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Tsung-Dao Lee
李政道
Lee in 1956
Born	(1926-11-24)November 24, 1926 Shanghai, China
Died	August 4, 2024(2024-08-04) (aged 97) San Francisco, California, U.S.
Alma mater	National Che Kiang University National Southwestern Associated University University of Chicago
Known for	Lee–Yang theory Lee–Yang theorem Kinoshita–Lee–Nauenberg theorem G-parity Non-topological solitons Parity violation
Awards	Nobel Prize in Physics (1957) Albert Einstein Award (1957) Guggenheim Fellowship (1966) Oskar Klein Memorial Lecture (1993) Matteucci Medal (1995)
Scientific career
Fields	Physics
Institutions	Columbia University Institute for Advanced Study University of California, Berkeley
Thesis	Hydrogen Content and Energy-productive Mechanism of White Dwarfs (1950)
Doctoral advisor	Enrico Fermi
Doctoral students	Richard M. Friedberg Norman Christ Gerald Feinberg
Chinese name
Chinese	李政道
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lǐ Zhèngdào Wade–Giles Li3 Cheng4-tao4 IPA Wu Romanization Lî Tsěn-dâu
Signature

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Tsung-Dao Lee (Chinese: 李政道; pinyin: Lǐ Zhèngdào; November 24, 1926 – August 4, 2024) was a Chinese-American physicist, known for his work on parity violation, the Lee–Yang theorem, particle physics, relativistic heavy ion (RHIC) physics, nontopological solitons, and soliton stars. He was a university professor emeritus at Columbia University in New York City, where he taught from 1953 until his retirement in 2012.

In 1957, at the age of 30, Lee won the Nobel Prize in Physics with Chen Ning Yang for their work on the violation of the parity law in weak interactions, which Chien-Shiung Wu experimentally proved from 1956 to 1957, with her well known Wu experiment.

Lee remains the youngest Nobel laureate in the science fields after World War II. He is the third-youngest Nobel laureate in sciences in history after William L. Bragg (who won the prize at 25 with his father William H. Bragg in 1915) and Werner Heisenberg (who won in 1932 also at 30). Lee and Yang were the first Chinese laureates. Since he became a naturalized American citizen in 1962, Lee is also the youngest American ever to have won a Nobel Prize.

Biography

Family

Lee was born in Shanghai, China, with his ancestral home in nearby Suzhou. His father Chun-kang Lee (李駿康; Lǐ Jùn-kāng), one of the first graduates of the University of Nanking, was a chemical industrialist and merchant who was involved in China's early development of modern synthesized fertilizer. Lee's grandfather Chong-tan Lee (李仲覃; Lǐ Zhòng-tán) was the first Chinese Methodist Episcopal senior pastor of St. John's Church in Suzhou (蘇州聖約翰堂).

Lee has four brothers and one sister. Educator Robert C. T. Lee was one of T. D.'s brothers. Lee's mother Chang and brother Robert C. T. moved to Taiwan in the 1950s.

Early life

Lee received his secondary education in Shanghai (High School Affiliated to Soochow University, 東吳大學附屬中學) and Jiangxi (Jiangxi Joint High School, 江西聯合中學). Due to the Second Sino-Japanese war, Lee's high school education was interrupted, thus he did not obtain his secondary diploma. Nevertheless, in 1943, Lee directly applied to and was admitted by the National Chekiang University (now Zhejiang University). Initially, Lee registered as a student in the Department of Chemical Engineering. Very quickly, Lee's talent was discovered and his interest in physics grew rapidly. Several physics professors, including Shu Xingbei and Wang Ganchang, largely guided Lee, and he soon transferred into the Department of Physics of National Che Kiang University, where he studied in 1943–1944.

However, again disrupted by a further Japanese invasion, Lee continued at the National Southwestern Associated University in Kunming the next year in 1945, where he studied with Professor Wu Ta-You.

Life and research in the U.S.

Professor Wu nominated Lee for a Chinese government fellowship for graduate study in the United States. In 1946, Lee went to the University of Chicago and was selected by Professor Enrico Fermi to become his PhD student. Lee received his PhD under Fermi in 1950 for his research work Hydrogen Content of White Dwarf Stars. Lee served as research associate and lecturer in physics at the University of California at Berkeley from 1950 to 1951.

In 1953, Lee joined Columbia University, where he remained until retirement. His first work at Columbia was on a solvable model of quantum field theory better known as the Lee model. Soon, his focus turned to particle physics and the developing puzzle of K meson decays. Lee realized in early 1956 that the key to the puzzle was parity non-conservation. At Lee's suggestion, the first experimental test was on hyperon decay by the Steinberger group. At that time, the experimental result gave only an indication of a 2 standard deviation effect of possible parity violation. Encouraged by this feasibility study, Lee made a systematic study of possible Time reversal (T), Parity (P), Charge Conjugation (C), and CP violations in weak interactions with collaborators, including C. N. Yang. After the definitive experimental confirmation by Chien-Shiung Wu and her assistants that showed that parity was not conserved, Lee and Yang were awarded the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physics. Wu was not awarded the Nobel prize, which is considered one of the largest controversies in Nobel committee history.

