Misplaced Pages

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Ski warfare" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2006) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Part of a series on
War (outline)
History Prehistoric Ancient Post-classical castles Early modern military revolution pike and shot napoleonic warfare Late modern industrial warfare fourth-gen warfare
Military Organization Command and control Defense ministry Army Navy Air force Marines Coast guard Space force Reserves Ranks Specialties: Staff Engineers Intel Recon Medical Police Diving Pilot Land units: Infantry Armor Cavalry Artillery Special forces Signal corps Naval units: Warships Submarines Aircraft carriers Landing craft Auxiliary ships Air units: Fighters Bombers Command Close air support Electronic-warfare Reconnaissance Combat systems: Fire-control system Fire-control radar Director (military) Combat information center Sonar Radar Historical: Ship gun fire-control Gun data computer Torpedo data computer Development: Basic training Military manoeuvrers Combat training
Battlespace Aerospace Aerial Airborne Space Land Cold-region Desert Fortification Jungle Mountain Urban Subterranean Tunnel Sea Amphibious Blue Brown Green Surface Underwater Seabed Cyber Information
Weapons Air defence Armor Artillery Barrage Biological Camouflage Cavalry Horses Air cavalry Chemical Combined arms Conventional Cyber Denial Disinformation Drone / Robot Electromagnetic Infantry Loitering Missile Music Nuclear Psychological Radiological Submarine Unconventional
TacticsList of military tactics Aerial Airlift Air assault Airbridge Airdrop Anti-aircraft Anti-sub Anti-tank Battle Cavalry Charge Counterattack Counterinsurgency Convoy Defeat in detail Foxhole Drone Envelopment Formation Guerrilla Naval Rapid dominance Encirclement Investment Siege Swarm Screen Tactical objective Target saturation Trench Withdrawal
Operational Military operation Special Operations research Blitzkrieg Expeditionary Deep operation Maneuver Operational manoeuvre group Raid Covert Stay-behind
StrategyList of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Anti-access Attrition Commerce raiding Counter-offensive Culminating Defence in depth Fabian Empty fort Mosaic Deception Defensive Depth Goal Nuclear Naval Offensive Scorched earth
Grand strategy Asymmetric Blockade Broken-backed Class Cold war Colonial Conquest Containment Divide and conquer Economic Endemic Fleet in being Irregular Liberation Limited Network-centric New generation Perpetual Political Princely Proxy Religious Resource Strategic Succession Technology Theater Total war World war
Administrative Branch Policy Staff Training Service Sociology
Organization Area of responsibility Chain of command Command and control Doctrine Order of battle Principles of war Economy of force Medicine Engineers Intelligence Ranks Technology and equipment
Personnel Recruitment Conscription Mobilization Training Specialism Soldier Morale Volunteer Women Children Transgender Harassment Conscientious objector Counter-recruitment
Logistics History War economy Arms industry Materiel Supply-chain management Military–industrial complex Base MOB FOB Outpost
Science Power projection Loss-of-strength gradient Lanchester's laws Force multiplication
Law Occupation Armistice Ceasefire Court-martial Desertion Geneva Conventions Geneva Protocol Islamic rules Justice Lawful / Unlawful combatant Perfidy Jewish laws on war Rules of engagement Martial law War crime
Theory Air supremacy Appeasement Command of the sea Deterrence theory Full-spectrum dominance Overmatch Unrestricted Warfare Just war theory Principles of war Philosophy of war Security dilemma Tripwire force Wargaming Simulation Exercises
Non-warfare Arms control Counter-insurgency deterrence Disaster response Grey-zone Gunboat diplomacy Humanitarian aid Law enforcement Low-intensity conflict Military engineering Peacekeeping Peacebuilding Peace through strength Show of force
Culture Awards and decorations Battle cry Warrior War film Military science fiction War novel Anti-war movement Foot drill War song Uniform Wargame
Related Women in war War resister War studies Horses in warfare Wartime sexual violence Fifth column Mercenary Privateer Private military company
Lists Battles Military occupations Military terms Operations Sieges War crimes Wars Weapons Writers
v t e

Ski warfare is the use of ski-equipped troops in war.

