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Sithu Kyawhtin (Burmese: စည်သူကျော်ထင်, pronounced [sìθù tɕɔ̀tʰɪ̀ɰ̃]; also known as Narapati Sithu (နရပတိ စည်သူ, [nəɹa̰pətḭ sìθù])) was the last king of Ava from 1551 to 1555. He came to power by overthrowing King Narapati III in 1551, the culmination of his six-year rebellion (1545–1551) with the support of the Shan state of Mohnyin.

As king, he was able to get all members of the Confederation of Shan States to unite against an impending invasion by King Bayinnaung of Toungoo Dynasty. He sought a peace treaty with Bayinnaung but was rebuffed. The Ava-led Confederation withstood the initial invasion by Toungoo in 1553 but could not stop a larger invasion a year later. The fallen king spent his remaining years in an estate at Pegu (Bago). He repaid the good treatment by suppressing the 1565 rebellion at the capital while Bayinnaung was away in Chiang Mai. He was given many honors by Bayinnaung.

Background

Little is known about the background of this king. According to the chronicle Zatadawbon Yazawin, he was an ethnic Burman. But colonial period historians Arthur Purves Phayre and G.E. Harvey called him an ethnic Shan. Phayre went as far to say that he was a son of Sawlon I of Mohnyin, the conqueror of Ava. Neither historian provided citations for their assertions however. The standard Burmese chronicles Maha Yazawin and Hmannan Yazawin only say that Sithu Kyawhtin was a thwethauk brother of Sawlon II of Mohnyin. (Thwethauk means men who have ritually entered into "a sacramental brotherhood" by drinking each other's blood.)

Governor of Salin

Even if he was not biologically related to the ruling clan of the Shan state of Mohnyin, the chronicle accounts clearly show that Sithu Kyawhtin was a close ally of Mohnyin. In the 1530s, during the reign of King Thohanbwa of Mohnyin, Sithu Kyawhtin was governor of Salin, a strategic city on the Irrawaddy about 250 km south of Ava (Inwa). That King Narapati of Prome in the late 1530s sent his sister Salin Mibaya to Sithu Kyawhtin in marriage of state shows that Sithu Kyawhtin was probably a powerful figure in Thohanbwa's administration. Sithu Kyawhtin contributed to Ava's war effort against Toungoo but lost his city to advancing Toungoo (Taungoo) forces in 1544. In the following dry season campaign of 1544–45, he was able to retake Salin briefly but his small army of 3000 men was eventually defeated by larger Toungoo forces. He barely escaped, fleeing west alone by himself to Kale (Kalay), a vassal of Mohnyin, and then to Chin Hills.

At the Chin Hills, he was found by a local chief, Gophung of Vangteh, a Guite chief, and his son Zamang, who sent him to Mohnyin (Lensumkai in local reference) at his choice. A local poetic song is still in use in Vangteh in commemorating of the peace they promised to each other. The song, ascribed to be composed by Manpau, the grandson of Gophung, in their local language, says as follow:

Zaang gamlei a mucinpu, Simgam dawhlei tam tungah na kuailo zeen aw.

Sinthu khem nong piak a leh, Tung Pasian aw, na pai aw. Na khan tom ta’nteh.

(Free translation):

Eagle of the plain land, you are at peace in my mansion built on the high land.

If you give me wrong promise (or fail to keep your promise), let the God of heaven come to you. And you will not long live.

Ruler of Sagaing

Vassal of Mohnyin

At Mohnyin, Sithu Kyawhtin became a central figure in his thwethauk brother Sawlon II's plan to overthrow King Hkonmaing at Ava. The ruler of Mohnyin had been deeply dissatisfied with Hkonmaing (of the Shan state of Onbaung), who was put on the Ava throne by the court in 1542 after Thohanbwa (of Mohnyin) was assassinated. Sawlon II believed the throne of Ava rightfully belonged to Mohnyin since it was his father Sawlon I who led the Confederation of Shan States to the victory over King Narapati II of Ava in 1527, and it was his elder brother Thohanbwa who ruled Ava between 1527 and 1542. But Sawlon II along with other chiefs of the Confederation reluctantly agreed to Hkonmaing as the new king of Ava because of the impending Toungoo threat. However, after successive military defeats that allowed the Toungoo takeover of central Burma to Pagan (Bagan), Sawlon II had enough of Hkonmaing's leadership. In April/May 1545, he sent Sithu Kyawhtin with an army (5000 men, 800 horses, 60 elephants) to overthrow Hkonmaing.

Sithu Kyawhtin and his army took over Sagaing, the city on the left bank of the Irrawaddy right across from Ava, but could not take a heavily fortified Ava. The rump Ava Kingdom had now further split into two halves: the Mohnyin-controlled west of the Irrawaddy (present-day Sagaing Region and southern Kachin State), and Hsipaw/Onbaung-controlled eastern half (approximately, northern Mandalay Region and western Shan State). The two halves remained at war even after Hkonmaing's death c. September 1545. With a closer enemy massed across the river, the new king of Ava, Narapati III immediately sued for peace with Toungoo, and ceded central Burma to Toungoo in exchange for peace.

With his southern border secure, Narapati III tried to regain control of Sagaing. He first sent a mission to Sithu Kyawhtin to submit, which was refused. He then attacked Sagaing, which was repelled. Meanwhile, Sithu Kyawhtin proved to be an able ruler and gained the support of the populace in the region. He even released prisoners of war after treating them of their wounds, allowing them to go wherever they pleased. Many came over and joined his forces. Over the next few years, he became a powerful ruler in his own right.

