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John Berger

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British painter, writer and art critic This article is about the English artist and writer. For other uses, see John Berger (disambiguation).

John Berger
Berger in 2009Berger in 2009
BornJohn Peter Berger
(1926-11-05)5 November 1926
London, England
Died2 January 2017(2017-01-02) (aged 90)
Antony, Hauts-de-Seine, France
Occupation
  • Novelist
  • critic
  • painter
  • poet
LanguageEnglish
EducationSt Edward's School, Oxford
Alma materChelsea School of Art
Central School of Art and Design
GenreWriter
Notable awardsJames Tait Black Memorial Prize; Booker Prize (1972)
Children3

John Peter Berger (/ˈbɜːrdʒər/ BUR-jər; 5 November 1926 – 2 January 2017) was an English art critic, novelist, painter and poet. His novel G. won the 1972 Booker Prize, and his essay on art criticism Ways of Seeing, written as an accompaniment to the BBC series of the same name, was influential. He lived in France for over fifty years.

Early life

Berger was born on 5 November 1926 in Stoke Newington, London, the first of two children of Miriam and Stanley Berger.

His grandfather was from Trieste, now Italy, and his father, Stanley, raised as a non-religious Jew who adopted Catholicism, had been an infantry officer on the Western Front during the First World War and was awarded the Military Cross and an OBE.

Berger was educated at St Edward's School, Oxford. He served in the British Army during the Second World War from 1944 to 1946. He enrolled at the Chelsea School of Art and the Central School of Art and Design in London.

Career

Berger began his career as a painter and exhibited works at a number of London galleries in the late 1940s. His art has been shown at the Wildenstein, Redfern and Leicester Galleries in London.

Berger taught drawing at St Mary's teacher training college. He later became an art critic, publishing many essays and reviews in the New Statesman. His Marxist literary criticism and strongly stated opinions on modern art combined to make him a controversial figure early in his career. As a statement of political commitment, he titled an early collection of essays Permanent Red.

Berger was never a formal member of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB): rather he was a close associate of it and its front, the Artists' International Association (AIA), until the latter disappeared in 1953. He was active in the Geneva Club, a discussion group that appears to have overlapped with British communist circles in the 1950s.

Publishing

In 1958, Berger published his first novel, A Painter of Our Time, which tells the story of the disappearance of Janos Lavin, a fictional exiled Hungarian painter, and his diary's discovery by an art critic friend called John. The work was withdrawn by the publisher under pressure from the Congress for Cultural Freedom a month after its publication. His next novels were The Foot of Clive and Corker's Freedom; both of which presented an urban English life of alienation and melancholy. Berger moved to Quincy in Mieussy in Haute-Savoie, France, in 1962 due to his distaste for life in Britain.

In 1972, the BBC broadcast his four-part television series Ways of Seeing and published its accompanying text, a book of the same name. The first episode functions as an introduction to the study of images; it was derived in part from Walter Benjamin's essay "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction". The subsequent episodes concern the image of woman as a sexualized object in Western culture, expressions of property ownership and wealth in European oil painting, and modern advertising. The series, the first of several close collaborations with director Mike Dibb, has had a lasting influence, and in particular introduced the concept of the male gaze, as part of his analysis of the treatment of the nude in European painting. It soon became popular among feminists, including the British film critic Laura Mulvey, who used it to critique traditional media representations of the female character in cinema.

John Berger

Berger's novel G., a picaresque romance set in Europe in 1898, won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize and the Booker Prize in 1972.

Berger donated half the Booker cash prize to the British Black Panthers, and retained the other half to support his work on the study on migrant workers, which became A Seventh Man; he asserted that both endeavors represented aspects of his political struggle. In his acceptance speech at the Booker Prize ceremony, Berger said the prize's sponsor, Booker McConnell, had a long history of slavery and exploitation in the Caribbean, and this was why he wanted to donate the money to the British Black Panthers and fund the writing of his book on migrant workers.

