worldview by individual speakers. One notable exception is the work of Underhill, who explores comparative linguistic studies in both Creating Worldviews: Language, Ideology & Metaphor (2011) and in Ethnolinguistics and Cultural Concepts: Truth, Love, Hate & War (2012). In Underhill's work, a distinction is made between five forms of worldview: world-perceiving, world-conceiving, cultural mindset, personal world and perspective, in order to convey the distinctions Humboldt was concerned with preserving in his ethnolinguistics. Probably the best-known linguist working with a truly Humboldtian perspective writing in English today is Anna Wierzbicka, who has published a number of comparative works on semantic universals and conceptual distinctions in language.

The Rouen Ethnolinguistics Project, in France, published online a 7-hour series of lectures on Humboldt's thought on language, with the Berlin specialist Professor Trabant.

In Charles Taylor's important summative work, The Language Animal: The Full Shape of the Human Linguistic Capacity (2016), von Humboldt is given credit, along with Johann Georg Hamann and Johann Gottfried Herder, for inspiring Taylor's "HHH" approach to the philosophy of language, emphasizing the creative power and cultural specificity of language.

Bibliography

Socrates and Plato on the Divine (orig. Sokrates und Platon über die Gottheit). 1787–1790
Humboldt. On the Limits of State Action, first seen in 1792. Ideen zu einem Versuch, die Grenzen der Wirksamkeit des Staates zu bestimmen, p. ii. Published by E. Trewendt, 1851 (German)
Ueber den Geschlechtsunterschied. 1794
Ueber männliche und weibliche Form. 1795
Outline of a Comparative Anthropology (orig. Plan einer vergleichenden Anthropologie). 1797.
The Eighteenth Century (orig. Das achtzehnte Jahrhundert). = 1797.
Ästhetische Versuche I. – Ueber Göthes Herrmann und Dorothea. 1799.
Latium und Hellas (1806)
Geschichte des Verfalls und Untergangs der griechischen Freistaaten. 1807–1808.
Pindars "Olympische Oden". Translation from Greek, 1816.
Aischylos' "Agamemnon". Translation from Greek, 1816.
Ueber das vergleichende Sprachstudium in Beziehung auf die verschiedenen Epochen der Sprachentwicklung. 1820.
Ueber die Aufgabe des Geschichtsschreibers. 1821.
Researches into the Early Inhabitants of Spain with the help of the Basque language (orig. Prüfung der Untersuchungen über die Urbewohner Hispaniens vermittelst der vaskischen Sprache). 1821.
Ueber die Entstehung der grammatischen Formen und ihren Einfluss auf die Ideenentwicklung. 1822.
Upon Writing and its Relation to Speech (orig. Ueber die Buchstabenschrift und ihren Zusammenhang mit dem Sprachbau). 1824.
Notice sur la grammaire japonaise du P. Oyanguren (1826), a review of Melchor Oyanguren de Santa Inés's Japanese grammar, read online.
Ueber die unter dem Namen Bhagavad-Gítá bekannte Episode des Mahá-Bhárata. 1826.
Ueber den Dualis. 1827.
On the languages of the South Seas (orig. Über die Sprache der Südseeinseln). 1828.
On Schiller and the Path of Spiritual Development (orig. Ueber Schiller und den Gang seiner Geistesentwicklung). 1830.
Rezension von Goethes Zweitem römischem Aufenthalt. 1830.
The Heterogeneity of Language and its Influence on the Intellectual Development of Mankind (orig. Ueber die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaus und ihren Einfluss auf die geistige Entwicklung des Menschengeschlechts). 1836. New edition: On Language. On the Diversity of Human Language Construction and Its Influence on the Mental Development of the Human Species, Cambridge University Press, 2nd rev. edition 1999

Collected writings

Humboldt, Wilhelm von. Gesammelte Schriften. Ausgabe der preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Vols. I–XVII, Berlin 1903–36. (Cited as GS; the Roman numeral indicates the volume and the Arabic figure the page; the original German spelling has been modernized.)

