Michael the Brave - Misplaced Pages

16th-century ruler of Wallachia, Moldavia, and Transylvania "Mihai Viteazu" redirects here. For other uses, see Mihai Viteazu (disambiguation). For other uses, see Mihai Pătrașcu (disambiguation).

Michael the Brave Mihai Viteazul
Prince of Wallachia Imperial governor of Transylvania Prince of Moldavia
Portrait by Aegidius Sadeler II, 1601
Prince of Wallachia
Reign	September 1593 – August 1601
Predecessor	Alexandru cel Rău
Successor	Radu Mihnea
Prince of Transylvania (de facto)
Reign	October 1599 – September 1600
Predecessor	Andrew Báthory
Successor	Sigismund Báthory
Prince of Moldavia
Reign	May – September 1600
Predecessor	Ieremia Movilă
Successor	Ieremia Movilă

Born	Mihai Pătrașcu 15 January 1558 Târgul de Floci (near Giurgeni), Wallachia
Died	9 August 1601 (aged 42–43) Torda, Principality of Transylvania (now Turda, Romania)
Burial	12 August 1601 Alba Iulia or Bogata, Cluj County (body) Dealu Monastery, Dâmbovița County (head)
Spouse	Doamna Stanca
Issue	Nicolae Pătrașcu Domnița Florica
House	Drăculești
Father	Pătrașcu cel Bun
Mother	Teodora Cantacuzino
Religion	Orthodox Christian
Signature

Michael the Brave (Romanian: Mihai Viteazul [miˈhaj viˈte̯azul] or Mihai Bravu [ˈbravu]; 1558 – 9 August 1601), born as Mihai Pătrașcu, was the Prince of Wallachia (as Michael II, 1593–1601), Prince of Moldavia (1600) and de facto ruler of Transylvania (1599–1600). He is considered one of Romania's greatest national heroes. Since the 19th century, Michael the Brave has been regarded by Romanian nationalists as a symbol of Romanian unity, as his reign marked the first time all principalities inhabited by Romanians were under the same ruler.

His rule over Wallachia began in the autumn of 1593. Two years later, war with the Ottomans began, a conflict in which the Prince fought the Battle of Călugăreni, resulting in a victory against an army nearly three times the size of the army of Michael the Brave, considered one of the most important battles of his reign. Although the Wallachians emerged victorious from the battle, Michael was forced to retreat with his troops and wait for aid from his allies, Prince Sigismund Báthory of Transylvania and Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II. The war continued until a peace finally emerged in January 1597, but this lasted for only a year and a half. Peace was again reached in late 1599, when Michael was unable to continue the war due to lack of support from his allies. In 1599, Michael won the Battle of Șelimbăr against Andrew Báthory and soon entered Gyulafehérvár (today Alba Iulia, Romania), becoming the imperial governor (i.e. de facto ruler) of Transylvania, under Habsburg suzerainty. A few months later, Michael's troops invaded Moldavia and reached its capital, Iași. The Moldavian leader Ieremia Movilă fled to Poland and Michael was declared Prince of Moldavia. During this period, Michael the Brave changed his seal to represent his personal union of Wallachia, Moldavia, and Transylvania.

The interests of the three neighbouring great powers – the Habsburg monarchy, the Ottoman Empire, and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth – were damaged by Michael the Brave's achievements. Although he acknowledged the suzerainty of Rudolf II, Michael the Brave continued to negotiate his official position in Transylvania, pleading for direct rule instead of being imperial governor. Michael kept the control of all three provinces for less than a year before the Hungarian nobility of Transylvania rose against him in a series of revolts with the support of the Austrian army commanded by the Italian General Giorgio Basta, defeating Michael the Brave at the Battle of Mirăslău, forcing the prince to leave Transylvania and retreat to Wallachia with his remaining troops, while the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth entered Moldavia and defeated the forces loyal to Michael the Brave, restoring Ieremia Movilă on the throne. The Polish army led by Jan Zamoyski also advanced in eastern Wallachia and established Simion Movilă as ruler. Forces loyal to Michael remained only in Oltenia.