Berger's sociological writings include A Fortunate Man: The Story of a Country Doctor (1967) and A Seventh Man: Migrant Workers in Europe (1975).

Berger and photographer Jean Mohr, his frequent collaborator, sought to document and understand the experiences of peasants.

Their subsequent book, Another Way of Telling, discusses and illustrates their documentary technique and treats the theory of photography through Berger's essays and Mohr's photographs. His studies of individual artists include The Success and Failure of Picasso (1965), a survey of that modernist's career, and Art and Revolution: Ernst Neizvestny, Endurance, and the Role of the Artist in the USSR (1969).

In the 1970s, Berger collaborated on three films with the Swiss director Alain Tanner: He wrote or co-wrote La Salamandre (1971), The Middle of the World (1974), and Jonah Who Will Be 25 in the Year 2000 (1976). His major fictional work of the 1980s, the trilogy Into Their Labours (consisting of the novels Pig Earth, Once in Europa, and Lilac and Flag), treats the European peasant experience from its farming roots to contemporary economic and political displacement and urban poverty. In 1974, Berger co-founded the Writers and Readers Publishing Cooperative Ltd in London with Arnold Wesker, Lisa Appignanesi, Richard Appignanesi, Chris Searle, Glenn Thompson, Siân Williams, and others. The cooperative was active until the early 1980s.

In later essays, Berger wrote about photography, art, politics, and memory. He published in The Shape of a Pocket a correspondence with Subcomandante Marcos, and penned short stories that appeared in The Threepenny Review and The New Yorker. His sole volume of poetry is Pages of the Wound, though other volumes, such as the theoretical essays And Our Faces, My Heart, Brief as Photos contain poetry. His 2007 collection of essays on the uses of art as an instrument of political resistance, Hold Everything Dear, was titled after the poem by Gareth Evans. His later novels include To the Wedding, a love story dealing with the AIDS crisis, and King: A Street Story, a novel about homelessness and shantytown life told from the perspective of a stray dog. Initially, Berger insisted that his name be kept off the cover and title page of King, wanting the novel to be received on its own merits.

Berger's 1980 volume About Looking includes an influential chapter, "Why Look at Animals?" It is cited by numerous scholars in the interdisciplinary field of animal studies. The chapter was later reproduced in a Penguin Great Ideas selection of essays of the same title.

Berger's novel From A to X was long-listed for the 2008 Booker Prize. In Bento's Sketchbook (2011) Berger combines extracts from Baruch Spinoza, sketches, memoir, and observations in a book that contemplates the relationship of materialism to spirituality. According to Berger, what could be seen as a contradiction "is beautifully resolved by Spinoza, who shows that it is not a duality, but in fact an essential unity". The book has been described as "a characteristically sui generis work combining an engagement with the thought of the 17th-century lens grinder, draughtsman, and philosopher Baruch Spinoza, with a study of drawing and a series of semi-autobiographical sketches". Among his last works is Confabulations (essays, 2016).

Other work

In 1999, Berger voiced both twin brother characters Archie and Albert Crisp in the video game Grand Theft Auto: London 1969.

He was a member of the Support Committee of the Russell Tribunal on Palestine.

Personal life

Berger married three times, first to artist and illustrator Patt Marriott in 1949; the marriage was childless and the couple divorced. In the mid-1950s, he married the Russian Anya Bostock (née Anna Sisserman), with whom he had two children, Katya Berger and Jacob Berger; the couple divorced in the mid-1970s. Soon afterwards, he married Beverly Bancroft, with whom he had one child, Yves. Beverly died in 2013.

Berger died at his home in Antony, France, on 2 January 2017 at the age of 90.

Legacy

In July 2009 Berger donated his archive of 369 files, nine boxes and one book to the British Library. The contents include literary manuscripts, drafts, unpublished material and correspondence.

