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Lviv Oblast Львівська область
Oblast
Lvivska oblast
FlagCoat of arms
Nickname: Львівщина (Lvivshchyna)
Country	Ukraine
Administrative center	Lviv
Government
• Governor	Maksym Kozytskyy
• Oblast council	84 seats
• Chairperson	Yurii Kholod (acting)
Area
• Total	21,833 km (8,430 sq mi)
• Rank	Ranked 17th
Elevation	296 m (971 ft)
Population
• Total	2,478,133
• Density	110/km (290/sq mi)
GDP
• Total	₴ 296 billion (€7.7 billion)
• Per capita	₴ 119,049 (€3,100)
Time zone	UTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code	79-82
Area code	+380-32
ISO 3166 code	UA-46
Raions	7
Hromadas	73
HDI (2022)	0.722 high
FIPS 10-4	UP15
Website	www.loda.gov.ua

Lviv Oblast (Ukrainian: Львівська область, romanized: Lvivska oblast, IPA: [ˈlʲwiu̯sʲkɐ ˈɔblɐsʲtʲ]), also referred to as Lvivshchyna (Ukrainian: Львівщина, IPA: [ˈlʲwiu̯ʃtʃɪnɐ]), is an oblast in western Ukraine. The capital of the oblast is the city of Lviv. The current population is 2,478,133 (2022 estimate).

History

Name

The region is named after the city of Lviv which was founded by Daniel of Galicia, the King of Galicia, in the 13th century, where it became the capital of Galicia-Volhynia. Daniel named the city after his son, Leo. During this time, the general region around Lviv was known as Galicia-Volhynia- one of the strongest and most stable kingdoms in Eastern Europe of that time.

Early history

The oblast strategic position at the heart of central Europe and as the gateway to the Carpathians has caused it to change hands many times over the centuries. In the Early Middle Ages, the territory was inhabited by the Lendians, an old Polish tribe. It was ruled variously by Great Moravia, Poland, Kievan Rus', the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (circa 1200 to 1340; from 1246 under the suzerainty of the Golden Horde), and then ruled by the Kingdom of Poland and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1340 to 1772). Apart from the Polish and Ruthenian population, there were sizeable Scottish and Armenian communities in Lviv and Brody during Polish rule. Following the First Partition of Poland it passed to the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1772 to 1918), then the West Ukrainian People's Republic and Poland (1919 to 1939), when it was part of the Lwów Voivodeship of the Second Republic of Poland. The region's historically dominant Ukrainian population declared the area to be a part of an independent West Ukrainian National Republic in November 1918 — June 1919, but this endured only briefly. Local autonomy was provided in international treaties but later on those were not honoured by the Polish government and the area experienced much ethnic tension between the Polish and Ukrainian population.

Establishment

The oblast was created as part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic on 4 December 1939 following the Soviet invasion of eastern Poland and annexation of Eastern Galicia and Volhynia. Several NKVD prisoner massacres were committed in the area in 1941, including at Lviv, Sambir and Dobromyl.

It was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1944 following the start of Operation Barbarossa, where most of the local Jewish population were killed. The Germans also established several prisoner-of-war camps with multuple forced labour subcamps in the region for Soviet, French and Belgian POWs, who were subjected to beatings, hunger, epidemics and executions, resulting in a high death rate. Following the end of World War II, the region remained in Soviet hands as was arranged in the Tehran and Yalta conferences. Most local Poles were expelled and Ukrainians expelled from Poland arrived.

As a result of the 1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange the area of Belz passed from Poland to the Lviv Oblast, whereas the area of Ustrzyki Dolne passed from the Drohobych Oblast to Poland. In 1959, Drohobych Oblast was incorporated into Lviv Oblast.

Present day

Given its historical development, Lviv Oblast is one of the least Russified and Sovietized parts of Ukraine, with much of its Polish and Habsburg heritage still visible today.

In Ukraine today, there are three provinces (oblasts) that formed the eastern part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. Two of these, Lviv Oblast and Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast were entirely contained in the kingdom; the third oblast of Ternopil was mainly in the kingdom apart from four of its most northerly counties (raions). The counties of the Kingdom of Galicia remained largely unchanged when they were incorporated into successor states; with minor changes as detailed below, the current counties are almost co-extensive with those of the Kingdom.