In the early 1960s, Lee and collaborators initiated the important field of high-energy neutrino physics. In 1964, Lee, with M. Nauenberg, analyzed the divergences connected with particles of zero rest mass, and described a general method known as the KLN theorem for dealing with these divergences, which still plays an important role in contemporary work in QCD, with its massless, self-interacting gluons. In 1974–75, Lee published several papers on "A New Form of Matter in High Density", which led to the modern field of RHIC physics, now dominating the entire high-energy nuclear physics field.

Besides particle physics, Lee was active in statistical mechanics, astrophysics, hydrodynamics, many body system, solid state, and lattice QCD. In 1983, Lee wrote a paper entitled, "Can Time Be a Discrete Dynamical Variable?"; which led to a series of publications by Lee and collaborators on the formulation of fundamental physics in terms of difference equations, but with exact invariance under continuous groups of translational and rotational transformations. Beginning in 1975, Lee and collaborators established the field of non-topological solitons, which led to his work on soliton stars and black holes throughout the 1980s and 1990s.

From 1997 to 2003, Lee was director of the RIKEN-BNL Research Center (now director emeritus), which together with other researchers from Columbia, completed a 1 teraflops supercomputer QCDSP for lattice QCD in 1998 and a 10 teraflops QCDOC machine in 2001. Most recently, Lee and Richard M. Friedberg developed a new method to solve the Schrödinger equation, leading to convergent iterative solutions for the long-standing quantum degenerate double-wall potential and other instanton problems. They also did work on the neutrino mapping matrix.

Lee was one of the 20 American recipients of the Nobel Prize in Physics to sign a letter addressed to President George W. Bush in May 2008, urging him to "reverse the damage done to basic science research in the Fiscal Year 2008 Omnibus Appropriations Bill" by requesting additional emergency funding for the Department of Energy's Office of Science, the National Science Foundation, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Educational activities

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Soon after the re-establishment of China-American relations with the PRC, Lee and his wife, Jeannette Hui-Chun Chin (秦惠䇹; Qín Huìjūn), were able to go to the PRC, where Lee gave a series of lectures and seminars, and organized the CUSPEA (China-U.S. Physics Examination and Application).

In 1998, Lee established the Chun-Tsung Endowment (秦惠䇹—李政道中国大学生见习基金) in memory of his wife, who had died three years earlier. The Chun-Tsung scholarships, supervised by the United Board for Christian Higher Education in Asia (New York), are awarded to undergraduates, usually in their 2nd or 3rd year, at six universities, which are Shanghai Jiaotong University, Fudan University, Lanzhou University, Soochow University, Peking University, and Tsinghua University. Students selected for such scholarships are named "Chun-Tsung Scholars" (䇹政学者).

Personal life and death

Lee and Jeannette Hui-Chun Chin married in 1950 and had two sons: James Lee (Chinese: 李中清; pinyin: Lǐ Zhōngqīng) and Stephen Lee (Chinese: 李中汉; pinyin: Lǐ Zhōnghàn). His wife died in 1996.

Tsung-Dao Lee died in San Francisco on August 4, 2024, at the age of 97.

Honours and awards

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Awards

• Nobel Prize in Physics (1957)
• G. Bude Medal, Collège de France (1969, 1977)
• Galileo Galilei Medal (1979)
• Order of Merit, Grande Ufficiale, Italy (1986)
• Oskar Klein Memorial Lecture and Medal (1993)
• Science for Peace Prize (1994)
• China National-International Cooperation Award (1995)
• Matteucci Medal (1995)
• Naming of Small Planet 3443 as the 3443 Leetsungdao (1997)
• New York City Science Award (1997)
• Pope Joannes Paulus Medal (1999)
• Ministero dell'Interno Medal of the Government of Italy (1999)
• New York Academy of Science Award (2000)
• The Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star, Japan (2007)
• Marcel Grossmann Awards (2015), "for his work on white dwarfs motivating Enrico Fermi’s return to astrophysics and guiding the basic understanding of neutron star matter and fields"

Memberships

• National Academy of Sciences
• American Academy of Arts and Sciences
• American Philosophical Society
• Academia Sinica
• Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei
• Chinese Academy of Sciences
• Third World Academy of Sciences
• Pontifical Academy of Sciences

Selected publications

Technical reports

• "Conservation Laws in Weak Interactions," Columbia University, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission, March 1957).
• "Weak Interactions," Columbia University, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission, June 1957).
• (with C.N. Yang) "Elementary Particles and Weak Interactions," Brookhaven National Laboratory, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission, October 1957).
• "History of Weak Interactions," Columbia University, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), July 1970).
• "High Energy Electromagnetic and Weak Interaction Processes," Brookhaven National Laboratory, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission, January 11, 1972).