Map of Wallachia (yellow) over modern-day Romania (blue and yellow).

Michael the Brave then left for Prague, seeking audience with Emperor Rudolf II; however, the emperor refused to allow him audience. But General Giorgio Basta's governance of Transylvania faced significant opposition from the Hungarian nobility, leading to the reinstallation of Sigismund Báthory, who turned his back on Emperor Rudolf II and declared submission to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth after receiving substantial military support. This led to Emperor Rudolf II accepting Michael the Brave's audience and providing him with 100,000 florins to rebuild his army. Meanwhile, forces loyal to Michael in Wallachia led by his son, Nicolae Pătrașcu, drove Simion Movilă out of Moldavia and prepared to reenter Transylvania. Michael the Brave, allied with Giorgio Basta, defeated the Hungarian army at the Battle of Guruslău. A few days later Basta, who sought to control Transylvania himself, assassinated Michael by order of the Habsburg Emperor Rudolf II.

Early life

Michael was born in 1558. He claimed to have been the illegitimate son of Wallachian Prince Pătrașcu cel Bun (Pătrașcu the Good), of the Drăculești branch of the House of Basarab; some historians believe he merely invented his descent in order to justify his rule. His real father was most likely a Greek merchant. His mother was Theodora Kantakouzene [ro], a member of the Greek noble family Kantakouzenoi, present in Wallachia and Moldavia, and allegedly descended from the Byzantine Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos. She was born in the Greek region of Epirus and she may have been the sister of the famous Greek magnate Michael Kantakouzenos Şeytanoğlu, as well as the cousin of Iane Cantacuzino [ro]. Michael could probably speak Greek too, besides Romanian.

Michael's political rise was quite spectacular, as he became the Ban of Mehedinți in 1588, stolnic at the court of Mihnea Turcitul by the end of 1588, and Ban of Craiova in 1593 – during the rule of Alexandru cel Rău. The latter had him swear before 12 boyars that he was not of princely descent. Still, in May 1593 conflict did break out between Alexandru and Michael, who was forced to flee to Transylvania. He was accompanied by his half-brother Radu Florescu, Radu Buzescu and several other supporters. After spending two weeks at the court of Sigismund Báthory, he left for Constantinople, where with help from his cousin Andronikos Kantakouzenos (the eldest son of Michael "Şeytanoğlu" Kantakouzenos) and Patriarch Jeremiah II he negotiated Ottoman support for his accession to the Wallachian throne. He was supported by the English ambassador in the Ottoman capital, Edward Barton, and aided by a loan of 200,000 florins. Michael was invested Prince by Sultan Murad III in September 1593 and started his effective rule on 11 October.

Wallachia

Not long after Michael became Prince of Wallachia, he turned against the Ottoman Empire. The next year he joined the Christian alliance of European powers formed by Pope Clement VIII against the Turks, and signed treaties with his neighbours: Sigismund Báthory of Transylvania, Aaron the Tyrant of Moldavia and the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolf II (see Holy League of Pope Clement VIII). He started a campaign against the Turks in the autumn of 1594, conquering several citadels near the Danube, including Giurgiu, Brăila, Hârșova, and Silistra, while his Moldavian allies defeated the Turks in Iași and other parts of Moldavia. Mihai continued his attacks deep within the Ottoman Empire, taking the forts of Nicopolis, Ribnic, and Chilia and even reaching as far as Adrianople.