During the 2014 Euromaidan protests, the region is also notable for having declared independence from the central government led by Viktor Yanukovych who started to use active military force against protestors. During Ukraine's decommunization process that accelerated after 2014, Lviv Oblast became the first region of Ukraine to remove all its Soviet-era monuments by January 2024.

Geography

The terrain of Lviv Oblast is highly varied. The southern part is occupied by the low Beskids mountain chains running parallel to each other from northwest to southeast and covered with secondary coniferous forests as part of the Eastern Carpathians; the highest point is Pikui (1408 m). North from there are the wide upper Dniester river valley and much smaller upper San River valley. These rivers have flat bottoms covered with alluvial deposits, and are susceptible to floods. Between these valleys and Beskyd lies the Precarpathian upland covered with deciduous forests, with well-known mineral spa resorts (see Truskavets, Morshyn). It's also the area of one of the earliest industrial petroleum and gas extraction. These deposits are all but depleted by now.

In the central part of the region lie Roztochchia, Opillia, and part of the Podolia uplands. Rich sulphur deposits were mined here during the Soviet era. Roztocze is densely forested, while Opillia and Podolia (being covered with loess on which fertile soils develop) are densely populated and mostly covered by arable land. In the central-north part of the region lies the Small Polesia lowland, geographically isolated from the rest of Polesia but with similar terrain and landscapes (flat plains with sandy fluvioglacial deposits and pine forests). The far North of the region lies on the Volhynia upland, which is also covered with loess; coal is mined in this area.

• Roztochchia Biosphere Reserve
• Skole Beskids. View of the village Tukholka.
• Grassy flatlands with rolling hills in the Drohobych Raion
• Mount Parashka, the highest peak of the Parashka Range in the Skole Beskids
• Zashkiv village in the former Lviv Raion
• Ukrainian Carpathians within the Lviv Oblast
• Motorway in Stryi Raion

Climate

The climate of Lviv Oblast is moderately cool and humid. The average January temperatures range from −7 °C (19 °F) in the Carpathians to −3 °C (27 °F) in the Dniester and San River valleys while in July the average temperatures are from 14–15 °C (57–59 °F) in the Carpathians to 16–17 °C (61–63 °F) in Roztochchia and 19 °C (66 °F) in the lower part of the Dniester valley. The average annual precipitation is 600–650 mm (23.62–25.59 in) in the lowlands, 650–750 mm (25.59–29.53 in) in the highlands and up to 1,000 mm (39.37 in) in the Carpathians, with the majority of precipitation occurring in summer. Prolonged droughts are uncommon, while strong rainfalls can cause floods in river valleys. Severe winds during storms can also cause damage, especially in the highlands. The climate is favourable for the cultivation of sugar beets, winter wheat, flax, rye, cabbage, apples, and for dairy farming. It is still too cold to successfully cultivate maize, sunflower, grapes, melon, watermelon or peaches in Lviv Oblast. In the Carpathians conditions are favourable for Alpine skiing 3–4 months a year.

Politics

Governors

• Chairmen of the Executive Committee

• Representative of the President

• Heads of the Administration

Subdivisions

Until the big district reform on July 18, 2020, Lviv Oblast was administratively subdivided into 20 raions (districts), as well as 9 city (municipalities) which are directly subordinate to the oblast government: Boryslav, Chervonohrad, Drohobych, Morshyn, Novyi Rozdil, Sambir, Stryi, Truskavets, and the administrative center of the oblast, Lviv.

On 18 July 2020, the number of districts was reduced to seven. These are:

1. Drohobych Raion (Дрогобицький район), the center is in the town of Drohobych;
2. Lviv Raion (Львівський район), the center is in the city of Lviv;
3. Sambir Raion (Самбірський район), the center is in the town of Sambir;
4. Sheptytskyi Raion (Шептицький район), the center is in the town of Sheptytsky;
5. Stryi Raion (Стрийський район), the center is in the town of Stryi;
6. Yavoriv Raion (Яворівський район), the center is in the town of Yavoriv;
7. Zolochiv Raion (Золочівський район), the center is in the town of Zolochiv.