Awards

Literary works

Fiction

Novels and novella

  • A Painter of Our Time (1958)
  • Marcel Frishman (with George Besson) (1958)
  • The Foot of Clive (1962)
  • Corker's Freedom (1964)
  • G. (1972)
  • Into Their Labours trilogy (1991): Pig Earth (1979), Once in Europa (1987), Lilac and Flag (1990)
  • To the Wedding (1995)
  • King: A Street Story (1999)
  • Here is Where We Meet (2005)
  • From A to X (2008)

Plays

  • A Question of Geography (with Nella Bielski) (1987)
  • Les Trois Chaleurs (1985)
  • Boris (1983)
  • Goya's Last Portrait (with Nella Bielski) (1989)

Screenplays

Poetry

  • Pages of the Wound (1994)
  • Collected Poems (2014)

Non-fiction

Essays and articles

  • The Look of Things: Selected Essays and Articles (1972)
  • About Looking (1980)
  • A Fortunate Man (with Jean Mohr) (1967)
  • Keeping a Rendezvous (1992)
  • Photocopies (1996)
  • Selected Essays (Geoff Dyer, ed.) (2001)
  • Hold Everything Dear: Dispatches on Survival and Resistance (2007; 2nd ed. 2016)
  • Why Look at Animals? (2009)
  • Confabulations (Essays) (2016)
  • Meanwhile (2008)
  • Swimming Pool (with Leon Kossoff) (Introduction by Deborah Levy. Postscript by Yves Berger. Berger's Texts selected by Teresa Pintó. Book design by John Christie) (2020)

Art and art criticism

  • Permanent Red (1960) (Published in the United States in altered form in 1962 as Toward Reality: Essays in Seeing)
  • The Success and Failure of Picasso (1965)
  • Art and Revolution: Ernst Neizvestny And the Role of the Artist in the U.S.S.R (1969)
  • The Moment of Cubism and Other Essays (1969)
  • Ways of Seeing (with Mike Dibb, Sven Blomberg, Chris Fox and Richard Hollis) (1972)
  • The Sense of Sight (1985)
  • Albrecht Dürer: Watercolours and Drawings (1994)
  • Titian: Nymph and Shepherd (with Katya Berger) (1996)
  • The Shape of a Pocket (2001)
  • Berger on Drawing (2005)
  • Lying Down to Sleep (with Katya Berger) (2010)
  • Bento's Sketchbook (2011)
  • Understanding a Photograph (Geoff Dyer, ed.) (2013)
  • Daumier: The Heroism of Modern Life (2013)
  • Portraits: John Berger on Artists (Tom Overton, ed.) (2015)
  • Landscapes: John Berger on Art (Tom Overton, ed.) (2016)
  • Seeing Through Drawing

Other

  • A Seventh Man (with Jean Mohr) (1975)
  • Another Way of Telling (with Jean Mohr) (1982)
  • And Our Faces, My Heart, Brief as Photos (1984)
  • The White Bird (U.S. title: The Sense of Sight) (1985)
  • Isabelle: A Story in Shots (with Nella Bielski) (1998)
  • At the Edge of the World (with Jean Mohr) (1999)
  • I Send You This Cadmium Red: A Correspondence between John Berger and John Christie (with John Christie) (2001)
  • My Beautiful (with Marc Trivier) (2004)
  • The Red Tenda of Bologna (2007)
  • War with No End (with Naomi Klein, Hanif Kureishi, Arundhati Roy, Ahdaf Soueif, Joe Sacco and Haifa Zangana) (2007)
  • From I to J (with Isabel Coixet) (2009)
  • Railtracks (with Anne Michaels) (2011)
  • Cataract (with Selçuk Demirel) (2012)
  • Flying Skirts: An Elegy (with Yves Berger) (2014)
  • Cuatro horizontes (Four Horizons) (with Sister Lucia Kuppens, Sister Telchilde Hinkley and John Christie) (2015)
  • Lapwing & Fox (Conversations between John Berger and John Christie) (2016)
  • John by Jean: Fifty Years of Friendship (Jean Mohr, ed.) (2016)
  • A Sparrow's Journey: John Berger Reads Andrey Platonov (CD: 44:34 & 81-page book with Robert Chandler and Gareth Evans), London: House Sparrow Press in association with the London Review Bookshop (2016)
  • Smoke (with Selçuk Demirel) (2017)
  • What Time Is It? (with Selçuk Demirel) (Maria Nadotti, ed.) (2019)

