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Frank B. Kellogg
Kellogg in 1912
Associate Judge of the Permanent Court of International Justice
In office September 25, 1930 – September 9, 1935
Preceded by	Charles E. Hughes
Succeeded by	Manley O. Hudson
45th United States Secretary of State
In office March 5, 1925 – March 28, 1929
President	Calvin Coolidge Herbert Hoover
Preceded by	Charles Evans Hughes
Succeeded by	Henry L. Stimson
39th United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom
In office January 14, 1924 – February 10, 1925
President	Calvin Coolidge
Preceded by	George Harvey
Succeeded by	Alanson B. Houghton
United States Senator from Minnesota
In office March 4, 1917 – March 3, 1923
Preceded by	Moses E. Clapp
Succeeded by	Henrik Shipstead
County Attorney of Olmsted County
In office January 1, 1882 – January 1, 1887
Preceded by	Halfton A. Eckholdt
Succeeded by	Burt W. Eaton
City Attorney of Rochester
In office 1878–1881
Preceded by	Royal H. Gove
Succeeded by	W. Logan Breckenridge
Personal details
Born	Frank Billings Kellogg (1856-12-22)December 22, 1856 Potsdam, New York
Died	December 21, 1937(1937-12-21) (aged 80) St. Paul, Minnesota
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Clara Cook
Awards	Nobel Peace Prize 1929 Legion of Honour
Signature

Frank Billings Kellogg (December 22, 1856 – December 21, 1937) was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman who served in the U.S. Senate and as U.S. Secretary of State. He co-authored the Kellogg–Briand Pact, for which he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1929.

Early life and career

Kellogg was born in Potsdam, New York, on December 22, 1856, the son of Abigail (Billings) and Asa Farnsworth Kellogg. His family moved to Minnesota in 1865.

Kellogg read law and began practicing law in Rochester, Minnesota, in 1877. He served as city attorney of Rochester 1878–1881 and county attorney for Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1882 to 1887. He moved to St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1886.

In 1905, Kellogg joined the federal government when Theodore Roosevelt asked Kellogg to prosecute a federal antitrust case. In 1906, Kellogg was appointed special counsel to the Interstate Commerce Commission for its investigation of E. H. Harriman. In 1908, he was appointed to lead the federal prosecution against Union Pacific Railroad, under the Sherman Antitrust Act. His most important case was Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States, 221 U.S. 1 (1911). Following this successful prosecution, he was elected president of the American Bar Association (1912–1913). He was a member of the World War Foreign Debts Commission.

In 1907, Kellogg was honored as a Compatriot of the Minnesota Society of the Sons of the American Revolution.

United States Senate

In 1916, Kellogg was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate from Minnesota and served from March 4, 1917, to March 3, 1923, in the 65th, 66th, and 67th Congresses. During the ratification battle for the Treaty of Versailles, he was one of the few Republicans who supported ratification. He lost his re-election bid in 1922 and, in 1923, he was a delegate to the Fifth International Conference of American States at Santiago, Chile.

Ambassador to Great Britain

In 1924, he was appointed by President Calvin Coolidge as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Great Britain, serving from January 14, 1924, to February 10, 1925. He succeeded George Brinton McClellan Harvey who served under Warren G. Harding and was succeeded by Alanson B. Houghton so that Kellogg could assume the role of Secretary of State.

Secretary of State

From 1925 to 1929, he served as the United States Secretary of State in the Cabinet of President Coolidge. In 1928, he was awarded the Freedom of the City in Dublin, Ireland and in 1929 the government of France made him a member of the Legion of Honour.

As Secretary of State, he was responsible for improving U.S.–Mexican relations and helping to resolve the long-standing Tacna–Arica controversy between Peru and Chile. His most significant accomplishment, however, was the Kellogg–Briand Pact, signed in 1928. Proposed by its other namesake, French foreign minister Aristide Briand, the treaty intended to provide for "the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy." Kellogg was awarded the 1929 Nobel Peace Prize in recognition. (Briand had already won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926).

He was associate judge of the Permanent Court of International Justice from 1930 to 1935.

He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1931.