In addition, there are the city raions of the city of Lviv.

Demographics

• Male/female ratio: 48%/52%
• Nationalities (2001): 94.8% of the region's population are Ukrainians; 3.6% (or 92,600 people) are Russians; Poles account for 0.7%; there are also smaller German, Jewish and Romani minorities. Notably, the comparison of the 2001 Ukrainian census (mentioned above), with the last Soviet census of 1989 reveals that in those 12 years the number of Poles in the Lviv Oblast declined by 29.7 percent which, in the opinion of "Wspólnota Polska" Society defies explanation, and could possibly be attributed to the intensive Ukrainization of the Roman Catholic Church.

Age structure

0-14 years: 15.7% (male 202,923/female 193,000)

15-64 years: 70.0% (male 867,699/female 897,788)

65 years and over: 14.3% (male 122,906/female 238,016) (2013 official)

Median age

total: 38.0 years

male: 35.2 years

female: 40.9 years (2013 official)

Religion

Fifty-nine percent of the religious organisations active in the Lviv Oblast adhere to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. The Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church is the second largest religious body. The followers of the Latin Church and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) are mostly from the Polish, and Russian or non-Galician Ukrainian minorities respectively.

• Zhovkva. Temple of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
• Church of Sts. Peter & Paul in Sokal
• Church of Our Lady Protectress in Stryi
• Church of St. Anna in Boryslav, the fifth largest city in Lviv Oblast
• Church of the Blessed Eucharist, Klymets, Stryi Raion
• Zolochiv. The church of Assumption of the Holy Virgin (1731-1763)

Historical and cultural sites

The city of Lviv contains a well-preserved main square (Rynok) and numerous historical churches. Other sites of interest are the historic Lychakiv Cemetery, the local museum of folklore, and the ruins of the famous Vysokyi Zamok. The name of the castle is closely tied to the name of the city. There is also a museum of military artifacts, the "Arsenal".

Well-preserved local wooden churches, castles, and monasteries can be found throughout the Oblast. One of them is the Olesko Castle which is first recorded in 1327. Another castle that was built at the end of the 15th century is Svirzh Castle in the village of Svirzh. One more and no less famous castle is the Pidhirtsi Castle. Its architectural complex consists of the three-story palace, Kostel, and small park. In Roztochia is also located the Krekhivsky monastery in the beech-pine grove at the foot of the Pobiina mount. The whole complex consists of the Saint Nicholas Church, the bell tower, numerous service structures, and defensive walls with towers. Another site worth of mentioning is the Tustan city-fortress which is built in the rock. The site was nominated as the historical and as the natural wonder of Ukraine. There also a nature complex in the valley of the Kamianka river in Stryi Raion. Another natural wonder of the region is the Kamin-Veleten (Rock-Giant in English) which is located near city of Pidkamin in Zolochiv Raion. The name of the local city means Under the Rock. A local museum of Ukrainian art and an institution of higher learning (Ivan Franko State University) are also present.

Gallery

• Trinity Church in Zhovkva
• Zhovkva Castle
• Villa in Drohobych
• Svirzh Castle
• Former Treasury building in Sambir
• Morning in Tustan
• Building of the Lviv Regional Council
• Pidhirtsi Casle
• Lviv Town Hall
• Zolochiv Castle
• Armenian Cathedral of Lviv
• Narodnyi dim in Sudova Vyshnia
• Olesko Castle
• Church of St Yura in Drohobych
• Church of Sts. Olha and Elizabeth in Lviv

Economy

The most important research into cereal epidemics in the country is undertaken here. The National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine's Institute of Agriculture in Obroshino is the center of study for cereal pathogens including powdery mildew of barley. In the early 2000s the most active researchers here were Olga Vronska and G. Kosilovich at the IoA. Puccinia recondita, Erysiphe graminis, (syn. Blumeria graminis) and various Pseudocercosporella spp. are present and are significant in winter wheat in this oblast.