Notes

/ˈhʌmboʊlt/, also US: /ˈhʊmboʊlt/, UK: /ˈhʌmbɒlt/; German: [ˈvɪlhɛlm fɔn ˈhʊmbɔlt]

References

Helmut Thielicke, Modern Faith and Thought, William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1990, p. 174.
Philip A. Luelsdorff, Jarmila Panevová, Petr Sgall (eds.), Praguiana, 1945–1990, John Benjamins Publishing, 1994, p. 150: "Humboldt himself (Humboldt was one of the leading spirits of romantic linguistics; he died in 1834) emphasized that speaking was permanent creation."
"Humboldt". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
"Humboldt". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
"Humboldt, Alexander von". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021.
Edmund Fawcett, Liberalism: The Life of an Idea (2nd ed. 2018) pp. 33–48
"APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
de Terra 1955, pp. 4–5.
Clerke, Agnes Mary (1911). "Humboldt, Friedrich Heinrich Alexander von" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 873–875.
de Terra 1955, p. 5.
Klencke, Hermann; Schlesier, Gustav (1853). Lives of the brothers Humboldt, Alexander and William. New York: Harper and Brothers. p. 13.
"Michael von Schweder (10) und Elisabeth Blomenfelt, gen. Persdotter (11) - von-Humboldt_de".
Daum, Andreas W. (2024). Alexander von Humboldt: A Concise Biography. Trans. Robert Savage. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. pp. 8‒12. ISBN 978-0-691-24736-6.
de Terra 1955, pp. 6–7.
Kurt Mueller-Vollmer "Wilhelm von Humboldt", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Mueller-Vollmer, Kurt; Messling, Markus (2023), "Wilhelm von Humboldt", in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2023 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 28 June 2024
Manfred Geier: Die Brüder Humboldt. Reinbek bei Hamburg 2009, pp. 261 ff.
Clark, Christopher (2006). Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia. United States of America: Penguin Group. p. 332.
As quoted in Profiles of educators: Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) by Karl-Heinz Günther (1988), doi:10.1007/BF02192965
Nida-Rümelin, Julian (29 October 2009). "Bologna-Prozess: Die Chance zum Kompromiss ist da". Die Zeit (in German). Retrieved 29 November 2015.
"WILHELM VON HUMBOLDT" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2019.
Gordon Craig, "Wilhelm von Humboldt as a diplomat", in Craig, Studies in International History (1967).
Daum, Andreas (2020). "Alexander und Wilhelm von Humboldt: Vom Orinoco nach Java". In Fahrmeir, Andreas (ed.). Deutschland. Globalgeschichte einer Nation. C. H. Beck. pp. 303‒307.
"American Antiquarian Society Members Directory". Elected 23 October 1816, Residence Paris, France.
"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter H" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
Muriel Mirak Weissbach (1999). "Wilhelm von Humboldt's Study of the Kawi Language: The Proof of the Existence of the Malayan-Polynesian Language Culture". Fidelio Magazine. VIII (1). Archived from the original on 12 July 2014.
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
see Tilman Borsche: Sprachansichten. Der Begriff der menschlichen Rede in der Sprachphilosophie Wilhelm von Humboldts, Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1981.
Deutscher, Guy (2010) Through the Language Glass. New York: Picador, ch. 6
The Jurgen Trabant Wilhelm von Humboldt Lectures, launched by the Rouen University Ethnolinguistics Project.
Taylor, Charles (2016) The Language Animal: The Full Shape of the Human Linguistic Capacity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Sources

de Terra, Helmut (1955). Humboldt: The Life and Times of Alexander von Humboldt, 1769–1859. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. OCLC 902143803.

External links

"Lives of the Brothers Humboldt", an extensive biography available from the Million Book Project
Mueller-Vollmer, Kurt. "Wilhelm von Humboldt". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Humboldt University site: Brief eulogy
Wilhelm v. Humboldt – Brief information page from the Acton Institute
Works by Wilhelm von Humboldt at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Wilhelm von Humboldt at the Internet Archive
Works by Wilhelm von Humboldt at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
(in German) Works by Wilhelm von Humboldt – Partial list from Zeno.org
The German classics of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (two sections by Humboldt)
Wilhelm von Humboldt, The Sphere and Duties of Government – passages (1792)
Thinking Language: Wilhelm von Humboldt Now Event Videos, Conference Papers recorded at Queen Mary University of London, April 2016, organiser Marko Pajević. Papers on Humboldt's "thinking language" by Marko Pajevic, John Joseph, Jürgen Trabant, Ute Tintemann, Barbara Cassin (presented by David Nowell Smith), James W. Underhill, John Walker.
Virtual exhibition on Paris Observatory digital library