Books

• Lee, T.D. (1981). Particle Physics and Introduction to Field Theory. Newark: Harwood Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-3-7186-0032-8.
• Lee, T.D.; Feinberg, G. (1986). Selected Papers, Vols 13. Boston; Basel; Stuttgart: Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-0-8176-3344-8.
• Lee, T.D. (1988). Ed. R. Novick: Thirty Year's Since Parity Nonconservation. Boston; Basel; Stuttgart: Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-0-8176-3375-2.
• Lee, T.D. (1988). Symmetries, Asymmetries, and the World of Particles. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-96519-2.
• Lee, T.D.; Ren, H. C.; Pang, Y. (1998). Selected Papers, 1985-1996. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach. ISBN 978-90-5699-609-3.
• Lee, T.D. (2000). Science and Art. Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publisher. ISBN 978-7-5323-5609-6.
• Lee, T.D. (2002). The Challenge from Physics. Beijing: China Economics Publisher. ISBN 978-7-5017-5622-3.
• Lee, T.D.; Cheng, Ji; Huaizu, Liu; Li, Teng (2004). Response to the Dispute of Discovery of Parity Violation (in Chinese). Lanzhou, Gansu: Gansu Science and Technology Publishing House. ISBN 978-7-5424-0929-4.

See also

• Zhejiang Institute of Modern Physics
• Chinese people in New York City

References

1. Home | Columbia News Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
2. "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1957". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved November 1, 2014.
3. "Suzhou St. John Church". Archived from the original on July 13, 2015.
4. ^ McClain, Dylan Loeb (August 5, 2024). "Tsung-Dao Lee, 97, Physicist Who Challenged a Law of Nature, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved August 6, 2024.
5. "Lee, Robert Chung-tao (C.T.)". The Eagle. May 25, 2016. Archived from the original on August 20, 2016.
6. "HowStuffWorks "Lee, Tsung Dao"". July 2010. Archived from the original on September 30, 2012. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
7. Siegel, Ethan (October 7, 2019). "This One Award Was The Biggest Injustice In Nobel Prize History". Forbes.
8. "A Letter from America's Physics Nobel Laureates" (PDF).
9. "物理学家李政道逝世，享年98岁". The Paper. August 5, 2024. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
10. "Nobel Prize-winning physicist Tsung-Dao Lee dies at age 97". ABC News.
11. MG14, Marcel Grossmann Awards, Rome 2015 ICRANet and ICRA. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
12. Aitchison, Ian (November 19, 1981). "Review of Particle Physics and Introduction to Field Theory by T. D. Lee". New Scientist: 540–541.
13. Higgs, Peter (June 30, 1988). "Review of Symmetries, Asymmetries, and the World of Physics by T. D. Lee". New Scientist: 73.

External links

• T.D. Lee's English homepage Archived October 15, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
• T.D. Lee Digital Resource Center
• T.D. Lee's Home Page at Columbia University
• Tsung-Dao Lee on Nobelprize.org including his Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1957 Weak Interactions and Nonconservation of Parity
• Brookhaven National Laboratory: Tsung-Dao Lee Appointed as Member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
• Celebration of T.D. Lee's 80th Birthday and the 50th Anniversary of the Discovery of Parity Non-conservation

Related archival collections

• Haskell A. Reich collection of student notes, circa 1945-1954, Niels Bohr Library & Archives (includes lecture notes from Tsung-Dao Lee's courses at Columbia University)

