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AK Trolls (Turkish: AK Trol, AK Troller) are anonymous political commentators and trolls on the internet, taking part in Internet manipulation in favor of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) in Turkey. Most are aged between 20 and 25. The youth wing of the Justice and Development Party (AK Gençlik) is presumed responsible for heading the web brigade, while TÜGVA (Turkey Youth Foundation) members are also recruited. In 2020, Twitter Safety suspended and archived 7,340 accounts, including fake and compromised accounts tied to the group which pushed pro-AKP narratives, notably advocating for domestic support for the Turkish intervention in Syria as well as narratives critical of opposition parties CHP, the Good Party and HDP.
Background
AK Trolls came to existence in 2013 after the Gezi Park protests where protesters used social media to organize and publicize protests against the government and the authoritarian tendencies of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. As a reaction, the AKP recruited 6,000 people to a new social media team, known as the New Turkey Digital Office, to promote state propaganda and orchestrate campaigns against individuals identified as being opponents of AKP. Internet bots are extensively used by government as well to assist paid individuals. AK Trolls mainly target anyone who opposes the policies of incumbent President Erdoğan, which can range from Kurdish nationalists to Kemalists.
AK Trolls favored a 'Yes' vote for the constitutional changes sought by Erdoğan.
2020 Twitter takedown
A Twitter safety statement released in December 2020 stated that "based on our analysis of the network's technical indicators and account behaviors, the collection of fake and compromised accounts was being used to amplify political narratives favorable to the AK Parti" and that 7,340 accounts linked to the group had been archived.
According to reports by the Stanford Internet Observatory, the accounts:
- consisted of "batches of fabricated personalities, all created on the same day, with similar usernames..."
- "included centrally managed compromised accounts that were used for AKP cheerleading..."
- "some were linked to organizations that were critical of the government. According to Twitter, they are included in the takedown because their accounts were compromised by this network."
- "Tweets were critical of the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP), and accused it of terrorism and social media ploys. Tweets were also critical of the Republican People's Party (CHP)."
- "Tweets promoted the 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum, which consolidated power in Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan."
- "Tweets worked to increase domestic support for Turkish intervention in Syria. There were also English-language tweets that attempted to increase the external legitimacy of Turkey's offensive in northeastern Syria in October 2019."
Methods
AK Trolls use social media networks (i.e. Facebook, Twitter, Ekşi Sözlük) in an organized way to promote the AKP, discredit opposition, and attack individuals by spreading false information about them on the Internet. MPs from CHP and HDP asked to start an investigation on AK Trolls as the group is extensively employed to silence individuals through character assassination, insults, and threats. AK Trolls also use images to incite emotional responses from the target population.
AK Trolls use fake Twitter trends as a means to launch campaigns against opposition. A study by Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL) found that at least 47% of Twitter trends in Turkey were fake, created automatically using fake and compromised accounts. It is reported that in 2019, there were 6500 fake trends. Of those, 802 were about politics and 472 were pro-AKP, including campaigns against Istanbul mayor Ekrem İmamoğlu such as #ÇünküÇaldılar, which claimed that he stole the votes.
See also
- 50 Cent Army
- Internet Water Army
- Public opinion brigades
- Netto-uyoku
- 1450 Internet army
- State-sponsored Internet propaganda
- Trolls from Olgino
- Russian web brigades
References
- Leo Benedictus. "Invasion of the troll armies: 'Social media where the war goes on' | Media". The Guardian. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
- ^ University, © Stanford; Stanford; Complaints, California 94305 Copyright (11 June 2020). "Analysis of June 2020 Twitter takedowns linked to China, Russia and Turkey". cyber.fsi.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Jonathan Okun (2017-01-31). "Cybersecurity Strategy Advice for the Trump Administration: US-Turkey Relations - The Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies". Jsis.washington.edu. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
- ^ "Turkish journalists face abuse and threats online as trolls step up attacks | World news". The Guardian. 2016-04-23. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
- Mert Taşçılar (31 October 2016). "Odatv AKTroller'i açığa çıkaran o raporu yayımlıyor". Odatv.com. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
- "Aktroller ne kadar maaş alıyor? – Sözcü Gazetesi". Sozcu.com.tr. 2015-09-29. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
- ""AK trolls" were detrimental to the "Yes" camp - BARÇIN YİNANÇ". Hürriyet Daily News. 26 April 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
- "Disclosing networks of state-linked information operations we've removed". Twitter Safety. 2020-12-06.
- "Mapping Turkey's Twitter-troll lynch mobs". The Daily Dot. 22 October 2015. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
- "Erdoğan attends 'Ak troll' wedding, chats with well-known suspect - POLITICS". Hurriyetdailynews.com. 2011-09-13. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
- "'AkTroller' hakkında soru önergesi". Birgun.net. 2016-12-21. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
- Elmas, Tuğrulcan; Overdorf, Rebekah; Özkalay, Ahmed Furkan; Aberer, Karl (2021). "Ephemeral Astroturfing Attacks: The Case of Fake Twitter Trends". 6th IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy. Virtual: IEEE. arXiv:1910.07783.