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ANT-20
ANT-20 "Maxim Gorky"
General information
Type	Propaganda aircraft/Transport
National origin	Soviet Union
Manufacturer	Tupolev
Primary user	Soviet Union
Number built	2
History
Introduction date	1934
First flight	19 May 1934
Retired	1942
Developed from	Tupolev ANT-16

The Tupolev ANT-20 Maxim Gorky (Russian: Туполев АНТ-20 "Максим Горький", sometimes romanized as Maksim Gorki) was a Soviet eight-engine aircraft, the largest in the world during the 1930s. Its wingspan was similar to that of a modern Boeing 747, and was not exceeded until the 64.6-metre (212 ft) wingspan Douglas XB-19 heavy bomber prototype first flew in 1941.

Overview

The ANT-20 was designed by Andrei Tupolev, using German engineer Hugo Junkers' original all-metal aircraft design techniques from 1918. It was constructed between 4 July 1933 and 3 April 1934, and was one of two aircraft of its kind built by the Soviets. The aircraft was named after Maxim Gorky and dedicated to the 40th anniversary of his literary and public activities. The ANT-20 was the largest known aircraft to have used the Junkers aviation firm's design philosophy of corrugated sheet metal for many of the airframe's key components, especially the corrugated sheet metal skinning of the airframe.

The Maxim Gorky was meant as the flagship of the Maxim Gorky propaganda squadron — Maxim Gorky Agiteskadril — which flew around the Soviet Union promoting the aims and achievements of Soviet Communism. For this purpose, it was equipped with a powerful radio set known as the "Voice from the sky" (Russian: Голос с неба, romanized: Golos s neba), printing machinery, a library, radio broadcasting equipment, a photographic laboratory and a film projector with sound for showing films in flight. In a first in aviation the aircraft was equipped with a ladder which would fold on itself to become part of the floor.

The aircraft was the first to use both direct current and alternating current. The aircraft could be dismantled and transported by rail if needed. The aircraft set several carrying-capacity world records and is also the subject of a 1934 painting by Vasily Kuptsov, which is now in the collection of the Russian Museum at Saint Petersburg.

1935 Maxim Gorky crash

On 18 May 1935, the Maxim Gorky (pilots – I. V. Mikheyev and I. S. Zhurov) and three more aircraft (a Tupolev ANT-14, R-5 and I-5) took off for a demonstration flight over Moscow. The main purpose of the other three aircraft flying so close was to make evident the difference in size. The accompanying I-5 biplane piloted by Nikolai Blagin had performed two loop manoeuvres around the Maxim Gorky. On the third loop, they collided. The Maxim Gorky crashed into a low-rise residential neighbourhood west of present-day Sokol metro station. Forty-five people were killed in the crash, including the fighter pilot as well as both crew members and the 33 passengers on the Maxim Gorky, and an additional nine people on the ground.

ANT-20bis

A replacement aircraft, the ANT-20bis (also designated PS-124 or Passazhirsky Samolyot 124, so named as it was built at Plant No. 124), had begun production the following year and first flew in 1938 (other sources mention 15 May 1939 as the date of the first flight). It was largely identical in design but with six more-powerful Mikulin AM-34FRNV engines. On 12 August 1939 it was sold to Aeroflot and served their transport routes in Russia and Uzbekistan. In December 1940, the aircraft was re-engined with two slightly more powerful Mikulin AM-35 engines in the inner positions (numbers three and four). On 14 December 1942, it crashed after the pilot allowed a passenger to take his seat momentarily and the passenger activated the stabilizer control mechanism via a switch on the pilot's armrest, raising the stabilizer and sending the airplane into a nosedive from an altitude of 500 m (1,600 ft), killing all 36 on board.

Operators

 Soviet Union

Specifications

Data from The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995

General characteristics

• Crew: 8
• Capacity: 72 passengers
• Length: 32.9 m (107 ft 11 in)
• Wingspan: 63 m (206 ft 8 in)
• Height: 10.6 m (34 ft 9 in) on ground, tail down, over centre prop
• Wing area: 488 m (5,250 sq ft)
• Airfoil: root: TsAGI-6 (20%) ; tip: TsAGI-6 (10%)
• Empty weight: 28,500 kg (62,832 lb)
• Gross weight: 42,000 kg (92,594 lb)
• Max takeoff weight: 53,000 kg (116,845 lb)
• Powerplant: 8 × Mikulin AM-34FRN V-12 liquid-cooled piston engines, 671 kW (900 hp) each
• Propellers: 2-bladed variable-pitch propellers

Performance

• Maximum speed: 220 km/h (140 mph, 120 kn)
• Range: 1,200 km (750 mi, 650 nmi)
• Service ceiling: 4,500 m (14,800 ft)

See also

Related development

• Tupolev TB-4

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

• Dornier Do X
• Junkers G.38
• Kalinin K-7

Related lists

• List of interwar military aircraft

References

1. "News Paper Printed On Plane In Flight". Popular Science. Bonnier Corporation: 43. March 1935. ISSN 0161-7370.
2. ^ Accident description for CCCP-I20 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 25 February 2018.
3. "Катастрофа ПС-124 Узбекского управления ГВФ в районе Ташкента" [Crash of PS-124 of the Uzbek Directorate in the Tashkent area]. airdisaster.ru.
4. Gunston 1995, p.396.
5. Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". UIUC Applied Aerodynamics Group. Retrieved 16 April 2019.

• Gunston, Bill (1995). The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995. London: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-85532-405-9.
• Shavrov, V. B. (1985). Istoriya konstruktskii samoletov v SSSR do 1938 g. (3 izd.) (in Russian). Mashinostroenie. ISBN 5-217-03112-3.
• "The "Maxim Gorky"". Flight: 812. 9 August 1934. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.

External links

• "N.P. Blagin (1899-1935)". testpilot.ru (in Russian). 20 April 2010.
• Palmer, Scott W. (January 4, 2007). "The ANT-20 "Maxim Gorky" in Flight". Dictatorship of the Air. Archived from the original on November 7, 2007. (formerly linked video clip is no longer accessible)
• "Катастрофа "Максима Горького"" [The crash of "Maxim Gorky"]. Airports.chat.ru (in Russian). 1999.
• The short film War Dept. Military Intelligence Film "Russian Air Show" is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.

55°48′18″N 37°30′55″E / 55.8051°N 37.5153°E / 55.8051; 37.5153

• Tupolev aircraft
• Eight-engined push-pull aircraft
• 1930s Soviet airliners
• 1930s Soviet special-purpose aircraft
• Aviation accidents and incidents in the Soviet Union
• Aviation accidents and incidents in 1935
• Aviation accidents and incidents in 1942
• Aircraft first flown in 1934