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Thaliacea
Pyrosoma atlanticum, a pyrosome
Doliolum sp., a doliolid
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Subphylum:	Tunicata
Class:	Thaliacea Nielsen, 1995
Orders
Pyrosomida Salpida Doliolida

Thaliacea is a class of marine chordates within the subphylum Tunicata, comprising the salps, pyrosomes and doliolids. Unlike their benthic relatives the ascidians, from which they are believed to have emerged, thaliaceans are free-floating (pelagic) for their entire lifespan. The group includes species with complex life cycles, with both solitary and colonial forms.

Anatomy

The three orders of thaliaceans are filter feeders. Pyrosomes are colonial animals, with multiple tiny ascidian-like zooids arranged in a cylinder closed at one end. All of the atrial siphons point inwards, emptying into a single, common cloaca in the centre of the cylinder. As the water exhaled by the zooids exits through a common opening, the water movement slowly propels the pyrosome through the sea. Salps and doliolids have a transparent barrel-shaped body through which they pump water, propelling them through the sea, and from which they extract food. The bulk of the body consists of the large pharynx. Water enters the pharynx through the large buccal siphon at the front end of the animal, and is forced through a number of slits in the pharyngeal wall into an atrium lying just behind it. From here, the water is expelled through an atrial siphon at the posterior end. The pharynx is both a respiratory organ and a digestive one, filtering food from the water with the aid of a net of mucus slowly pulled across the slits by cilia.

Doliolids and salps alternate between asexual and sexual life stages. Salp colonies can be several meters in length. Doliolids and salps rely on muscular action to propel themselves through surrounding seawater.

Thaliaceans have complex lifecycles. Doliolid eggs hatch into swimming tadpole larvae, which are the common larval stage for other urochordates. Pyrosomes are ovoviviparous, meaning the eggs develop inside the "mother" without the tadpole stage. Salps are viviparous, meaning the embryos are linked to the "mother" by a placenta. This then develops into an oozoid, which reproduces asexually by budding to produce a number of blastozoids, which form long chains (see image). The individual blastozoids then reproduce sexually to produce the eggs and the next generation of oozoids.

The dorsal, hollow nerve cord and notochord found in Chordata has been lost, except for a rudimentary one in some doliolid larvae.

The jell pump and the carbon cycle

Thaliaceans play an important role in the ecology of the sea. Their dense faecal pellets sink to the bottom of the oceans, and this may be a major part of the worldwide carbon cycle.

Taxonomy

The class is a relatively small one, and is divided into three orders:

Class Thaliacea

• Order Pyrosomida Jones 1848
  • Family Pyrosomatidae Garstang 1929
    • Subfamily Pyrostremmatinae van Soest 1979
      • Genus Pyrostremma Garstang 1929
    • Subfamily Pyrosomatinae
      • Genus Pyrosoma Péron 1804
      • Genus Pyrosomella van Soest 1979
• Order Salpida
  • Family Salpidae Franstedt 1885
    • Subfamily Cyclosalpinae Yount 1954
      • Genus Cyclosalpa Blainville 1827
      • Genus Helicosalpa Todaro 1902
    • Subfamily Salpinae Lahille 1888
      • Genus Brooksia (tunicate) Metcalf 1918
      • Genus Iasis (tunicate) Savigny 1816
      • Genus Ihlea Metcalf 1919 non Metcalf 1918
      • Genus Metcalfina Ihle & Ihle-Landenberg 1933
      • Genus Pegea Savigny 1816
      • Genus Ritteriella Metcalf 1919
      • Genus Salpa Forskål 1775
      • Genus Soestia
      • Genus Thetys Tilesius 1802
      • Genus Thalia Blumenbach 1798
      • Genus Traustedtia Metcalf 1918
• Order Doliolida
  • Suborder Doliolidina
    • Family Doliolidae Bronn 1862
      • Genus Dolioletta Borgert 1894
      • Genus Doliolina Garstang 1933
      • Genus Dolioloides Garstang 1933
      • Genus Doliolum Quoy & Gaimard 1834
    • Family Doliopsoididae Godeaux 1996
      • Genus Doliopsoides Krüger 1939
  • Suborder Doliopsidina
    • Family Doliolunidae Robison, Raskoff & Sherlock 2005
      • Genus Pseudusa Robison, Raskoff & Sherlock 2005
    • Family Doliopsidae Godeaux 1996
      • Genus Doliolula Robison, Raskoff & Sherlock 2005
      • Genus Doliopsis Vogt 1854
    • Family Paradoliopsidae Godeaux 1996
      • Genus Paradoliopsis Godeaux 1996

References

• Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 1042–1043. ISBN 978-0-03-056747-6.
• Bone, Quentin (1998). The pelagic Tunicates. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-854024-3.

