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The Treblinka extermination camp was run by the SS, a Nazi paramilitary organization, with the help of Eastern European Trawnikis (Hiwis), who were collaborationist auxiliary police recruited directly from Soviet POW camps. The Trawnikis served at all the major extermination camps, including Treblinka. Treblinka was part of Operation Reinhard, the systematic extermination of the three million Jews living in the General Government of German-occupied Poland. It is believed that between somewhere between 800,000 and 1,200,000 people were murdered in its gas chambers, almost all of whom were Jews. More people were murdered at Treblinka than at any other Nazi extermination camp besides Auschwitz.

The camp consisted of two separate units: Treblinka I and the Treblinka II extermination camp (Vernichtungslager). The first was a forced-labour camp (Arbeitslager) whose prisoners worked in the gravel pit or irrigation area and in the forest, where they cut wood to fuel the crematoria. Between 1941 and 1944, more than half of its 20,000 inmates died from summary executions, hunger, disease and mistreatment.

Meanwhile, the first official German trial for war crimes committed at Treblinka was also held in 1964, with the former camp personnel first brought to justice at that time, some twenty years after the end of the war.

List of individuals responsible

Citations

1. Browning, Christopher R. (1992). "Arrival in Poland" (PDF file, direct download 7.91 MB complete). Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. Penguin Books. pp. 52, 77, 79, 80. Retrieved May 1, 2013. Also: PDF cache archived by WebCite.
2. Arad 1987, p. 37.
3. Kopówka 2010.
4. Snyder 2012, note 53.
5. Niewyk & Nicosia 2000, p. 210.
6. Donat 1979, p. 14.
7. Ząbecki, Franciszek (1977). Wspomnienia dawne i nowe [Old and New Memories] (in Polish). Warsaw: PAX. p. 148. PB 7495/77. Book description with digitized text samples at Swistak.pl.
8. Heller, Aron (1 November 2010). "Treblinka concentration camp survivors down to 2". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Associated Press. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
9. Maranda, Michał (2002). "Więźniowie obozu zagłady w Treblince" (PDF). Nazistowskie Obozy Zagłady. Opis i próba analizy zjawiska (in Polish). Uniwersytet Warszawski, Instytut Stosowanych Nauk Społecznych. pp. 160–161. OCLC 52658491. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
10. Cywiński, Piotr (2013). "Treblinka". Adam Mickiewicz Institute. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
11. Rees 2005, BBC.
12. ^ Vanderwerff, Hans (22 July 2009), Extermination camp Treblinka, The Holocaust: Lest we forget, archived from the original on 17 May 2011, retrieved 10 January 2014
13. Blatt 2000, pp. 3, 92.
14. Blatt 2000, p. 10.
15. ^ Blatt 2000, p. 14.
16. ^ S.J., H.E.A.R.T 2007, Trials.
17. Blatt 2000, p. 19.
18. ^ Chodzko, Mieczyslaw (2010). Évadé de Treblinka. Editions Le Manuscrit. pp. 215–216. ISBN 978-2-304-23223-3. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
19. ^ Webb & Lisciotto 2007.
20. ^ "Excerpts from testimonies of Nazi SS-men at Treblinka: Stangl, Mentz, Franz & Matthes". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 1 November 2013. Source: Yitzhak Arad 1987; E. Klee, W. Dressen, V. Riess 1988 (The Good Old Days)
21. Arad 1987, p. 121.
22. "The Treblinka Perpetrators". An overview of the German and Austrian SS and Police Staff. Aktion Reinhard Camps ARC. 23 September 2006. Retrieved 1 November 2013. Sources: Arad, Donat, Glazar, Klee, Sereny, Willenberg et al.
23. McVay, Kenneth (1984). "The Construction of the Treblinka Extermination Camp". Yad Vashem Studies, XVI. Jewish Virtual Library.org. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
24. Arad 1987, p. 191.
25. ^ Klee 1988, p. 246.
26. Arad 1987, p. 43.
27. ^ Archiefsystemen, De Ree (2009). "Sobibor Interviews: Biographies of SS-men". Netherlands Institute for War Documentation (NIOD). Retrieved 1 November 2013.
28. Stein, Joel; Webb, Chris. "Meir Berliner – A Brave act of Resistance at Treblinka – Revolt & Resistance". Treblinka. HolocaustResearchProject.org. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
29. Friedländer 2009, p. 432.
30. Arad 1987, p. 87.
31. Arad 1987, p. 371.
32. Hing, Bill Ong (2003). Defining America: Through Immigration Policy. Temple University Press. p. 223. ISBN 1-59213-233-2. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
33. Nickell, Joe (2005). Unsolved History: Investigating Mysteries of the Past. The University Press of Kentucky. p. 38. ISBN 0-8131-9137-8.
34. Smart, Victor (2008). "Federenko trial". H.E.A.R.T HolocaustResearchProject.org. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
35. S.J. (2007). "Trawniki Staff Page. Alphabetical Listing". Aktion Reinhard. H.E.A.R.T. Retrieved 1 November 2013. Source: Yitzhak Arad, Thomas (Toivi) Blatt, Alexander Donat, Rudolf Reder, Tom Teicholz, Samuel Willenberg, Richard Glazar; museums and private collections.

