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T-40 amphibious scout tank
A normal T-40 rearmed with TNSh autocannon (foreground) and "T-40" T-60 (background) in the Kubinka Tank Museum.
Type	Amphibious light tank
Place of origin	Soviet Union
Service history
In service	1941–46
Used by	Soviet Union
Wars	World War II
Production history
Produced	1940–41
No. built	962 (356 normal, 594 "T-40" T-60 and 12 "T-40" T-60-based rocket launchers)
Variants	BM-8-24 Katyusha, T-30/"T-40" T-60 light tank
Specifications ()
Mass	5.9 t (6.5 short tons)
Length	4.10 m (13.5 ft)
Width	2.33 m (7.6 ft)
Height	1.90 m (6.2 ft)
Crew	2
Armour	4–13 mm (0.16–0.51 in)
Main armament	12.7 mm (0.50 in) DShK machine gun
Secondary armament	7.62 mm (0.300 in) DT machine gun
Engine	GAZ-202 85 hp (63 kW)
Power/weight	12 hp/tonne
Suspension	torsion bar
Operational range	450 km (280 mi)
Maximum speed	45 km/h (28 mph)

The T-40 amphibious scout tank was an amphibious light tank used by the Soviet Union during World War II. It was armed with one 12.7 mm (0.5 in) DShK machine gun. It was one of the few tanks that could cross an unfordable river without a bridge.

It was primarily intended to equip reconnaissance units. A land-based version of the T-40, the T-30/"T-40" T-60, was produced, although was later replaced by the "true" T-60. The T-60 was cheaper, simpler, better-armed, and could fulfill most of the same roles, so T-40 production was halted.

The vehicle served mainly in Operation Barbarossa and the defense of Moscow, and it was rarely seen after that point, although it was used in Soviet training schools until 1946. A total 12 examples of the type were later fitted with Katyusha rocket launchers, firing 82 mm unguided rockets from a 24-rail launcher.

Importance

Amphibious capability was important to the Red Army, as evidenced by the production of over 1,500 amphibious tanks in the 1930s. The T-40 was intended to replace the aging T-37 and T-38 amphibious light tanks. It was a superior design, but due to the pressures of war the Soviets favored the production of simpler tank designs, so only a small number of T-40s were built.

Development

The T-40 was an improvement over the T-37 and T-38 in several respects. The coil-spring suspension of the T-38 was replaced by a modern torsion-bar suspension with four pairs of road wheels. The boat-shaped hull was entirely welded, in contrast to the riveted hulls of the T-37 and T-38. The welded, conical turret shape improved protection, although the armor was still very thin. The vehicle's armament consisted of a single 12.7 mm DShK heavy machine gun, which was a much more potent weapon than the 7.62 mm DT machine gun mounted on the T-37 and the T-38.

Water propulsion was achieved via a small propeller mounted at the rear of the hull. The propeller was set into an indent in the hull rear, and was thus better protected than the exposed propeller of the T-38. Buoyancy was provided by the large boat-shaped hull.

Production

The T-40 entered production just prior to the outbreak of war, and was intended to equip reconnaissance units. As the need for large numbers of tanks became critical, a secondary non-amphibious variant was designed on the T-40 chassis. Due to delays with design of newer model, T-40 was modified to have thicker armor, 20 mm TNSh autocannon, simpler spoken wheels and absent water propulsion system. This design was called T-60, like a different later tank, which led to many confusions, so this tank is often referred as "T-40" T-60 or T-30 (as its blueprint index was 030). The "T-40" T-60 replaced T-40 in September 1941 and was manufactured until summer 1942 along with the "true" T-60. This design was later improved to become the "true" T-60. The T-60 was simpler, cheaper, better armed, and could fulfill most of the same roles. Under the stress of war, production of the T-40 was halted in favor of the T-60. Thus only 356 T-40s were issued, compared to 594 "T-40" T-60s and over 6,000 "true" T-60s.