1. Holland, Linda Z. (2016). "Tunicates". Current Biology. 26 (4): R146–R152. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.024. PMID 26906481. S2CID 235602431.
2. "The jelly cycle". The Economist. May 21, 2009.
3. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2014-02-13.

External links

• earthlife.net
• amonline.net.au
• ascidians.com

v t e Tunicate genera
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Olfactores
Tunicata Appendicularia (Larvacea) Kowalevskia Fritillariidae Appendicularia Fritillaria Tectillaria Oikopleuridae Althoffia Bathochordaeus Chunopleura Folia Megalocercus Mesochordaeus Mesoikopleura Oikopleura Pelagopleura Sinisteroffia Stegosoma Stolidobranchia (Pleurogona)¹ Molgulidae Anomopera Asajirus Bostrichobranchus Eugyra Fungulus Gamaster Minipera Molgula Molguloides Namiella Oligotrema Paramolgula Pareugyrioides Protomolgula Rhizomolgula Pyuridae Bathypera Bathypyura Boltenia Bolteniopsis Claudenus Cratostigma Ctenyura Culeolus Halocynthia Hartmeyeria Hemistyela Herdmania Heterostigma Microcosmus Paraculeolus Pyura Styelidae Alloeocarpa Amphicarpa Arnbackia Asterocarpa Bathyoncus Bathystyeloides Berillia Botryllocarpa Botrylloides Botryllus Chorizocarpa Cnemidocarpa Dendrodoa Dextrocarpa Dicarpa Distomus Eusynstyela Gynandrocarpa Kukenthalia Metandrocarpa Monandrocarpa Oculinaria Oligocarpa Pelonaia Podostyela Polyandrocarpa Polycarpa Polyzoa Protostyela Psammostyela Seriocarpa Stolonica Styela Symplegma Syncarpa Theodorella Tibitin Thaliacea Pyrosomatidae Pyrosoma Pyrosomella Pyrostremma Salpidae Brooksia Cyclosalpa Helicosalpa Iasis Ihlea Metcalfina Pegea Ritteriella Salpa Soestia Thalia Thetys Traustedtia Doliolida Doliopsoides Paradoliopsis Pseudusa Doliopsidae Doliolula Doliopsis Doliolidae Dolioletta Doliolina Dolioloides Doliolum Enterogona¹ see below↓
Enterogona Aplousobranchia Euherdmania Placentela Stomozoa Vitrum Clavelinidae Clavelina Euclavella Nephtheis Pycnoclavella Diazonidae Diazona Pseudodiazona Pseudorhopalaea Rhopalaea Tylobranchion Didemnidae Atriolum Clitella Coelocormus Didemnum Diplosoma Leptoclinides Lissoclinum Polysyncraton Trididemnum Holozoidae Distaplia Hypodistoma Hypsistozoa Neodistoma Polydistoma Protoholozoa Pseudoplacentela Scotiazoa Sigillina Sycozoa Polycitoridae Archidistoma Brevicollus Cystodytes Eucoelium Eudistoma "Exostoma" Millarus Polycitor Polycitorella Rhombifera Salix Polyclinidae Aplidiopsis Aplidium Morchellioides Morchellium Neodictyon Polyclinella Polyclinum Sidneioides Synoicum Protopolyclinidae Condominium Monniotus Protopolyclinum Pseudodistomidae Anadistoma Citorclinum Pseudodistoma Ritterellidae Dumus Pharyngodictyon Ritterella Phlebobranchia Dimeatus Hypobythius Agneziidae Adagnesia Agnezia Caenagnesia Proagnesia Pterygascidia Ascidiidae Ascidia Ascidiella Fimbrora Phallusia Psammascidia Cionidae Araneum Ciona Tantillulum Corellidae Abyssascidia Chelyosoma Clatripes Corella Corelloides Corellopsis Corynascidia Dextrogaster Mysterascidia Rhodosoma Xenobranchion Octacnemidae Benthascidia Cibacapsa Cryptia Dicopia Kaikoja Megalodicopia Myopegma Octacnemus Polyoctacnemus Situla Perophoridae Ecteinascidia Perophora Plurellidae Microgastra Plurella
Tunicate-like fossils Ediacaran Ausia Burykhia Finkoella Pharyngomorpha Yarnemia Cambrian Cheungkongella Megasiphon Shankouclava Later Palaeoquadrum Quadrifolium Toscanisoma Khmeriamorpha Khmeria Zardinisoma Ichnotaxa Catellocaula
¹Part of the paraphyletic class Ascidiacea Category Commons

• Thaliacea
• Chordate classes