Kellogg was self-conscious about his lack of academic credentials; he attended a one-room country school and dropped out at age 14. He never attended high school, college or law school. His only advanced training came from clerking in a private lawyer's office. Kellogg grew up in a poor farm in Minnesota, and lacked a commanding presence or the sophistication to deal with the aristocrats who dominated European diplomacy. As Secretary of State, his main focus was Latin America, where he dealt with brutal but unsophisticated strongmen. His staff provided the ideas, and they appreciated that he was always open, candid, and easy to communicate with. He helped end the battle between the Mexican government and the Catholic Church, but failed to resolve the dispute over ownership of the oil reserves. In the Far East, he followed the advice of Nelson Trusler Johnson, the new chief of the Division of Far Eastern Affairs. They favored China and protected it from threats from Japan. They successfully negotiated tariff reform with China, thereby giving enhanced status to the Kuomintang and helping get rid of the unequal treaties. As for Europe he was primarily interested with expanding the limitations on naval armaments that been established by the Washington Treaty; he made little progress. Kellogg gained international fame, and the Nobel Peace Prize, with the Kellogg–Briand Pact. It was endorsed by nearly every nation and made starting a war a punishable criminal action. It formed the legal basis for the trial and execution of German and Japanese war leaders after 1945.

Personal life

In 1886, Kellogg was married to Clara May Cook (1861–1942), the daughter of George Clinton Cook (1828–1901) and Elizabeth (née Burns) Cook (1838–1908).

In 1880, he became a member of the Masonic Lodge Rochester No. 21, where he received the degrees of freemasonry on April 1, April 19, and May 3.

He died from pneumonia, following a stroke, on the eve of his 81st birthday in St. Paul. He was buried at the Chapel of St. Joseph of Arimathea in Washington National Cathedral, Washington, D.C.

Legacy

In 1937, he endowed the Kellogg Foundation for Education in International Relations at Carleton College, where he was a trustee. His house in St. Paul, the Frank B. Kellogg House was listed as a National Historic Landmark in 1976.

The following were named in his honor:

• Kellogg Boulevard in downtown Saint Paul.
• Kellogg Middle School in Shoreline, Washington, and Rochester, Minnesota, as was Frank B. Kellogg High School (closed 1986) in Little Canada, Minnesota, which had been a part of Roseville School District 623.
• A Liberty ship, the SS Frank B. Kellogg

Papers

Frank B. Kellogg's papers are available for research use at the Minnesota Historical Society. They include correspondence and miscellaneous papers, State Department duplicates, news clippings scrapbooks, awards, floor plans, honorary degrees, maps, memorials and memoranda.