References

• Arad, Yitzhak (1987). Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka. The Operation Reinhard Death Camps (Google Books preview). Bloomington, Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-21305-3.
• Blatt, Thomas Toivi (2000). Sobibor – The Forgotten Revolt (Google Books snippet view). H.E.P. pp. 3, 92. ISBN 0-9649442-0-0.
• Donat, Alexander (1979). The Death Camp Treblinka: A Documentary. Berlin: Schocken Books. p. 14. ISBN 0-8052-5008-5. The eyewitness articles ... include some of the Polonophobic aspects of contemporary Holocaust lore ... Grinberg, having arrived well after the fact, possibly know the identity(-ies) and motive(s) of the killer(s).
• Friedländer, Saul (2009). The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939–1945 (Google Books preview). HarperCollins. p. 432. ISBN 978-0-06-198000-8.
• Klee, Ernst (1988). The Good Old Days: the Holocaust as Seen by Its Perpetrators and Bystanders. Dressen, Willi; Riess, Volker. New York: The Free Press: Konecky Konecky. ISBN 1-56852-133-2. Photograph of excavator used for corpses at Treblinka II.
• Kopówka, Edward; et al. (4 February 2010), "Extermination Camp: The number of victims", Muzeum Walki i Męczeństwa w Treblince, Museum of Struggle and Martyrdom at Treblinka, archived from the original on 28 March 2012, retrieved 25 August 2013
• Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. Columbia University Press. p. 210. ISBN 0-231-11200-9. Treblinka.
• Rees, Laurence (2005), "Auschwitz: Inside the Nazi State. Factories of Death", BBC History of World War II, vol. Episode 3, KCET, retrieved 1 November 2013 See also: Episode Guide: Overview. Treblinka (camp rife with chaos due to minimal preparation), and Corruption (Auschwitz only): Episode 4.
• S.J., H.E.A.R.T (2007), The Treblinka Death Camp Trials, Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team, retrieved 8 September 2013
• Snyder, Timothy (2012). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-03147-4. Retrieved 12 November 2013. The source of the Treblinka count is Witte, Peter, "A new document", 472, in: Holocaust and Genocide Studies 15,3 (Oxford 2001), which provides the German's count of 713,555 for 1942 (per radiogram intercepted by the British); and Młynarczyk, Jacek Andrzej, "Treblinka – ein Todeslager der 'Aktion Reinhard", 281, in: Bogdan Musial (ed.), Aktion Reinhard – Die Vernichtung der Juden im Generalgouvernement (Osnabrück 2004), 257–281, which supplies the 1943 reconing of 67,308 victims.
• Webb, Chris; Lisciotto, Carmelo (2007), Treblinka Death Camp History, H.E.A.R.T – Holocaust & Education Archive Research Team, retrieved 10 September 2013, Source: Arad, Hilberg, Donat, Sereny, Willenberg, Glazar, Chrostowski, and Encyclopaedia of The Holocaust.

External links

Media related to Treblinka extermination camp at Wikimedia Commons

• 1942 in Poland
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• World War II sites in Poland