Two introduced banded land snails, the Grove Snail (Cepaea nemoralis) and White-Lipped Snail (C. hortensis) are found here. C. n. was intentionally brought here in the late 1800s, but the genetic analysis of Gural-Sverlova et al., 2021 shows continued introductions have also occurred ever since. (The geographic distribution of both suggests they arrive through the gardening trade, as is known from other countries.) This analysis shows several distinct arrivals of C. n. yielding several present-day populations in and around Lviv.

See also

• List of Canadian place names of Ukrainian origin – Ukrainian immigrants to Canada brought place names from this oblast with them to Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan.
• Poland's Lwów Voivodeship (1921–1939)
• Subdivisions of Ukraine

References

1. Most of Ukraine's oblasts are named after their capital cities, officially referred to as "oblast centers" (Ukrainian: обласни́й це́нтр, romanized: oblasnýi céntr, IPA: [oblɐsˈnɪj ˈtsɛntr]). The name of each oblast is a relational adjective—in English translating to a noun adjunct which otherwise serves the same function—formed by adding a feminine suffix to the name of the respective center city: Lʹvív is the center of the Lʹvívsʹka óblastʹ (Lviv Oblast). Most oblasts are also sometimes referred to in a feminine noun form, following the convention of traditional regional place names, ending with the suffix "-shchyna", as is the case with the Lviv Oblast, Lvivshchyna.