History

Early

Ski warfare is first recorded by the Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus in the 13th century. During the Battle of Oslo in 1161, Norwegian troops used skis for reconnoitering. They were also used in 1452 in Sweden, and in the 15th to 17th centuries by various other Scandinavian countries. Norwegian Captain Jens Emahusen wrote a military ski manual Skiloperegglement in 1733. In 1767, military ski competitions began. They evolved into the biathlon.

Napoleonic Wars

Denmark–Norway (though only Norwegian) ski troops were used against Sweden during the Gunboat War in the Napoleonic Wars.

World War I

Just prior and during World War I many combatants deployed ski troops as part of mountain infantry divisions. France created the Briançon military ski school in 1904. The Italian Army raised 88 Alpini Battalions. Their purpose was to fight summer and winter in the highest regions of the Alpine Arch. Most of the battalions were dissolved after World War I. Only nine Alpini regiments remain in service today, and only four still train every soldier in ski warfare: the 4th Alpini Parachutist Regiment, 5th Alpini Regiment, 6th Alpini Regiment and 7th Alpini Regiment. France's Chasseurs Alpins, created in 1888, consisted of 12 battalions. Currently three remain. Romanian Mountain Corps consisted of three battalions. The Austro-Hungarian Army had the Kaiserjäger. German Alpenkorps was founded in 1915 with two brigades.

World War II

Ski troops played a key role in the successes of the Finnish war effort against the Soviet Union during the Winter War in 1939. Forested, rural terrain with no roads was used by Finnish ski troops with great success against the advancing mechanized Soviet troops. In the Battle of Suomussalmi, two Soviet mechanized divisions (45,000 men) were annihilated by three Finnish regiments (11,000 men).

Italian ski troops included the Arditi Alpieri formation, the Monte Bianco formation, the Monte Cervino battalion, and the Monte Rosa battalion. They were deployed in France, the Balkans, and the Soviet Union.

The Soviet Union deployed 11 ski battalions, among other troops, in November 1941 to reinforce their defenses in the Battle of Moscow.

The most common transportation for Norwegian soldiers during the Norwegian Campaign in 1940 was skis and sleds, and in Operation Gunnerside, paradropped Norwegian commandos covered a large distance using skis in order to reach and sabotage the heavy water plant Vemork at Rjukan in Telemark, Norway, which was being used by the Germans as part of their nuclear research programme.

Ski warfare even extended to the Middle East where the Australian Ski Corps were deployed against Vichy French forces in the mountains of Lebanon.

The United States Army 10th Mountain Division was established and trained for ski combat. They were deployed in Italy.

Contemporary usage

Swedish, Finnish and Norwegian defense forces use skis in cross country skiing but also by pulling squads of soldiers with tracked transport vehicles or snow mobiles. One or two ropes hang from the end of a tracked vehicle such as the famous Swedish Hägglunds Bandvagn 206 or the Finnish Sisu Nasu and troops hang onto the ropes with their hands and ski-poles.

Many nations train troops in skiing and winter warfare, including:

• Austrian Army — Certain soldiers are trained in ski combat.
• Canadian Army — Certain troops, such as Voltigeurs de Québec, are trained in winter warfare operation and skiing. Multiple units like the Voltigeurs form the Arctic Response Company Group.
• Danish Navy — Slædepatruljen Sirius (Sirius Arctic Patrol) patrols Northern and Eastern Greenland.
• Estonian Army — Conscripts routinely receive training in skiing and other winter warfare skills.
• Finnish Army — All soldiers are trained in ski combat, and skiing is a part of standard required training for conscripts.
• French Army — 27th Chasseurs Alpins Brigade
• German Bundeswehr — Gebirgsjäger
• Hellenic Army — Greek Special Forces Command has a mountain ski warfare training center (ΚΕΟΑΧ) on Mount Olympus for Marines and Commandos.
• Italian Army has the Alpini Corp with 16 Regiments.
• Israel Defense Forces Has a Special Alpinist Unit.
• Lebanese Armed Forces — Mountain Combat Company part of the Lebanese Commando Regiment
• Netherlands — Royal Netherlands Marine Corps, Korps Commandotroepen and the 11 Luchtmobiele Brigade - annual exercises taking place in the interior of Northern Norway
• Norwegian Army — All soldiers are trained in ski combat.
• Polish Army — 21st Podhale Rifles Brigade and elements of the 6th Paratroopers Brigade.
• Romanian Land Forces — Vânători de Munte (Mountain Hunters), all soldiers are trained in ski combat.
• Russian Navy — 80th Separate Arctic Motor Rifle Brigade is a specialized arctic warfare shore unit of the Northern Fleet, based in Alakurtti, Murmansk Oblast, is but one of the many similar units, where the ski combat is a part of the training.
• Spain — "Brigada de Cazadores de Montaña Aragón I" (Mountain Light Infantry Brigade Aragón I), in Jaca (Huesca) with a specialized section "Compañía de Esquiadores-Escaladores" (Skiing-Climbing Company), in Jaca (Huesca).
• Slovenian Army — 132nd Mountain Battalion is trained in ski combat and mountain survival, Slovenian army is member of International Federation of Mountain Soldiers — IFMS. Slovenia is also a host nation for NATO's Multinational Centre of Excellence for Mountain Warfare.
• Sweden — Majority of soldiers are trained in ski combat
• Switzerland's — 3rd Mountain Army Corps (Corps d’armée de montagne 3)
• United Kingdom — Members of the Royal Marines UK Commando Force are trained in alpine and cold weather warfare at facilities in Norway.
• United States — The United States Marine Corps through the Marine Corps Mountain Warfare Training Center in northern California; the US Army in Alaska at the Northern Warfare Training Center and the Army Mountain Warfare School in Jericho, Vermont and the US Navy also in Alaska at Naval Special Warfare Cold Weather Detachment Kodiak.

Other information

The Norwegian military have held skiing competitions since the 1670s. The sport of biathlon was developed from military skiing competitions.

The United States ski patrol plays a vital role in the plot to the book A Separate Peace.

See also

• List of mountain warfare forces
• Skiing and skiing topics
• History of skiing
• Aerosledge
• Biathlon
• Cold-weather warfare
• Military patrol
• Battle of IJsselmeer

References

Bibliography

• Eimeleus, K. B. E. E., & Allen, E. J. B. (2019). Skis in the Art of War (Illustrated edition; W. D. Frank, Trans.). DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press.

Citations

1. The Danish History Book IX "Finns, who are wont to glide on slippery timbers (snowskates)"
2. Lund, Morten & Vaage, Jakob (1976) Norway Gets It Going Ski Vol 40 #6:62
3. "Skiing for transport, hunting, and war". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-02-22.
4. Meet the Chasseurs Alpins, NATO, 2022
5. "The Winter War 1939". HistoryLearningSite.co.uk. 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
6. Chew, Dr. Allen F. (1981) Fighting the Russians in Winter: Three Case Studies Combat Studies Institute pp 18-29
7. Chen, Peter. "Battle of Moscow". Lava Development, LLC. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
8. Australia's first ski troops by Col. R.W. Savage in Australian Ski Yearbook, 1942. Reprinted in: Bill Beatty. The white roof of Australia. Cassell, 1958. pp. 77-80.
9. "Les Voltigeurs de Québec". Government of Canada. Retrieved 2024-10-12.
10. Beaudoin, Édouard (2024-03-24). "Des skis fabriqués à Saint-Narcisse-de-Rimouski pour l'armée canadienne". Radio-Canada (in French). Retrieved 2024-10-12.
11. Del-Castillo, Javier González (2021). "Reviewed work: Skis in the Art of War, Eimeleus, K.B.E.E., William D. Frank, e. John B. Allen". Journal of Sport History. 48 (1): 79–80. doi:10.5406/jsporthistory.48.1.0079. JSTOR 10.5406/jsporthistory.48.1.0079. S2CID 254207511.

External links

• Finnish Tracked transport vehicle, SISU NA 110
• Greek Ski troops in the Second World War

• Military tactics
• Land warfare
• Types of skiing
• Mountain warfare
• History of skiing
• Cold-weather warfare