A small batch of "T-40" T-60 were produced with BM-8-24 Katyusha rocket racks mounted instead of a turret. This version provided a mobile mount for a 24-rail multiple-launch rocket system, firing 82 mm unguided rockets. A total of 12 T-40 were converted into this model in autumn 1941.

The T-40 was widely photographed at the time of Operation Barbarossa and also during the defence of Moscow. Many were knocked out during the fighting. The type was very rarely seen after the end of 1941, although some T-40s remained in service as late 1946 in some school units.

Romanian forces captured one T-40 as of 1 November 1942.

References

1. Ness, p. 161.
2. Tank Data, p. 124.
3. Ford, p. 33.
4. Zaloga & Grandsen, p. 29
5. ^ Gudgin, p. 108.
6. Crow, p. 52.
7. Suruov (2013)
8. Carruthers, p. 102.
9. Milsom, p. 92.
10. Zabecki, p. 1116.
11. Green (2013)
12. Hogg, p. 94.
13. ^ Bishop, p. 36.
14. Ness, p. 155.
15. Hogg, p. 95.
16. Zaloga (2015), p. 99.
17. Milsom, p. 113.
18. Porter, p. 51.
19. ^ Zaloga & Grandsen, p. 30.
20. Jackson, p. 43.
21. Milsom, p. 114.
22. Mark Axworthy, Cornel I. Scafeș, Cristian Crăciunoiu, Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941-1945, p. 220

Bibliography

• Hoffschmidt, E J; Tantum, W H (1969). Tank Data. Proving Grounds. Vol. 2. Old Greenwich, CN: W. E. Incorporated. OCLC 20957079.
• Bishop, Chris (1998). The Encyclopedia of Weapons of WWII. London, UK: Orbis Publishing and Aerospace Publishing. ISBN 0-7607-1022-8.
• Carruthers, Bob, ed. (2014). Tiger I: The Official Wartime Crew Manual. London, UK: Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-4738-4444-5.
• Crow, Duncan (1979). Tanks of World War II. New York, NY: Exeter Books. ISBN 978-0-89673-027-4.
• Ford, Roger (1997). The World's Great Tanks: From 1916 to the Present Day. New York, NY: Barnes & Noble. ISBN 978-0-7607-0593-3.
• Green, Michael (2013). Russian Armour in the Second World War: Rare Photographs from Wartime Archives. London, UK: Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-4738-2980-0.
• Gudgin, Peter (1997). Armoured Firepower: The Development of Tank Armament, 1939–45. Stroud, UL: Sutton. ISBN 978-0-7509-1387-4.
• Hogg, Ian V.; Weeks, John S. (1980). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Military Vehicles. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-450817-3.
• Jackson, Robert (2010). 101 Great Tanks. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4358-3595-5.

Milsom, John (1971). Russian Tanks, 1900–1970: The Complete Illustrated History of Soviet Armoured Theory and Design. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-1493-4.

• Ness, Leland S. (2002). Jane's World War II Tanks and Fighting Vehicles. London, UK: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-711228-9.
• Porter, David (2009). Soviet Tank Units 1939–45. London, UK: Amber Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-906626-21-1.
• Suvorov, Viktor (2013). The Chief Culprit: Stalin's Grand Design to Start World War II. Washington, D.C.: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-61251-268-6.
• Zabecki, David T., ed. (2015). World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia. London, UK: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-81249-2.
• Zaloga, Steven J.; Grandsen, James (1984). Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two. London, UK: Arms and Armour Press. ISBN 0-85368-606-8.
• Zaloga, Steven J. (2015). Armored Champion: The Top Tanks of World War II. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-1437-2.

External links

• T-40 Development History and Combat Employment Archived 25 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine on Battlefield.ru

• Light tanks of the Soviet Union
• Tracked reconnaissance vehicles
• World War II tanks of the Soviet Union
• Amphibious tanks
• Light tanks of the Cold War
• World War II light tanks
• Reconnaissance vehicles of World War II
• Military vehicles introduced from 1940 to 1944