In 1595, Sigismund Báthory staged an elaborate plot and had Aaron the Tyrant, voivode of Moldavia, removed from power. István Jósika (Báthory's chancellor and an ethnic Romanian) masterminded the operation. Ștefan Răzvan arrested Aron on charges of treason on the night of 24 April (5 May) and sent him to the Transylvanian capital at Gyulafehérvár with his family and treasure. Aron would die poisoned by the end of May in the castle of Vinc. Sigismund was forced to justify his actions before the European powers, since Aron had played an active role in the anti-Ottoman coalition. Later on, in the same city of Gyulafehérvár, Wallachian boyars signed a treaty with Sigismund on Michael's behalf. From the point of view of Wallachian internal politics, the Treaty of Gyulafehérvár officialized what could be called a boyar regime, reinforcing the already important political power of the noble elite. According to the treaty, a council of 12 great boyars was to take part alongside the voivode in the executive rule of the country.

Boyars could no longer be executed without the knowledge and approval of the Transylvanian Prince and, if convicted for treason, their fortunes could no longer be confiscated. Apparently Michael was displeased with the final form of the treaty negotiated by his envoys, but was forced to comply. Prince Michael said in a conversation with the Polish envoy Lubieniecki: ... they did not proceed as stated in their instructions but as their own good required and obtained privileges for themselves. He would try to avoid the obligations imposed on him for the rest of his reign.

During his reign, Michael relied heavily on the loyalty and support of a group of Oltenian lords, the most important of whom were Buzescu Brothers (Romanian: Frații Buzești) and his own relatives on his mother's side, the Cantacuzinos. He consequently protected their interests throughout his reign; for example, he passed a law binding serfs to lands owned by aristocrats. From the standpoint of religious jurisdiction, the Treaty of Gyulafehérvár had another important consequence: it placed all the Eastern Orthodox bishops in Transylvania under the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Seat of Târgoviște.

A contemporary illustration of Michael the Brave defeating the Turks at Târgovişte in October 1595

During this period, the Ottoman army, based in Ruse, was preparing to cross the Danube and undertake a major attack. Michael was quickly forced to retreat and the Ottoman forces started to cross the Danube on 4 August 1595. As his army was outnumbered, Michael avoided carrying the battle in open field, and decided to give battle on a marshy field located near the village of Călugăreni on the Neajlov river. The Battle of Călugăreni started on 13 August and Michael defeated the Ottoman army led by Sinan Pasha. Despite the victory, he retreated to his winter camp in Stoienești because he had too few troops to mount a full-scale war against the remaining Ottoman forces. He subsequently joined forces with Sigismund Báthory's 40,000-man army (led by Stephen Bocskai) and counterattacked the Ottomans, freeing the towns of Târgoviște (8 October), Bucharest (12 October) and Brăila, temporarily removing Wallachia from Ottoman suzerainty.

The fight against the Ottomans continued in 1596 when Michael made several incursions south of the Danube at Vidin, Pleven, Nicopolis, and Babadag, where he was assisted by the local Bulgarians during the First Tarnovo Uprising.

During late 1596, Michael was faced with an unexpected attack from the Tatars, who had destroyed the towns of Bucharest and Buzău. By the time Michael gathered his army to counterattack, the Tatars had speedily retreated and so no battle was fought. Michael was determined to continue the war against the Ottomans, but he was prevented because he lacked support from Sigismund Báthory and Rudolf II. On 7 January 1597 Hasan Pasha declared the independence of Wallachia under Michael's rule, but Michael knew that this was only an attempt to divert him from preparing for another future attack. Michael again requested Rudolf II's support and Rudolf finally agreed to send financial assistance to the Wallachian ruler. On 9 June 1598 a formal treaty was reached between Michael and Rudolf II. According to the treaty, the Austrian ruler would give Wallachia sufficient money to maintain a 5,000-man army, as well as armaments and supplies. Shortly after the treaty was signed, the war with the Ottomans resumed and Michael besieged Nicopolis on 10 September 1598 and took control of Vidin. The war with the Ottomans continued until 26 June 1599, when Michael, lacking the resources and support to continue prosecuting the war, signed a peace treaty.