See also

• List of people on the cover of Time magazine: 1920s

References

1. Treaty Information Bulletin No. 1-117 (October 31, 1929–June 30, 1939, Volumes 1-20)
2. Digest of International Law, Volume 12 (1971)
3. Permanent Court of International Justice, Volumes 1-4 (United States Congress - House Committee on Foreign Affairs, 1932)
4. Walker, David Maxwell (1980). The Oxford Companion to Law. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198661108.
5. Executive documents of the State of Minnesota for 1881
6. Executive Documents of the State of Minnesota (1887, Volume 1)
7. Executive documents of the State of Minnesota for 1879-1880, Volume 1
8. ^ Historical Society, Olmsted County (1883). History of Olmsted County, Together with Biographical Matter, Statistics, Etc (Gathered from Matter Furnished by Interviews with Old Settlers, County, Township, and Other Records, and Extracts from Files of Papers, Pamphlets, and Such Other Sources as Have Been Available). Olmsted County Historical Society (Minnesota).
9. Report of the Minnesota Attorney General (1888-1890)
10. Leonard, Joseph Alexander (1910). History of Olmsted County, Minnesota - Together with Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers, Citizens, Families and Institutions. Goodspeed Historical Association.
11. ^ Past City Attorneys of Rochester (1862-Present)
12. ^ "Frank B. Kellogg Dies At Age Of 81 [sic]. Winner of Nobel Peace Prize for Pact Outlawing War, Ex-Secretary of State". The New York Times. December 22, 1937. Retrieved December 16, 2014. Frank B. Kellogg, former World Court judge and Secretary of State, died at 7:28 P. M., Guy Chase, his law partner, announced tonight.
13. "The Nobel Peace Prize 1929". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
14. Sobel, Robert (1990). Biographical Directory of the United States Executive Branch, 1774-1989. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313265938.
15. ^ "KELLOGG, Frank Billings - Biographical Information". bioguide.congress.gov. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved May 13, 2017.
16. Frank B. Kellogg on Nobelprize.org , accessed 29 April 2020
17. "Taft Declines Comment.; F.B. Kellogg, in Conference with Candidate, Also Silent Now". The New York Times. July 23, 1908. Retrieved May 13, 2017.
18. "Article 2 -- No Title". The New York Times. November 21, 1909. Retrieved May 13, 2017.
19. Neubeck, Deborah Kahn. "Collection Finding Aids, Frank B. Kellogg chronology". mnhs.org. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
20. Official congressional directory, 70th congress - 1st session (December 1927)
21. American Revolution, Sons of the (1907). National Year Book. National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution.
22. "2,000 Nominations Made by Coolidge; List Is Headed by Frank B. Kellogg for Ambassador to Britain". The New York Times. December 11, 1923. Retrieved May 13, 2017.
23. "Sacasa Protests Kellogg's Course; Said to Have Threatened in Message to Rouse Latin America Against US. Will Keep Up the Fight: He Promptly Denies Story That He Is Giving Up in Face of Our Opposition". The New York Times. January 15, 1927. Retrieved May 13, 2017.
24. "Kellogg to Go to Oslo.; But Nobel Peace Prize Winner Is Uncertain When He Can Pay Visit". The New York Times. November 29, 1930. Retrieved May 13, 2017.
25. "Kellogg Gets Honorary Degree at Oxford; Outstanding Candidate for Nobel Peace Prize". The New York Times. November 27, 1929. Retrieved May 13, 2017.
26. "The Nobel Peace Prize 1926". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on September 8, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
27. Photo, Manley O. Hudson, Bemis Professor of International Law, Harvard Law School times Wide World (October 12, 1930). "Who's Who of the Judges Elected to World Court; Frank B. Kellogg". The New York Times. Retrieved May 13, 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
28. Kellogg, Frank B. (December 24, 1933). "The Road to Peace". The New York Times. Retrieved May 13, 2017.
29. "Cabinet Members Explain New Deal; Cummings and Roper Urge at Rollins College Education as Aid to Government. Both Receive Degrees: College at Founders' Day Celebration Honors Frank B. Kellogg for World Peace Efforts". The New York Times. February 27, 1934. Retrieved May 13, 2017.
30. Installation ceremony of Frank B. Kellogg at Permanent Court of International Justice, The Hague (1930), at YouTube.
31. "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
32. Russell D. Buhite, "Nelson Johnson and American Policy Toward China, 1925-1928". Pacific Historical Review (1966): 451-465 online.
33. Edward Mihalkanin, ed. (2004). American Statesmen: Secretaries of State from John Jay to Colin Powell. pp. 293-98.
34. "Mrs. F. B. Kellogg, Diplomat's Widow; Was Hostess for Her Husband Co-Author of Peace Pact and Ex-Secretary of State Dies at St. Paul Home Aided Mrs. Coolidge at White House Fetes: Couple Marked 50th Anniversary in 1936". The New York Times. October 3, 1942. Retrieved May 13, 2017.
35. Denslow, William R. (1957). "10,000 Famous Freemasons". The Phoenixmasonry Masonic Museum and Library. Macoy Publishing & Masonic Supply Co. Retrieved November 10, 2014.
36. "Carleton College Gets $500,000 Gift; Frank B. Kellogg Establishes Unit for Study of International Relations". The New York Times. June 8, 1937. Retrieved May 13, 2017.
37. "Frank B. Kellogg House". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on April 3, 2008. Retrieved January 8, 2008.
38. Millett, Larry (2007). AIA Guide to the Twin Cities: The Essential Source on the Architecture of Minneapolis and St. Paul. Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-87351-540-5.
39. Frank B. Kellogg Papers

Further reading

• Bryn-Jones, David (1937). Frank B. Kellogg: A Biography. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. (Reprinted in 2007: ISBN 978-1-4325-8982-0) online
• Carroll, Francis M. "Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg Comes to Ireland, 1928". in America and the Making of an Independent Ireland (New York University Press, 2021) pp. 184–198.
• Cleaver, Charles G. "Frank B. Kellogg: Attitudes and Assumptions Influencing His Foreign Policy Decisions" (PhD dissertation, University of Minnesota; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1956. 590377).
• Ellis, Lewis Ethan (1961). Frank B. Kellogg and American Foreign Relations, 1925-1929. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. online
• Ellis, Lewis Ethan (1968). Republican Foreign Policy, 1921–1933 online
• Ellis, L. Ethan (1961). "Frank B. Kellogg" in An Uncertain Tradition: American Secretaries of State in the 20th Century. ed. Norman A. Graebner. pp. 149–67.
• Ferrell, Robert H. Frank B. Kellogg & Henry L. Stimson: The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy. Cooper Square Publishers, 1963. online
• Rhodes, Benjamin D. (2001). United States Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period, 1918–1941: The Golden Age of American Diplomatic and Military Complacency. pp. 57–72.
• Weber, Eric. "Kellogg, Frank Billings (1856–1937)". MNopedia. Minnesota Historical Society.