Film

  • The Seasons in Quincy: Four Portraits of John Berger (2016), directed by Tilda Swinton, Colin MacCabe, Christopher Roth and Bartek Dziadosz.

Reviews

  • Harkness, Allan (1983), Berger: A Seventh Man?, review of A Seventh Man and Another Way of Telling, in Hearn, Sheila G.(ed.), Cencrastus No. 12, Spring 1983, pp. 46 & 47, ISSN 0264-0856

References

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  2. ^ "John Berger obituary". The Guardian. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  3. ^ "I think the dead are with us": John Berger at 88". The New Statesman. 11 June 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  4. ^ "Contented exile". The Guardian. 13 February 1999. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  5. The Books Interview: John Berger: The Books Interview: John Berger, accessdate: 2 January 2017
  6. Andy Merrifield, John Berger, Reaktion Books (2013), p. 29
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  8. ^ Duncan O'Connor. "Literary Encyclopedia | John Berger". Litencyc.com. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  9. ^ "A radical returns". The Guardian. 3 April 2005. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  10. ^ Ray, Ed. Mohit K. (2007). The Atlantic Companion to Literature in English. Atlantic Publishers. p. 48. ISBN 978-81-269-0832-5.
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  15. "The Many Faces of John Berger". New Republic. 30 December 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
  16. Parker, Lawrence (2 February 2017). "Berger and Stalinism". Weekly Worker. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
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  18. ^ "John Berger: Five key works by the late art critic". The Week. 3 January 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  19. Berger, John (1972). Ways of Seeing. London: BBC and Penguin Books. p. 34. ISBN 0-14-191798-9.
  20. Berger, John (writer) and Michael Dibb (producer). Ways of Seeing. British Broadcasting Corporation, 1972.
  21. A Companion to Women in the Ancient World, edited by Sharon L. James, Sheila Dillon, p. 75, 2012, Wiley, ISBN 1-4443-5500-7, 9781444355000
  22. "G". The Booker Prizes. 8 June 1972. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
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  24. "John Berger's A Fortunate Man: a masterpiece of witness". The Guardian. 7 February 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  25. "A Seventh Man: Migrant Workers in Europe by John Berger and Jean Mohr – review". The Guardian. 18 December 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  26. Berger, John; Mohr, Jean; Blomberg, Sven (2010). A Seventh Man: A Book of Images and Words about the Experience of Migrant Workers in Europe. Verso. ISBN 978-1-84467-649-1.
  27. Read an excerpt from the book here: Berger, John (1975). "The Seventh Man". Race & Class. 16 (2): 251–257. doi:10.1177/030639687501600303. S2CID 144922808.
  28. "ANOTHER WAY OF TELLING". Penguin Random House.
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  32. "Libros para Principiantes: Quienes somos". Paraprincipiantes.com. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
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  52. Soja, Edward W. (1989). Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory (illustrated, reprint ed.). Verso. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-86091-936-0.
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  57. ^ Talbot, Toby (2010). The New Yorker Theater and Other Scenes from a Life at the Movies (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-231-51982-3.
  58. "Tilda Swinton on making 'The Seasons in Quincy', four short films about maverick artist and thinker John Berger". Independent. 15 February 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  59. "The glory and the dream". The Indian Express. 13 March 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  60. "A review of John Berger's Collected Poems". The Hindu. 10 October 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
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  62. "Why Look at Animals? by John Berger". The Guardian. 19 September 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  63. "Sense of Sight By John Berger". Carmen Balcells Literary Agency.
  64. Albrecht Dürer: Watercolours and Drawings. Taschen. 1994. ISBN 978-3-8228-8575-8.
  65. Berger on Drawing. Occasional Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-9548976-1-1.
  66. Lying Down to Sleep. Maurizio Corraini. 2010. ISBN 978-88-7570-261-8.
  67. "John Berger on 'Bento's Sketchbook'". The Paris Review. 22 November 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
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  69. Daumier: The Heroism of Modern Life. Harry N. Abrams. 2013. ISBN 978-1-907533-32-7.
  70. "Landscapes John Berger on Art By John Berger". Penguin Random House.
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  72. "At the Edge of the World". Reaktion Books. Archived from the original on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
  73. I Send You this Cadmium Red: A Correspondence Between John Berger and John Christie. ACTAR. 2000. ISBN 978-84-95273-32-1.
  74. My Beautiful. Mondadori Bruno. 2008. ISBN 978-88-6159-114-1.
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  76. "War With No End". Penguin Random House.
  77. From I to J. Actar-D Bruno. 2009.
  78. Railtracks. Counterpoint. 2013. ISBN 978-1-61902-072-6.
  79. "Review: Cataract". www.macleans.ca.
  80. Flying Skirts: An Elegy. Occasional Press. 2015. ISBN 978-0-9564786-9-6.
  81. "Cuatro horizontes Una visita a la capilla de Ronchamp de Le Corbusier". ggili.com. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016.
  82. "Lapwing & Fox, conversations between John Berger and John Christie". www.a-n.co.uk.
  83. "John by Jean: Fifty Years of Friendship". www.occasionalpress.net. Archived from the original on 15 August 2006.
  84. "A Sparrow's Journey: John Berger reads Andrey Platonov". House Sparrow Press.