Transylvania

In April 1598, Sigismund resigned as Prince of Transylvania in favor of the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolf II (who was also the King of Hungary); reversed his decision in October 1598; and then resigned again in favor of Cardinal Andrew Báthory, his cousin. Báthory had strong ties to the Polish chancellor and hetman Jan Zamoyski and placed Transylvania under the influence of the King of Poland, Sigismund III Vasa. He was also a trusted ally of the new Moldavian Prince Ieremia Movilă, one of Michael's greatest enemies. Movilă had deposed Ștefan Răzvan with the help of Polish hetman Jan Zamoyski in August 1595.

Having to face this new threat, Michael asked Emperor Rudolf to become the sovereign of Wallachia. On 25 September (5 October) Báthory issued an ultimatum demanding that Michael abandon his throne. Michael decided to attack Andrew Cardinal Báthory immediately to prevent invasion. He would later describe the events:

I rose with my country, my children, taking my wife and everything I had and with my army so that the foe should not crush me here.

He left Târgoviște on 2 October, and 9 by October he had reached Prejmer in southern Transylvania, where he met envoys from the city of Brassó (today Brașov, Romania). Sparing the city, he moved on to Kerc (today Cârța, Romania), where he joined forces with the Székelys.

On 18 October Michael won a decisive victory against the army of prince-cardinal Andrew Báthory at the Battle of Șelimbăr, giving him control of Transylvania. As he retreated from the battle, Andrew Báthory was killed by anti-Báthory Székely on 3 November near Csíkszentdomokos (today Sândominic, Romania) and Michael gave him a princely burial in the Roman Catholic Cathedral of Gyulafehérvár. With his enemy dead, Michael entered the Transylvanian capital at Gyulafehérvár and received the keys to the fortress from Bishop Demeter Naprágyi, later depicted as a seminal event in Romanian historiography. Historian István Szamosközy, keeper of the Archives at the time, recorded the event in great detail. He also wrote that two days before the Diet met on 10 October, Transylvanian nobles elected Michael the voivode as Prince of Transylvania. As the Diet was assembled, Michael demanded that the estates swear loyalty to Emperor Rudolf, then to himself and thirdly to his son. Even if he was recognized by the Transylvanian diet as only imperial governor subject to the Holy Roman Emperor, he was nonetheless ruler of Transylvania.

In Transylvania Michael used the following signature on official documents: Michael Valachiae Transalpinae Woivoda, Sacrae Caesareae Regiae Majestatis Consiliarius per Transylvaniam Locumtenens, cis transylvaniam partium eius super exercitu Generalis Capitaneus". ("Michael, voivode of Wallachia, the councillor of His Majesty the Emperor and the King, his deputy in Transylvania and General Captain of his troops from Transylvania.")

When Michael entered Transylvania, he did not immediately free or grant rights to the Romanian inhabitants, who were primarily peasants but, nevertheless, constituted a significant proportion of the population. Michael demonstrated his support by upholding the Union of the Three Nations, which recognized only the traditional rights and privileges of the Hungarians, Székelys and Saxons, but he did not recognize the rights of the Romanians. Indeed, while he brought some of his Wallachian aides to Transylvania, he also invited some Székelys and other Transylvanian Hungarians to assist in the administration of Wallachia, where he wished to transplant Transylvania's far more advanced feudal system.

Michael began negotiating with the Emperor over his official position in Transylvania. The latter wanted the principality under direct Imperial rule with Michael acting as governor. The Wallachian voivode, on the other hand, wanted the title of Prince of Transylvania for himself and equally claimed the Partium region. Michael was, nevertheless, willing to acknowledge Habsburg overlordship.

