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Khrushchevka

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Panel khrushchevka in Tomsk

Khrushchevkas (Russian: хрущёвка, romanized: khrushchyovka, IPA: [xrʊˈɕːɵfkə]) are a type of low-cost, concrete-paneled or brick three- to five-storied apartment buildings (and apartments in these buildings) which were designed and constructed in the Soviet Union since the early 1960s (when their namesake, Nikita Khrushchev, was leader of the Soviet Union). Khrushchevkas are sometimes compared to the Japanese danchi, similar (often government-sponsored) housing projects from the same period, which by some accounts were directly inspired by them.

An updated high-rise version, the brezhnevka, was built in the 1970s and 1980s and included many upgrades including larger apartments (particularly, larger kitchens), elevators, and garbage disposals. This was then followed by what is known unofficially as the novostroika, meaning "new construction". The novostroika retain the panel-house style used in the Soviet Union, but are taller, have 21st century amenities, parking, more colorful and decorative themes, and are built over a much larger area. These, however, are not government-built; instead, they are built by private contractors on behalf of local governments. An example of this is Kudrovo in Leningrad Oblast, Russia.

History

Demolition of a khrushchevka in Moscow as part of the Moscow Urban Renewal Initiative in 2017

Traditional masonry is labor-intensive; individual projects were slow and not scalable to the needs of overcrowded cities. To ameliorate a severe housing shortage, during 1947–1951 Soviet architects evaluated various technologies attempting to reduce costs and completion time. During January 1951, an architects' convention, supervised by Khrushchev (then the party director of Moscow), declared low-cost, quick technologies the objective of Soviet architects.

Two concrete plants were later established in Moscow (Presnensky, 1953; Khoroshevsky, 1954). By this time, competing experimental designs were tested by real-life construction, and prefabricated concrete panels were considered superior. Other possibilities, like in situ concrete, or encouraging individual low-rise construction, were discarded.

During 1954–1961, engineer Vitaly Lagutenko, chief planner of Moscow since 1956, designed and tested the mass-scale, industrialized construction process, relying on concrete panel plants and a quick assembly schedule. During 1961, Lagutenko's institute released the K-7 design of a prefabricated 5-story building that became typical of the khrushchevka. 64,000 units (3,000,000 m or 32,000,000 sq ft) of this type were built in Moscow from 1961 to 1968. The khrushchevkas were cheap, and sometimes an entire building could be constructed within two weeks. Poor quality construction has since become a liability, leading Moscow to announce the Moscow Urban Renewal Initiative an effort to replace structures that ended their functional lives.

In Moscow, space limitations forced a switch to 9 or 12-story buildings; the last 5-story khrushchevka was completed there during 1971. The rest of the USSR continued building khrushchevkas until the fall of the Soviet Union; millions of such units are now past their design lifetime.

Present day

Replica of a typical interior in the Vilnius Energy and Technology Museum

The panel buildings called khrushchevka are found in great numbers all over the former Soviet Union. They were originally considered to be temporary housing until the housing shortage could be alleviated by mature Communism, which would not have any shortages. Khrushchev predicted the achievement of Communism in 20 years (by the 1980s). Later, Leonid Brezhnev promised each family an apartment "with a separate room for each person plus one room extra", but many people continue to live in khrushchevkas today.

Khrushchevka standard types are classified into "disposable", with a planned 25-year life (Russian: сносимые серии, romanized: snosimye serii), and "permanent" (несносимые серии, nesnosimye serii). This distinction is important in Moscow and other affluent cities, where disposable khrushchevkas are being demolished to make way for new, higher-density construction. The City of Moscow had planned to complete this process by 2015. More than 1,300 out of around 1,700 buildings had been already demolished by 2012. In 2017, Moscow city authorities announced that some 8,000 khrushchevkas would be torn down, a move that would cause 1.6 million people to lose their homes. The announcement came after the completion of a smaller demolition project in which 1,700 buildings were torn down.

In some parts of the former Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries, efforts to renovate and beautify khrushchevkas have been made, such as in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Belarus. In many cities, khrushchevkas have been transformed from drab, gray buildings to colorful housing blocks through series of renovations. In addition, efforts to improve the quality of the buildings have been made. In Tartu, Estonia, the European Union-funded SmartEnCity turned three khrushchevka blocks into energy efficient "smart homes." The renovations are usually heavily subsidized by the state, and in many cases, by the European Union if the country is a member state of the EU. In Russia, Belarus, and Central Asia these same styles of renovations have not taken place, resulting in further dilapidation of the buildings or, in some cases, the demolition of many Krushchyovkas. In these parts of the former Soviet Union, private renovation has been the norm, explaining the difference in the conditions of the buildings.

In 2017, Moscow Mayor Sergei Sobyanin and Russian President Vladimir Putin announced the Moscow Urban Renewal Initiative, a vast public works program to demolish thousands of the city's Khrushchevka. The plan includes the demolition of 5,171 dilapidated khrushchevka and replacement with modern 6 to 20-story residential structures. The plan upon completion will entail the relocation of 1.6 million city residents.

See also

References

  1. Aronov, Nikita & Razmakhnin, Anton (13 March 2008). "Revamping Khrushchev's Legacy". Johnson's Russia List. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011.
  2. ^ Knoroz, Tatiana (16 October 2019). "Эффект Данчи: Почему Японские Хрущевки Стали Непригодны Для Жизни" [Danchi Effect: Why Japanese Khrushchyovkas have become unlivable]. Strelka (in Russian). Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  3. "В 2013 году в Москве запланировали снос 88 "хрущевок"" [Demolition of 88 "Khrushchyovkas" planned in Moscow in 2013]. Lenta.ru (in Russian). 17 April 2013. Archived from the original on 17 April 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  4. Morton, Elise. "1.6 million to be rehoused in huge Moscow demolition project". The Calvert Journal. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  5. "In the Baltic states, many people are stuck in Khrushchev-era flats". The Economist. 15 August 2019. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  6. Hatherley, Owen (29 May 2019). "What next for Eastern Europe's mass housing heritage? Owen Hatherley on the past and future of the tower block". The Calvert Journal. Retrieved 21 November 2019.

Sources

  • Meuser, Philipp & Zadorin, Dimitrij (2016). Towards a Typology of Soviet Mass Housing: Prefabrication in the USSR 1955–1991. Berlin: DOM publishers. ISBN 978-3-86922-446-6.
  • Meuser, Philipp (2019). Prefabricated Housing. Construction and Design Manual. Berlin: DOM publishers. ISBN 978-3-86922-021-5.

External links

Panel buildings by country
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