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Rada is the term for "parliament" or "assembly" or some other "council" in several Slavic languages. Normally it is translated as "council". Sometimes it corresponds to "parliament", or in Soviet Union contexts, to "soviet". It also carries a meaning of advice, as in the English word "counsel".
Etymology
Old High German rāt (from Proto-Germanic *rēdaz) passed (possibly through Polish) into the Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian languages. Although some researches like K. P. Stanley et al. argued that contrary to the above stated hypothesis that the Germanic languages borrowed the words for council and related terms from Slavic languages.
Alternately the source was the Gothic language radan - 𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌽 - to council, to deliberate, that passed to West Slavic in the Iron Age during the Wielbark and Chernyakhov cultures presence along Vistula river and in Western Ukraine, as the term "rada" may be present in such first millennium CE names as Slavic Radogoszcz, Radgoszcz, Radhošť, Radegost, Radagast, Ardagast - Radogost, and Gothic Radagaisus. The dispersal to East Slavic Languages, could have happened later, possibly through Polish.
Råd in Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish, Rat in German, neuvosto or raati in Finnish and nõukogu or raad in Estonia/Dutch mean "council" or "assembly", but also "advice", as it does in East Slavic (except Russian) and West Slavic, but not South Slavic, languages.
In Swedish the verb råda (to counsel) is based on the substantive råd. This is similar to Danish råd (noun) and råde (verb).
Examples
In Belarus
- Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic, provisional parliament of the Belarusian Democratic Republic (now in exile)
- Belarusian Central Rada, the government of Belarus from 1943–44, which was established as a puppet by Nazi Germany
In the Czech Republic
- Česká národní rada, parliament of the Czech Socialist Republic (1969–1990) and the Czech Republic (1990–1992)
In Poland
- Rada Główna Opiekuńcza (Central Welfare Council)
- Rada Jedności Narodowej (Council of National Unity)
- Rada Polityki Pieniężnej (Monetary Policy Council)
- Rada Trzech (Council of Three)
- Rada robotnicza (Workers' Council)
In Russia
- Kuban Rada, supreme council of the Kuban Cossack host (1917-1920)
In Slovakia
- Slovenská národná rada (1848–1849)
- Slovenská národná rada (1941)
- Slovenská národná rada (1918)
- Slovenská národná rada (1920)
- Slovenská národná rada (1932)
- Slovenská národná rada (1939–1940)
- Slovenská národná rada (1943–1960)
- Slovenská národná rada (1943–1992)
- Národná rada Slovenskej republiky, the parliament of the Slovak Republic (since 1992)
In Ukraine
- Cossack Rada
- Sich Rada, Council of Zaporizhian Sich
- Pereiaslavska rada, the Pereiaslav Agreement of 1654
- Chorna rada of 1663
- Tsentralna Rada ("Central Council"), parliament of the Ukrainian People's Republic
- Verkhovna Rada Ukrainskoi RSR, the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
- Verkhovna Rada ("Supreme Council"), the parliament of Ukraine
- Verkhovna Rada of Crimea
- Kyivska miska rada, Kyiv City Council
Historically, the Verkhovna Rada was also the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (Українська Радянська Соціалістична Республіка , Ukrayins'ka Radyans'ka Sotsialistychna Respublika ), which was itself part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Союз Радянських Соціалістичних Республік, ), the word rada replacing the Russian word soviet in both cases. See official names of the Soviet Union.
References
- K. P. Stanley (1985) Slavonic Loanwords in English, Celtic and Pre-Classical Greek.
- L.G. Novikova. "Kuban Rada". Great Russian Encyclopedia (in Russian). Большая российская энциклопедия. Retrieved 2024-07-10.