Primary sources

• Kellogg, Frank (1925). China's Outstanding Problems. OCLC 40941492.
• Kellogg, Frank B. "American Policy and Chinese Affairs". American Bar Association Journal 11.9 (1925): 576-579. online
• Kellogg, Frank B. "Some Foreign Policies of the United States". Foreign Affairs, vol. 4, no. 2, 1926, pp. i-xvii. online
• Kellogg, Frank B. "The World Court". Minnesota Law Review 14 (1929): 711+ online.

External links

• United States Congress. "Frank B. Kellogg (id: K000065)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
• Newspaper clippings about Frank B. Kellogg in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
• Frank B. Kellogg on Nobelprize.org
• Frank B. Kellogg at Find a Grave

v t e United States secretaries of state
Secretary of Foreign Affairs 1781–1789	R. Livingston Jay
Secretary of State 1789–present	Jefferson Randolph Pickering J. Marshall Madison Smith Monroe Adams Clay Van Buren E. Livingston McLane Forsyth Webster Upshur Calhoun Buchanan Clayton Webster Everett Marcy Cass Black Seward Washburne Fish Evarts Blaine Frelinghuysen Bayard Blaine Foster Gresham Olney Sherman Day Hay Root Bacon Knox Bryan Lansing Colby Hughes Kellogg Stimson Hull Stettinius Byrnes G. Marshall Acheson Dulles Herter Rusk Rogers Kissinger Vance Muskie Haig Shultz Baker Eagleburger Christopher trips Albright trips Powell trips Rice tenure trips Clinton tenure trips Kerry trips Tillerson trips Pompeo trips Blinken trips
List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States

v t e Cabinet of President Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929)
Vice President	None (1923–1925) Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929)
Secretary of State	Charles Evans Hughes (1923–1925) Frank B. Kellogg (1925–1929)
Secretary of the Treasury	Andrew Mellon (1923–1929)
Secretary of War	John W. Weeks (1923–1925) Dwight F. Davis (1925–1929)
Attorney General	Harry M. Daugherty (1923–1924) Harlan F. Stone (1924–1925) John G. Sargent (1925–1929)
Postmaster General	Harry S. New (1923–1929)
Secretary of the Navy	Edwin Denby (1923–1924) Curtis D. Wilbur (1924–1929)
Secretary of the Interior	Hubert Work (1923–1928) Roy Owen West (1928–1929)
Secretary of Agriculture	Henry Cantwell Wallace (1923–1924) Howard Mason Gore (1924–1925) William Marion Jardine (1925–1929)
Secretary of Commerce	Herbert Hoover (1923–1928) William F. Whiting (1928–1929)
Secretary of Labor	James J. Davis (1923–1929)

v t e Cabinet of President Herbert Hoover (1929–1933)
Vice President	Charles Curtis (1929–1933)
Secretary of State	Frank B. Kellogg (1929) Henry L. Stimson (1929–1933)
Secretary of the Treasury	Andrew Mellon (1929–1932) Ogden L. Mills (1932–1933)
Secretary of War	James William Good (1929) Patrick J. Hurley (1929–1933)
Attorney General	William D. Mitchell (1929–1933)
Postmaster General	Walter Folger Brown (1929–1933)
Secretary of the Navy	Charles Francis Adams III (1929–1933)
Secretary of the Interior	Ray Lyman Wilbur (1929–1933)
Secretary of Agriculture	Arthur M. Hyde (1929–1933)
Secretary of Commerce	Robert P. Lamont (1929–1932) Roy D. Chapin (1932–1933)
Secretary of Labor	James J. Davis (1929–1930) William N. Doak (1930–1933)