Moldavia

Last victory and assassination

Michael defeating the Hungarian nobility in Battle of Guruslău, 1601

The assassination of Michael the Brave at Câmpia Turzii, 1601

Michael asked again for assistance from Emperor Rudolf II during a visit in Prague between 23 February and 5 March 1601, which was granted when the emperor heard that General Giorgio Basta had lost control of Transylvania to the Hungarian nobility led by Sigismund Báthory, who accepted Ottoman protection. Meanwhile, forces loyal to Michael in Wallachia led by his son, Nicolae Pătrașcu, drove Simion Movilă out of Wallachia and prepared to reenter Transylvania. Michael, allied with Basta, defeated the Hungarian army in Battle of Guruslău. A few days later, Basta, who sought to control Transylvania himself, assassinated Michael by order of the Habsburg Emperor; the killing took place near Câmpia Turzii on 9 August 1601. According to Romanian historian Constantin C. Giurescu:

Never in Romanian history was a moment of such highness and glory so closely followed by bitter failure.

Legacy

The rule of Michael the Brave, with its break with Ottoman rule, tense relations with other European powers and the leadership of the three states, was considered in later periods as the precursor of a modern Romania, a thesis which was argued with noted intensity by Nicolae Bălcescu. This theory became a point of reference for nationalists, as well as a catalyst for various Romanian forces to achieve a single Romanian state. To Romanian Romantic nationalists, he was regarded as one of Romania's greatest national heroes. He is known in Romanian historiography as Mihai Viteazul or, less commonly, Mihai Bravu.

The prince began to be perceived as a unifier towards the middle of the 19th century. Such an interpretation is completely lacking in the historiography of the 17th-century chroniclers, and even in that of the Transylvanian School around 1800. What they emphasized, apart from the exceptional personality of Michael himself, were the idea of Christendom and his close relations with Emperor Rudolf. The conqueror's ambition is likewise frequently cited as a motivation for his action, occupying in the interpretative schema the place that was later to be occupied by the Romanian idea.

In the writings of the Moldavian chronicler Miron Costin, Michael the Brave appears in the role of conqueror of Transylvania and Moldavia, "the cause of much spilling of blood among Christians", and not even highly appreciated by his own Wallachians: "The Wallachians became tired of the warful rule of Voivode Mihai".

The perspective of the Wallachians themselves is to be found in The History of the Princes of Wallachia, attributed to the chronicler Radu Popescu (1655–1729), which bundles together all Michael's adversaries without distinction. Romanians and foreigners alike: "He subjected the Turks, the Moldavians, and the Hungarians to his rule, as if they were his asses." The picturesque flavor of the expression serves only to confirm the absence of any Romanian idea.

Samuil Micu, a member of the Transylvanian School wrote in his work Short Explanation of the History of the Romanians (written in the 1790s): "In the year 1593, Michael, who is called the Brave, succeeded to the lordship of Wallachia. He was a great warrior, who fought the Turks and defeated the Transylvanians. And he took Transylvania and gave it to Emperor Rudolf".

Petre P. Panaitescu states that in Mihai's time, the concept of the Romanian nation and the desire for unification did not yet exist. A. D. Xenopol firmly states the absence of any national element in Michael's politics, holding that Michael's lack of desire to join the principalities' administrations proved his actions were not motivated by any such concept.

Several Romanian settlements named after him, such as:

Mihai Viteazu, a commune in Cluj County
Mihai Bravu, Giurgiu, a commune in Giurgiu County
Mihai Bravu, Tulcea, a commune in Tulcea County
Mihai Viteazu, a village in the commune Vlad Țepeș, Călărași
Mihai Bravu, a village in the commune Victoria, Brăila
Mihai Bravu, a village in the commune Roșiori, Bihor

100 lei coin of Romania depicting Michael the Brave

Michael is also commemorated by the monks of the Athonite Simonopetra Monastery for his great contributions in the form of land and money to rebuilding the monastery that had been destroyed by a fire.

Mihai Viteazul, a film by Sergiu Nicolaescu, a well-known Romanian film director, is a representation of the life of the Wallachian ruler and his will to unite the three Romanian principalities (Wallachia, Moldavia, and Transylvania) as one domain.