v t e Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physics
1901–1925	1901: Röntgen 1902: Lorentz / Zeeman 1903: Becquerel / P. Curie / M. Curie 1904: Rayleigh 1905: Lenard 1906: J. J. Thomson 1907: Michelson 1908: Lippmann 1909: Marconi / Braun 1910: Van der Waals 1911: Wien 1912: Dalén 1913: Kamerlingh Onnes 1914: Laue 1915: W. L. Bragg / W. H. Bragg 1916 1917: Barkla 1918: Planck 1919: Stark 1920: Guillaume 1921: Einstein 1922: N. Bohr 1923: Millikan 1924: M. Siegbahn 1925: Franck / Hertz
1926–1950	1926: Perrin 1927: Compton / C. Wilson 1928: O. Richardson 1929: De Broglie 1930: Raman 1931 1932: Heisenberg 1933: Schrödinger / Dirac 1934 1935: Chadwick 1936: Hess / C. D. Anderson 1937: Davisson / G. P. Thomson 1938: Fermi 1939: Lawrence 1940 1941 1942 1943: Stern 1944: Rabi 1945: Pauli 1946: Bridgman 1947: Appleton 1948: Blackett 1949: Yukawa 1950: Powell
1951–1975	1951: Cockcroft / Walton 1952: Bloch / Purcell 1953: Zernike 1954: Born / Bothe 1955: Lamb / Kusch 1956: Shockley / Bardeen / Brattain 1957: C. N. Yang / T. D. Lee 1958: Cherenkov / Frank / Tamm 1959: Segrè / Chamberlain 1960: Glaser 1961: Hofstadter / Mössbauer 1962: Landau 1963: Wigner / Goeppert Mayer / Jensen 1964: Townes / Basov / Prokhorov 1965: Tomonaga / Schwinger / Feynman 1966: Kastler 1967: Bethe 1968: Alvarez 1969: Gell-Mann 1970: Alfvén / Néel 1971: Gabor 1972: Bardeen / Cooper / Schrieffer 1973: Esaki / Giaever / Josephson 1974: Ryle / Hewish 1975: A. Bohr / Mottelson / Rainwater
1976–2000	1976: Richter / Ting 1977: P. W. Anderson / Mott / Van Vleck 1978: Kapitsa / Penzias / R. Wilson 1979: Glashow / Salam / Weinberg 1980: Cronin / Fitch 1981: Bloembergen / Schawlow / K. Siegbahn 1982: K. Wilson 1983: Chandrasekhar / Fowler 1984: Rubbia / Van der Meer 1985: von Klitzing 1986: Ruska / Binnig / Rohrer 1987: Bednorz / Müller 1988: Lederman / Schwartz / Steinberger 1989: Ramsey / Dehmelt / Paul 1990: Friedman / Kendall / R. Taylor 1991: de Gennes 1992: Charpak 1993: Hulse / J. Taylor 1994: Brockhouse / Shull 1995: Perl / Reines 1996: D. Lee / Osheroff / R. Richardson 1997: Chu / Cohen-Tannoudji / Phillips 1998: Laughlin / Störmer / Tsui 1999: 't Hooft / Veltman 2000: Alferov / Kroemer / Kilby
2001– present	2001: Cornell / Ketterle / Wieman 2002: Davis / Koshiba / Giacconi 2003: Abrikosov / Ginzburg / Leggett 2004: Gross / Politzer / Wilczek 2005: Glauber / Hall / Hänsch 2006: Mather / Smoot 2007: Fert / Grünberg 2008: Nambu / Kobayashi / Maskawa 2009: Kao / Boyle / Smith 2010: Geim / Novoselov 2011: Perlmutter / Schmidt / Riess 2012: Wineland / Haroche 2013: Englert / Higgs 2014: Akasaki / Amano / Nakamura 2015: Kajita / McDonald 2016: Thouless / Haldane / Kosterlitz 2017: Weiss / Barish / Thorne 2018: Ashkin / Mourou / Strickland 2019: Peebles / Mayor / Queloz 2020: Penrose / Genzel / Ghez 2021: Parisi / Hasselmann / Manabe 2022: Aspect / Clauser / Zeilinger 2023: Agostini / Krausz / L'Huillier 2024: Hopfield / Hinton

v t e Han Chinese Nobel laureates
Chemistry	Yuan T. Lee (1986) Roger Y. Tsien (2008)
Physics	Chen-Ning Yang (1957) Tsung-Dao Lee (1957) Samuel C. C. Ting (1976) Steven Chu (1997) Daniel C. Tsui (1998) Charles K. Kao (2009)
Peace	Liu Xiaobo (2010)
Literature	Gao Xingjian (2000) Mo Yan (2012)
Physiology or Medicine	Tu Youyou (2015)

• Tsung-Dao Lee
• 1926 births
• 2024 deaths
• American Nobel laureates
• 21st-century American physicists
• Brookhaven National Laboratory Nobel laureates
• Brookhaven National Laboratory staff
• Chinese emigrants to the United States
• Columbia University faculty
• Institute for Advanced Study faculty
• Members of Academia Sinica
• Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
• Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
• Foreign members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
• Nankai University alumni
• Nobel laureates in Physics
• Nobel laureates from the Republic of China
• Particle physicists
• Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd class
• Scientists from Shanghai
• Scientists from Suzhou
• Chinese Nobel laureates
• Theoretical physicists
• University of Chicago alumni
• Zhejiang University alumni
• Academic staff of Zhejiang University
• National Southwestern Associated University alumni
• Naturalized citizens of the United States
• American scientists of Asian descent
• Fellows of the American Physical Society
• Recipients of the Matteucci Medal