Preceded byCount Friedrich von Schuckmann

Interior Minister of Prussia
1819

Succeeded byCount Friedrich von Schuckmann

v t e Interior Ministers of Prussia
Count Alexander von Dohna-Schlobitten Count Karl August von Hardenberg Count Friedrich von Schuckmann Baron Wilhelm von Humboldt Count Friedrich von Schuckman Baron Gustav von Brenn Gustav Adolf Rochus von Rochow Adolf Heinrich von Arnim-Boitzenburg Ernst von Bodelschwingh-Velmede Alfred von Auerswald Friedrich von Kühlwetter Franz August Eichmann Baron Otto Theodor von Manteuffel Ferdinand Otto Wilhelm Henning von Westphalen Eduard von Flottwell Count Maximilian von Schwerin-Putzar Gustav Wilhelm von Jagow Count Friedrich Albrecht zu Eulenburg Count Botho zu Eulenburg Robert von Puttkammer Ludwig Herrfurt Count Botho zu Eulenburg Ernst von Koeller Baron Eberhard Recke von der Horst Baron Georg von Rheinbaben Baron Hans von Hammerstein-Loxten Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg Friedrich von Moltke Johann von Dallwitz Friedrich Wilhelm von Loebell Bill Drews Paul Hirsch vacant Carl Severing Albert Grzesinski Heinrich Waentig Carl Severing Franz Bracht Hermann Göring

Interior Ministers of Prussia

v t e Philosophy of language
Index of language articles
Philosophers	Confucius Gorgias Cratylus Plato Aristotle Eubulides Diodorus Chrysippus Zhuangzi Xunzi Averroes Ibn Khaldun Hobbes Wilkins Arnauld Lancelot Leibniz Berkeley Herder von Humboldt Mauthner Ricœur de Saussure Frege Boas Tillich Sapir Bloomfield Bergson Vygotsky Wittgenstein Russell Carnap Derrida Whorf Austin Chomsky Gadamer Kripke Ayer Anscombe Hintikka Dummett Davidson Grice Ryle Strawson Quine Putnam Lewis Searle Watzlawick
Theories	Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference theory Dramatism Dynamic semantics Expressivism Inquisitive semantics Linguistic determinism Mediated reference theory Nominalism Non-cognitivism Phallogocentrism Relevance theory Semantic externalism Semantic holism Situation semantics Structuralism Supposition theory Symbiosism Theological noncognitivism Theory of descriptions (Definite description) Theory of language Unilalianism Verification theory
Concepts	Ambiguity Cant Linguistic relativity Language Truth-bearer Proposition Use–mention distinction Concept Categories Set Class Family resemblance Intension Logical form Metalanguage Mental representation Modality (natural language) Presupposition Principle of compositionality Property Sign Sense and reference Speech act Symbol Sentence Statement more...
Works	Cratylus (n.d.) Port-Royal Grammar (1660) De Arte Combinatoria (1666) An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language (1668) Alciphron (1732) "On Denoting" (1905) Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921) Language, Truth, and Logic (1936) Two Dogmas of Empiricism (1951) Philosophical Investigations (1953) Of Grammatology (1967) Naming and Necessity (1980) Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language (1982) Limited Inc (1988)
Related articles	Analytic philosophy Philosophy of information Philosophical logic Linguistics Pragmatics Rhetoric Scholasticism School of Names Semantics Formal semantics Semiotics
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v t e Philosophy of education
Philosophers	Dewey Fröbel Herbart Humboldt Locke Montessori Pestalozzi Piaget Rousseau Steiner Vygotsky more...
Concepts	Active learning Student-centred learning
What to teach	Classicism Contemplative education Critical pedagogy Critical theory Critical thinking Democratic education Educational essentialism Educational existentialism Educational perennialism Idealism Popular education Pragmatism Progressive education Realism Social reconstructionism Theism
How and whom to teach	Behaviorism (philosophy of education) Cognitivism (philosophy of education) Compulsory education Constructivism (philosophy of education) Criticism of schooling Humanism (philosophy of education) Montessori education Unschooling Waldorf education
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