The Order of Michael the Brave, Romania's highest military decoration, was named after Michael. Mihai Viteazul's name and portrait appear on at least two Romanian coins: 5 Lei 1991 (only 3 pieces of this type were minted and the coin was not entered into circulation), and on 100 Lei, which circulated through the 1990s.

At least four major high schools in Romania bear his name: the Mihai Viteazul National College (Bucharest) the Mihai Viteazul National College (Ploiești) [ro], the Mihai Viteazul National College (Slobozia) and Mihai Viteazul National College (Galați)

Seal

The seal comprises the coats of arms of Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania: in the middle, on a shield the Moldavian urus, above Wallachian eagle between sun and moon holding cross in beak, below Byzantine coat of arms, belonging to the Kantakouzenos – Asen branch of Asen dinasty: two meeting, standing lions supporting a sword, treading on seven mountains. The Moldavian shield is held by two crowned figures.

There are two inscriptions on the seal. First, circular, in Slavonic using Romanian Cyrillic alphabet "IO MIHAILI UGROVLAHISCOI VOEVOD ARDEALSCOI MOLD ZEMLI", meaning "Io Michael Wallachian Voivode of Transylvanian and Moldavian Lands". Second, placed along a circular arc separating the Wallachian coat from the rest of the heraldic composition, "I ML BJE MLRDIE", could be translated "Through The Very Grace of God".

Notes

~60% in 1600 according to George W. White and ~28.4% in 1595 according to Károly Kocsis & Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi

References

"Târgul de Floci, locul unde s-a născut Mihai Viteazul". Adevărul (in Romanian). 22 July 2011.
Kemp, Arthur (2008). Jihad: Islam's 1,300 Year War Against Western Civilisation. Ostara. ISBN 978-1-4092-0502-9.
^ "Michael Prince of Walachia". www.britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
Djuvara 2014, p. 193.
"Michael | Ruler, Conqueror, Reformer". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
Sainty, Guy Stair (2018). The Constantinian Order of Saint George: and the Angeli, Farnese and Bourbon families which governed it. Boletín Oficial del Estado. p. 564. ISBN 978-84-340-2506-6. Michael (Pătraşcu) the Brave
Giurescu, p. 180.; Iorga.
Djuvara 2014, p. 185.
Maxim, Mihai (2011), "New Turkish Documents Concerning Michael the Brave and His Time", L'empire ottoman au nord du Danube et l'autonomie des principautés roumaines au XVIe siècle. études et document. (in French and English), Gorgias Press, pp. 129–156, doi:10.31826/9781463233365-005, ISBN 978-1-4632-3336-5, retrieved 12 January 2024
Dinu, Tudor (2011). "Ο Ρουμάνος ηγεμόνας Μιχαήλ ο Γενναίος (1593–1601) και οι Έλληνες" [The Romanian noble Michael the Brave (1593–1601) and the Greeks]. Μνήμων. 29: 9. doi:10.12681/mnimon.4. ISSN 2241-7524.
Crăciun, Ioachim (1928). Cronicarul Szamosközy şi însemnările lui privitoare la români : 1566–1608 (in Romanian). Cluj: Universitatea Regele Ferdinand I. pp. 20–36.
Brown, Amelia Robertson; Neil, Bronwen (2017). Byzantine Culture in Translation. Brill. p. 231. ISBN 978-90-04-34907-0. Michael was the son of Pătrașcu cel Bun ('the Good'), voivode from 1553 to 1557, and that Michael's mother, Tudora, was a member of the powerful Kantakouzinos family. This would neatly explain the Kantakouzini's support for Michael.
Iorga, Nicolae (1988). Istoria românilor: Vitejii (in Romanian). Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică. p. 239. ISBN 978-973-45-0029-1.
^ Sofronie, Mădălin (30 June 2015). "Mama lui Mihai Viteazul, unul dintre cele mai controversate personaje din istorie. Povestea de viaţă nespusă a doamnei Tudora". Adevărul (in Romanian). Retrieved 4 November 2023.
Iorga, p. 32
According to the 18th-century chronicle of Radu Popescu.
^ "Rumania" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 832.
Giurescu, p. 182.
Giurescu, p. 183.
Martin Fumée, Historia von den Empörungen, so sich im Königreich Vngarn, auch in Siebenbürgen, Moldaw, in der Bergische Walachey vnd andern örthern zugetragen haben, 1596.
Marco Venier, correspondence with the Doge of Venice, 16 July 1595
C. Rezachevici – "Legenda și substratul ei istoric"
Diaconescu, Marius (2004) "Gândirea politică a lui Ștefan Jósika, cancelarul principelui Sigismund Báthory" https://www.semperfidelis.ro/e107_files/public/1263591828_2323_FT38854_stefan_josica.doc
^ Giurescu, p. 186.
Manea.
Panaitescu; Bolovan.
Giurescu, p. 189.
Giurescu, p. 190.
Giurescu, p. 191.
^ Giurescu, p. 193.
Giurescu, p. 192.
^ Giurescu, p. 194.
Helen Matau Powell. Matau Family History & Related Lineages: With a Brief History of Romania. University of Wisconsin – Madison, Gateway Press, 2002.
Giurescu, p. 195.
Giurescu, p. 196.
"History of Transylvania by Akadémiai Kiadó". Mek.oszk.hu. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
White, George W. (2000). Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0847698097.
Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 102 (Table 19)
Giurescu, pp. 196–197.
An example in this sense is Michael's demands addressed to Emperor Rudolf II, in July 1600. The document is very suggestively titled: "Demands of Michael Voivode, Prince of Transylvania, Moldova and Wallachia, to His Highness the Emperor of Rome. These are His Majesty's wishes". This Document entered Romanian historiography and under title: "Şi hotarul Ardealului (...) pohta ce-am pohtit (...) Moldova, Ţara Rumânească" "Testamentul politic al lui Mihai Viteazul". Dacoromania. nstitutul de Lingvistică şi Istorie Literară „Sextil Puşcariu" din Cluj-Napoca.
Szádeczki, Lajos (1893). Erdély és Mihály Vaida (PDF). pp. 347–352.
^ Giurescu, p. 198.
^ Giurescu, p. 199.
Giurescu, p. 201.
^ Giurescu, p. 200.
Giurescu, pp. 201–205.
Giurescu, pp. 211–213.
White, George W. (2000). Nationalism and territory: constructing group identity in Southeastern Europe. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-8476-9809-7.
Original text: "Să urîse muntenilor cu domniia lui Mihai-vodă, toții cu oști și războaie." (in Romanian)
Boia, Lucian (2001). History and myth in Romanian consciousness. Central European University Press. ISBN 978-9639116979.
Petre Panaitescu – Mihai Viteazul, București, 1936
Boia 1997, p. 133
Ordinul Mihai Viteazul, tracesofwar.com, Retrieved 10 April 2008
The 100 Lei of 1992 and 1993 are listed as KM # 111 Archived 28 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine of the Krause Mishler catalog
Homutescu.

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Rezachevici, Constantin (October 2000). "Legenda și substratul ei istoric. Mihail Viteazul Restituror Daciae?". Magazin Istoric (in Romanian). ISSN 0541-881X. OCLC 2263749. Archived from the original on 22 December 2007. Retrieved 3 March 2008.
Szádeczky Kardoss, Lajos: Erdély és Mihály vajda története. . Temesvár 1893. Második, bővitett kiadás. Erdély és Mihály vajda története, 1595–1601. oklevéltárral

External links

Regnal titles
Mihai I of WallachiaHouse of Basarab Drăculești branch Died: 1601 9 August
Preceded byAlexandru cel Rău	Prince of Wallachia 1593–1600	Succeeded bySimion Movilă
Preceded byIeremia Movilă	Prince of Moldavia 1600	Succeeded byIeremia Movilă
Notes and references
1. Regnal Chronologies

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