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Venerida
The hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Bivalvia
Infraclass:	Heteroconchia
Subterclass:	Euheterodonta
Superorder:	Imparidentia
Order:	Venerida Gray, 1854
Families
See text
Synonyms
Veneroida

Venerida (formerly Veneroida) is an order of mostly saltwater but also some freshwater bivalve molluscs. This order includes many familiar groups such as many clams that are valued for food and a number of freshwater bivalves.

Since the 2000s, the taxonomy currently represented in the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) classifies several taxa contained in the former Veneroida into other orders, such as the new Cardiida (for Cardioidea and Tellinoidea) and Carditida (cockles and their allies).

Description

Venerids are generally thick-valved, equal-valved and isomyarian (that is, their adductor muscles are of equal size). Three main hinge teeth are characteristic of the subclass Heterodonta, to which this order belongs. Many species are active rather than sessile. However, they tend to be filter feeders, feeding through paired siphons, with a characteristic folded gill structure adapted to that way of life.

In 2002, Gonzalo Giribet and Ward Wheeler suggested that the orders Myoida and Veneroida were not monophyletic. They have since been widely reorganised.

Orders and families

Order: Venerida

• Superfamily: †Anthracosioidea
  • Family: †Anthracosiidae
  • Family: †Ferganoconchida
  • Family: †Shaanxiconchidae
• Superfamily: Arcticoidea
  • Family: Arcticidae
  • Family: †Pollicidae
  • Family: Trapezidae
  • Family: †Veniellidae
• Superfamily: Chamoidea
  • Family: Chamidae
• Superfamily: Cyrenoidea
  • Family: Cyrenidae
  • Family: Cyrenoididae
  • Family: Glauconomidae
• Superfamily: Glossoidea
  • Family: Glossidae
  • Family: Kelliellidae
  • Family: †Lutetiidae
  • Family: Vesicomyidae
• Superfamily: Hemidonacoidea
  • Family: Hemidonacidae
    • Species: Hemidonax pictus and others
• Superfamily: Mactroidea
  • Family: Anatinellidae
  • Family: Cardiliidae
  • Family: Mactridae
  • Family: Mesodesmatidae
• Superfamily: Galeommatoidea
  • Family: Galeommatidae
  • Family: Kellidae
  • Family: Lasaeidae
  • Family: Leptonidae
  • Family: Montacutidae
• Superfamily: †Palaeanodontoidea
  • Family: †Palaeanodontidae
• Superfamily: †Prilukielloidea
  • Family: †Prilukiellidae
  • Family: †Senderzoniellidae
• Superfamily: Ungulinoidea
  • Family: Ungulinidae
• Superfamily: Veneroidea
  • Family: †Isocyprinidae
  • Family: Neoleptonidae
  • Family: Veneridae

References

1. "Cardiida". MolluscaBase. World Register of Marine Species. 2018. Retrieved 2018-07-16.
2. "Venerida". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. 2018. Retrieved 2018-07-16.
3. Gonzalo Giribet and Ward Wheeler (November 2002). "On bivalve phylogeny: a high-level analysis of the Bivalvia (Mollusca) based on combined morphology and DNA sequence data". Invertebrate Biology. 121 (4): 271–324. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7410.2002.tb00132.x.

External links

• Veneroida Taxonomy at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)

• Venerida
• Bivalve orders