v t e United States senators from Minnesota
Class 1	Rice Ramsey McMillan Davis Towne Clapp Kellogg Shipstead Thye McCarthy H. Humphrey M. Humphrey Durenberger Grams Dayton Klobuchar
Class 2	Shields Wilkinson Norton Windom Stearns Windom Edgerton Windom Sabin Washburn K. Nelson Johnson Schall Benson Howard Lundeen Ball A. Nelson Ball H. Humphrey Mondale Anderson Boschwitz Wellstone Barkley Coleman Franken Smith

v t e Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize
1901–1925	1901: Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy 1902: Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat 1903: Randal Cremer 1904: Institut de Droit International 1905: Bertha von Suttner 1906: Theodore Roosevelt 1907: Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault 1908: Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer 1909: A. M. F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant 1910: International Peace Bureau 1911: Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried 1912: Elihu Root 1913: Henri La Fontaine 1914 1915 1916 1917: International Committee of the Red Cross 1918 1919: Woodrow Wilson 1920: Léon Bourgeois 1921: Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange 1922: Fridtjof Nansen 1923 1924 1925: Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes
1926–1950	1926: Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann 1927: Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde 1928 1929: Frank B. Kellogg 1930: Nathan Söderblom 1931: Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler 1932 1933: Norman Angell 1934: Arthur Henderson 1935: Carl von Ossietzky 1936: Carlos Saavedra Lamas 1937: Robert Cecil 1938: Nansen International Office for Refugees 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944: International Committee of the Red Cross 1945: Cordell Hull 1946: Emily Balch / John Mott 1947: Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee 1948 1949: John Boyd Orr 1950: Ralph Bunche
1951–1975	1951: Léon Jouhaux 1952: Albert Schweitzer 1953: George C. Marshall 1954: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1955 1956 1957: Lester B. Pearson 1958: Georges Pire 1959: Philip Noel-Baker 1960: Albert Luthuli 1961: Dag Hammarskjöld 1962: Linus Pauling 1963: International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies 1964: Martin Luther King Jr. 1965: UNICEF 1966 1967 1968: René Cassin 1969: International Labour Organization 1970: Norman Borlaug 1971: Willy Brandt 1972 1973: Lê Đức Thọ (declined award) / Henry Kissinger 1974: Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō 1975: Andrei Sakharov
1976–2000	1976: Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan 1977: Amnesty International 1978: Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin 1979: Mother Teresa 1980: Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 1981: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1982: Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles 1983: Lech Wałęsa 1984: Desmond Tutu 1985: International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War 1986: Elie Wiesel 1987: Óscar Arias 1988: UN Peacekeeping Forces 1989: Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama) 1990: Mikhail Gorbachev 1991: Aung San Suu Kyi 1992: Rigoberta Menchú 1993: Nelson Mandela / F. W. de Klerk 1994: Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat 1995: Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat 1996: Carlos Belo / José Ramos-Horta 1997: International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams 1998: John Hume / David Trimble 1999: Médecins Sans Frontières 2000: Kim Dae-jung
2001–present	2001: United Nations / Kofi Annan 2002: Jimmy Carter 2003: Shirin Ebadi 2004: Wangari Maathai 2005: International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei 2006: Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus 2007: Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2008: Martti Ahtisaari 2009: Barack Obama 2010: Liu Xiaobo 2011: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman 2012: European Union 2013: Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons 2014: Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai 2015: Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet 2016: Juan Manuel Santos 2017: International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons 2018: Denis Mukwege / Nadia Murad 2019: Abiy Ahmed 2020: World Food Programme 2021: Maria Ressa / Dmitry Muratov 2022: Ales Bialiatski / Memorial / Center for Civil Liberties 2023: Narges Mohammadi 2024: Nihon Hidankyo

• 1856 births
• 1937 deaths
• People from Potsdam, New York
• American recipients of the Legion of Honour
• Minnesota lawyers
• Nobel Peace Prize laureates
• American Nobel laureates
• Presidents of the American Bar Association
• United States secretaries of state
• Minnesota Republicans
• Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom
• Deaths from pneumonia in Minnesota
• Burials at Washington National Cathedral
• Permanent Court of International Justice judges
• Republican Party United States senators from Minnesota
• Hoover administration cabinet members
• Coolidge administration cabinet members
• American Freemasons
• American judges of international courts and tribunals
• 20th-century American lawyers
• 19th-century American lawyers
• 19th-century American politicians
• Members of the American Philosophical Society
• 20th-century United States senators