Further reading

  • Sperling, Joshua (2018) A Writer of Our Time: The Life and Work of John Berger
  • Bounds, Philip "Beyond : The Media Criticism of John Berger" in Philip Bounds and Mala Jagmohan (eds), Recharting Media Studies, Peter Lang 2008, ISBN 978-3-03911-015-5
  • Dyer, Geoff Ways of Telling: The Work of John Berger, ISBN 0-7453-0097-9.
  • Dyer, Geoff (Ed.) John Berger, Selected Essays, Bloomsbury. ISBN 0-375-71318-2.
  • Fuller, Peter (1980) Seeing Berger. A Revaluation of , Writers and Readers. ISBN 0-906495-48-2.
  • Hertel, Ralf and David Malcolm (eds.), On John Berger: Telling Stories. Leiden: Brill, 2015. ISBN 978-90-04-30612-7.
  • Hochschild, Adam Finding the Trapdoor: Essays, Portraits, Travels (Syracuse University Press, 1997), "Broad Jumper in the Alps," pp. 50–64.
  • Krautz, Jochen Vom Sinn des Sichtbaren. John Bergers Ästhetik und Ethik als Impuls für die Kunstpädagogik am Beispiel der Fotografie, Hamburg 2004 (Dr. Kovac) ISBN 3-8300-1287-X.
  • Merrifield, Andy John Berger, London: Reaktion Books, 2012. ISBN 978-1-86189-904-0
  • Papastergiadis, Nikos Modernity as exile: The stranger in John Berger's writing (Manchester University Press, 1993) ISBN 0-7190-3876-6
  • Chandan, Amarjit; Evans, Gareth; Gunaratnam, Yasmin (Eds.) The Long White Thread of Words: Poems for John Berger, Ripon: Smokestack Books, 2016. ISBN 978-0-9934547-4-5
  • Chandan, Amarjit; Gunaratnam, Yasmin (Eds.) A Jar of Wild Flowers: Essays in Celebration of John Berger, London: Zed Books, 2016. ISBN 978-1-78360-879-9

External links

Recipients of the Booker Prize
1969–79
1980s
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National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Screenplay
1967–2000
2001–present
Geometry of Fear
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