A ledger is a book or collection of accounts in which accounting transactions are recorded. Each account has:
- an opening or brought-forward balance;
- a list of transactions, each recorded as either a debit or credit in separate columns (usually with a counter-entry on another page)
- and an ending or closing, or carry-forward, balance.
Overview
The ledger is a permanent summary of all amounts entered in supporting journals (day books) which list individual transactions by date. Usually every transaction, or a total of a series of transactions, flows from a journal to one or more ledgers. Depending on the company's bookkeeping procedures, all journals may be totaled and the totals posted to the relevant ledger each month. At the end of the accounting period, the company's financial statements are generated from summary totals in the ledgers.
Ledgers include:
- Sales ledger (debtors ledger): records accounts receivable. This ledger records the financial transactions between the company and its customers. This shows which customers owe money to the business, and how much.
- Purchase ledger (creditors ledger): records transactions between the company and its suppliers (i.e. usually purchases by the company). This shows to which suppliers the business owes money, and how much.
- General ledger: consists of the five main account types: assets, liabilities, income, expenses, and equity.
For every debit recorded in a ledger, there must be a corresponding credit, so that overall the total debits equal the total credits.
Etymology
The term ledger stems from the English dialect forms liggen or leggen, meaning "to lie or lay" (Dutch: liggen or leggen, German: liegen or legen); in sense, it is adapted from the Dutch substantive legger, properly "a book lying or remaining regularly in one place". Originally, a ledger was a large volume of scripture or service book kept in one place in church and openly accessible. According to Charles Wriothesley's Chronicle (1538), "The curates should provide a booke of the bible in Englishe, of the largest volume, to be a ledger in the same church for the parishioners to read on."
In application of this original meaning the commercial usage of the term is for the "principal book of account" in a business house.
See also
- Bookkeeping
- Debits and credits
- Specialized journals
- Final accounts
- Distributed ledger, sometimes called a shared ledger, is a consensus of replicated, shared, and synchronized digital data geographically spread across multiple sites, countries, and/or institutions.
Notes
- From the English dialect norms liggen or leggen, to lie or lay; in sense adapted from the Dutch substantive legger
- Haber, Jeffry (2004). Accounting Demystified. New York: AMACOM. p. 15. ISBN 0-8144-0790-0.
- "What is a Ledger?". Online Learning for Sports Management. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
- Noor, Kamrul Hasan. "Types of Accounts". Comprehensive Guide to the Types of Accounts. EasyBizManage. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
- Distributed Ledger Technology: beyond block chain (PDF) (Report). UK Government, Office for Science. January 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
References
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ledger". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Further reading
- Business Owner's Toolkit: General Ledger Archived 2012-03-15 at the Wayback Machine from Wolters Kluwer
- General Ledger Entries from NetMBA Business Knowledge Center
- Ledger to Ledger