A stylite (Ancient Greek: στυλίτης (stylitēs) 'pillar dweller', derived from στῦλος (stȳlos) 'pillar' and Classical Syriac: ܐܣܛܘܢܝܐ (astˁonāyā)) or pillar-saint is a type of Christian ascetic who lives on pillars, preaching, fasting and praying. Stylites believe that the mortification of their bodies would help ensure the salvation of their souls. Stylites were common in the early days of the Byzantine Empire. The first known stylite was Simeon Stylites the Elder who climbed a pillar in Syria in 423 and remained there until his death 36 years later.
Ascetic precedents
Palladius of Galatia tells of Elpidius, a hermit from Cappadocia who dwelt in a mountaintop cave outside of Jericho for twenty-five years until his death, eating only on Saturdays and Sundays and standing up worshiping throughout the night. St. Gregory of Nazianzus speaks of a solitary who stood upright for many years together, absorbed in contemplation, without ever lying down. Theodoret claimed that he had seen a hermit who had passed ten years in a tub suspended in midair from poles.
Simeon Stylites and his contemporaries
In 423 Simeon Stylites the Elder took up his abode on the top of a pillar. Critics have recalled a passage in Lucian (De Syria Dea, chapters 28 and 29) which speaks of a high column at Hierapolis Bambyce to the top of which a man ascended twice a year and spent a week in converse with the gods, but according to Herbert Thurston, an English priest of the Roman Catholic Church, scholars think it unlikely that Simeon had derived any suggestion from this pagan custom, which had died out before his time.
In any case Simeon had a continuous series of imitators, particularly in Syria and Palestine. Daniel the Stylite may have been the first of these, for he had been a disciple of Simeon and began his rigorous way of life shortly after his master died. Daniel was a Syrian by birth but he established himself near Constantinople, where he was visited by both the Emperor Leo II and the Emperor Zeno. Simeon the Younger, like his namesake, lived near Antioch; he died in 596 and had for a contemporary a hardly less famous Stylite, Saint Alypius, whose pillar had been erected near Hadrianopolis in Paphlagonia. In the legend, Alypius, after standing upright for 53 years, found his feet no longer able to support him, but instead of descending from his pillar lay down on his side and spent the remaining fourteen years of his life in that position. Roger Collins, in his Early Medieval Europe, tells that, in some cases, two or more pillar saints of differing theological viewpoints could find themselves within calling distance of each other and would argue with one another from their columns.
Other stylites
Daniel the Stylite (c. 409-493) lived on his pillar for 33 years after being blessed by and receiving the cowl of St. Simeon the Stylite.
There were many others besides these who were not so famous, and even female stylites are known to have existed. One or two isolated attempts seem to have been made to introduce this form of asceticism into the West, but it met with little favour. Wulflaich was a Lombard deacon who, according to Gregory of Tours, chose to live as a stylite in the diocese of Trier during the episcopate of Magneric (before 587) and the reign of King Childebert II (576-596).
In the East, cases were found as late as the 12th century; in the Russian Orthodox Church, the practice continued until 1461 and among the Ruthenians even later. For the majority of the pillar hermits, the extreme austerity of the lives of the Simeons and of Alypius was somewhat mitigated. Upon the summit of some of the columns, a tiny hut was erected as a shelter against sun and rain, and other hermits of the same class among the Miaphysites lived inside a hollow pillar rather than upon it. Nonetheless, the life was one of extraordinary endurance and privation.
In recent centuries this form of monastic asceticism has become virtually extinct. However, in modern-day Georgia, Maxime Qavtaradze, a monk of the Georgian Orthodox Church, has lived on top of Katskhi Pillar for 20 years, coming down only twice a week. This pillar is a natural rock formation jutting upward from the ground to a height of approximately one hundred and forty feet. Evidence of use by stylites as late as the 15th century has been found on the top of the rock. With the aid of local villagers and the National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia, Qavtaradze restored the 1200-year-old monastic chapel at the top of the rock. A film documentary on the project was completed in 2013.
Popular culture
- The Vertigo stunt performed by David Blaine on 22 March 2002 was in part inspired by the Pillar-Saints, as he declared in the TV documentary about this stunt.
Fiction
- In Herman Melville's Moby-Dick the narrator calls St. Stylites a "dauntless stander-of-mast-heads" who "literally died at his post".
- In Mark Twain's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, the title character encounters a stylite who prays by metania and uses the pedal motion to sew shirts described as "St. Stylites".
- Umberto Eco's Baudolino temporarily becomes a stylite towards the end of the book.
- Luis Buñuel's Simón del desierto (Simon of the Desert, 1965) is a humorous film about the life of a stylite.
- In Terry Pratchett's Small Gods, a book from the Discworld series, a character named St. Ungulant lives on top of a pole.
- In the episode Souvenirs of the TV series M*A*S*H, Cpl. Klinger sets a pole sitting record.
- In Anatole France's Thaïs, Paphnuce, on his path to damnation, becomes a stylite but unwittingly falls to temptation.
- In Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls, Pole-Standing was a rite of passage for a native tribe.
- A stylite-type figure is featured in the first two episodes of the second season of the HBO series The Leftovers.
- In Two for Joy, the second book in Mary Reed and Eric Mayer's John, the Lord Chamberlain series of historical mystery novels set in 6th century Constantinople, three stylites in a row spontaneously combust during a lightning storm leaving John the Lord Chamberlain suspecting foul play.
- In Douglas Adams's Mostly Harmless, Arthur Dent travels to a planet of prophets where he encounters an old man who lives on platforms on top of very high poles.
See also
References
- Palladius of Galatia (1918). The Lausiac History of Palladius. trans., W. K. Lowther Clarke. The Macmillan Company. pp. 154–155. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
- ^ Thurston, Herbert; "Stylites (Pillar Saints)", The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 14, New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912, 9 December 2021
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- Collins, Roger (2007). Early Medieval Europe, 300-1000. Bloomsbury. p. 77. ISBN 9781137014283. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
- Franz Xaver Kraus (1898), "Wulflaich", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 44, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 286–287
- Bardzimashvili, Temo. "Georgian Monk Builds Stairway to Heaven", eurasianet, August 27, 2010
- "Upon this Rock (2013) - IMDb". IMDb. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
- Gutenberg website, Moby Dick, Chapter 35 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- Gutenberg website, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court Chapter 22 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- The Criterion Collection website, Simon of the Desert
- University of Tennessee (Knoxville) website, A Study of the Thaïs Legend with Focus on the Novel by Anatole France, by Sidney Douglas Engle (2006)
- Barnes and Noble website, Two For Joy
- Adams, Douglas (1993). Mostly Harmless. London: Heinemann. pp. 79–84. ISBN 0-330-32311-3.
Sources
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Stylites (Pillar Saints)". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.- The Life of Saint Simeon Stylites: A Translation of the Syriac in Bedjan's Acta Martyrum et Sanctorum, Frederick Lent, translator 1915. Reprinted 2009. Evolution Publishing, ISBN 978-1-889758-91-6
- Last of the Stylites