1. Syvak, Nina; Ponomarenko, Valerii; Khodzinska, Olha; Lakeichuk, Iryna (2011). Veklych, Lesia (ed.). Toponymic Guidelines for Map and Other Editors for International Use (PDF). scientific consultant Iryna Rudenko; reviewed by Nataliia Kizilowa; translated by Olha Khodzinska. Kyiv: DerzhHeoKadastr and Kartographia. p. 20. ISBN 978-966-475-839-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved 2020-10-06 – via United Nations Statistics Division.
2. Zelensky introduces new head of Lviv Regional State Administration, Ukrinform (6 February 2020)
3. ^ Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022] (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.
4. "Валовии регіональнии продукт".
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7. Wijaczka, Jacek (2010). "Szkoci". In Kopczyński, Michał; Tygielski, Wojciech (eds.). Pod wspólnym niebem. Narody dawnej Rzeczypospolitej (in Polish). Warszawa: Muzeum Historii Polski, Bellona. pp. 204, 206. ISBN 978-83-11-11724-2.
8. Stopka, Krzysztof (2010). "Ormianie". In Kopczyński, Michał; Tygielski, Wojciech (eds.). Pod wspólnym niebem. Narody dawnej Rzeczypospolitej (in Polish). Warszawa: Muzeum Historii Polski, Bellona. pp. 118–119. ISBN 978-83-11-11724-2.
9. Megargee, Geoffrey P.; Overmans, Rüdiger; Vogt, Wolfgang (2022). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 313, 315–317, 324, 331. ISBN 978-0-253-06089-1.
10. "Ukraine Facing Civil War: Lviv Declares Independence from Yanukovich Rule".
11. Peleschuk, Dan (30 January 2024). "Ukraine's Lviv becomes first region to remove all Soviet-era monuments". Reuters.
12. WorldClimate.com (Data for L'viv)
13. Lviv, worldstatesmen.org
14. ^ Yanukovych appoints ex-Ukrzaliznytsia head Kostiuk governor of Lviv region, Kyiv Post (2 November 2011)
15. Horbal appointed Lviv regional governor, Kyiv Post (April 20, 2010)
16. ^ Gryshchenko introduces new Lviv regional governor to local officials, Kyiv Post (4 March 2013)
17. ^ Yanukovych appoints Salo as governor of Lviv region, UKRINFORM (23 January 2014)
18. Lviv governor Salo resigns – mass media, Unian (23 January 2013)
19. Poroshenko dismisses Sekh as Lviv region governor, appoints Turiansky as acting governor, kyivpost.com (15 August 2014)
20. "Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ". Голос України (in Ukrainian). 2020-07-18. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
21. "Нові райони: карти + склад" (in Ukrainian). Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України.
22. Державний комітет статистики України (2004). "Національний склад населення / Львівська область" [Ukrainian Census, Lviv Oblast]. Internet Archive. Archived from the original on September 26, 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
23. Polonia w opracowaniach (2013). "Zmiany w liczebności ludności polskiej na Ukrainie w okresie 1989-2001" [Changes in the number of Poles in Ukraine in the period between 1989 and 2001]. Polacy na Ukrainie. Stowarzyszenie "Wspólnota Polska". Archived from the original on 2013-12-15. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
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    • Deising, H. B. (2009). Plant Relationships. The Mycota. Vol. 5. Berlin: Springer Nature Switzerland. ISBN 978-3-540-87407-2. OCLC 318545655. ISBN 978-3-540-87406-5. ISBN 978-3-642-09952-6.
    • Brown, James K. M.; Hovmøller, Mogens S. (2002-07-26). "Aerial Dispersal of Pathogens on the Global and Continental Scales and Its Impact on Plant Disease". Science. 297 (5581). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 537–541. Bibcode:2002Sci...297..537B. doi:10.1126/science.1072678. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 12142520. S2CID 4207803.
    • Zhan, Jiasui; Thrall, Peter H.; Papaïx, Julien; Xie, Lianhui; Burdon, Jeremy J. (2015-08-04). "Playing on a Pathogen's Weakness: Using Evolution to Guide Sustainable Plant Disease Control Strategies". Annual Review of Phytopathology. 53 (1). Annual Reviews: 19–43. doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120040. ISSN 0066-4286. PMID 25938275.
    • Hovmøller, Mogens S.; Caffier, Valérie; Jalli, Marja (2000). "The European barley powdery mildew virulence survey and disease nursery 1993-1999" (PDF). Agronomie. 20 (7). EDP Sciences: 729–743. doi:10.1051/agro:2000172. ISSN 0249-5627. HAL Id: 00886083.
25. • "Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus". Invasive Species Compendium (ISC). CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International). 2019-11-24. Retrieved 2021-05-07.
    • Lisovoy, M. P.; Parphenyuk, A. I. (1997). "Pathogenicity of Puccinia recondita, Erysiphe graminis and Pseudocercosporella spp. in the Ukraine and sources of group resistance of the winter wheat to these pathogens". Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection. 31 (1). Taylor & Francis: 45–49. doi:10.1080/03235409709383215. ISSN 0323-5408.
26. ^
    • Gural-Sverlova, Nina; Egorov, Roman; Kruglova, Oksana; Kovalevich, Natalia; Gural, Roman (2021-09-27). "Introduced land snail Cepaea nemoralis (Gastropoda: Helicidae) in Eastern Europe: spreading history and the shell colouration variability". Malacologica Bohemoslovaca. 20. Masaryk University Press: 75–91. doi:10.5817/mab2021-20-75. ISSN 1336-6939. S2CID 244209896. ORCIDs: (NVGS 0000-0002-3892-5338). (RE 0000-0002-1955-1756). (OK 0000-0003-0049-412X). (RIG 0000-0002-1546-1956).
    • Gural-Sverlova, Nina V.; Gural, Roman I.; Rodych, T. V. (2021). "Shell Banding and Color Polymorphism of the Introduced Snail Cepaea nemoralis (Gastropoda, Helicidae) in Lviv, Western Ukraine". Zoodiversity. 55 (1). National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine: 51–62. doi:10.15407/zoo2021.01.051. ISSN 2707-725X. S2CID 234113827. ORCIDs: (NVGS 0000-0002-3892-5338). (RIG 0000-0002-1546-1956).

• Source for statistics used: L'viv Regional State Administration Web Site – accessed February 29, 2004.

External links

Media related to Lviv Oblast at Wikimedia Commons

• L'viv Regional State Administration Web Site
• Symbols and flags

49°43′03″N 23°57′01″E / 49.71750°N 23.95028°E / 49.71750; 23.95028

• Lviv Oblast
• Oblasts of Ukraine
• States and territories established in 1939
• 1939 establishments in Ukraine