Independent ally of Mohnyin

Sithu Kyawhtin's popularity and increasingly independent policies were seen as a threat by his hitherto overlord Sawlon II. Circa 1548/49, Sawlon II marched to Sagaing only to see that his nominal vassal was now in much stronger position. The two thwethauk brothers met near the Ponnya Shin Pagoda near Sagaing, and amicably worked out the differences. Sawlon agreed to withdraw. The two rulers remained allies.

Takeover of Ava

Sithu Kyawhtin renewed the war with Ava in September 1551. He may have been prompted into action by the new Toungoo king Bayinnaung's campaigns to restore the Toungoo Empire. Indeed, Bayinnaung and his forces attempted to invade Upper Burma in late September while Sithu Kyawhtin's Sagaing forces were laying siege to Ava. But Toungoo forces decided to deal with Pegu first, and pulled back. Soon after, King Narapati III gave up, and fled south to join Bayinnaung.

King of Ava

Consolidation and war preparations

Sithu Kyawhtin ascended to the Ava throne as Narapati IV. It was circa October 1551. Knowing that Bayinnaung would return, he immediately set out to secure the alliance of all Confederation states, including those of Onbaung–Thibaw, the native state of Narapati III and of Mohnyin. Facing an existential threat, the Confederation states pledged their full support, sending troops, food and arms in preparation for the invasion from the south. He also tried diplomacy, hoping that he could avoid a war. In the dry season of 1552–1553, an Ava embassy led by the governor of Saga Taung arrived at Pegu (Bago) where they were politely received by the Pegu court led by ministers Binnya Dala and Daw Binnya. The Ava mission stayed there for three months but returned empty handed without a peace treaty.

War with Toungoo

Sithu Kyawhtin now fully expected war, though it came sooner than he expected. On 14 June 1553, Bayinnaung sent two 7000-strong armies led by Crown Prince Nanda and Minkhaung II of Toungoo to invade Upper Burma. By launching a campaign in the rainy season, the Toungoo command may have hoped to secure the element of surprise. But Sithu Kyawhtin had enough reserves (5000 men) who held off the invasion force at Tada-U until his allies (Mohnyin, Mogaung, Momeit, Onbaung, and Bhamo) came to his aid with 12,000 men. Toungoo forces facing rainy season conditions retreated.

The respite lasted for a little over a year. In November 1554, Toungoo forces launched a two-pronged invasion, one up the Sittaung valley and the other up the Irrawaddy valley. Avan defenses, supported by nine Confederation armies from (Bhamo, Kale, Mogaung, Mohnyin, Momeik, Mone, Nyaungshwe, Theinni and Onbaung-Thibaw), could not stop the advance, and the capital Ava fell to the southern forces on 22 January 1555. Sithu Kyawhtin and his five servants in disguise slipped out of the city, and fled east to join the Onbaung saopha's forces but were captured en route at Mekkhaya. The fallen king was subsequently sent to Pegu to live in exile.

Life at Pegu

At Pegu, the former king was given an estate with over thirty servants. He repaid Bayinnaung's good treatment. In March/April 1565, while Bayinnaung was in Chiang Mai, a rebellion broke out in Pegu. Sithu Kyawhtin was called in for help to suppress the rebellion. He suppressed the rebellion. Bayinnaung, pleased with Sithu Kyawhtin's work, he gave Sithu Kyawhtin many more honors. He was one of four former kings (along with Mobye Narapati of Ava, Mekuti of Lan Na and Maha Chakkraphat of Siam) honored by Bayinnaung at the opening ceremony of the newly rebuilt Kanbawzathadi Palace on 16 March 1568.

Notes

1. Zatadawbon Yazawin (Zata 1960: 47) says he was born on a Wednesday in the tenth month (Pyatho) of 853 ME. But the standard chronicles Maha Yazawin (Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 129) and Hmannan Yazawin (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 159) both correct it to 857 ME. The Burmese numerals 3 (၃) and 7 (၇) can be similar when written longhand. Moreover, because 857 ME was an intercalary leap year, the tenth month was Nadaw (18 November to 16 December 1495). Since he was born on a Wednesday, his birth date was one of: 18, 25 November, or 2, 9, 16 December 1495.
2. Zatadawbon Yazawin (Zata 1960: 47) specifically notes that he was an ethnic Burman (Bamar).
3. (Harvey 1925: 178): thwethauk means "a sacramental brotherhood of some round table as it were".
4. Inferred date. Chronicles (Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 125) and (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 151) do not say when exactly Sawlon II's expedition to Sagaing took place. Since the entry came before the entry dated Tagu 911 ME (March/April 1549), the event likely took place in the dry-season of 1548–49.
5. (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 151): The news of the attack was received by Bayinnaung while he was at Prome (Pyay) soon after his conquest of the city. Per (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 268), Toungoo forces took Prome on 30 August 1551.
6. Chronicles (Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 129) and (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 159) say he was 56 (in 57th year) when he became king of Ava. It means he came to power before turning 57 in Nadaw 913 ME (30 October to 27 November 1551). Per (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 268–269), he had not gained Ava in late September 1551 when Bayinnaung tried to invade Upper Burma before withdrawing. Thus, he most probably came to power in October.

References

1. ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 221
2. ^ Phayre 1967: 106
3. Harvey 1925: 109
4. Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 123
5. ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 149
6. Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 89
7. Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 223–224
8. Ngul Lian Zam (Guite), Mualthum Kampau Guite Hausate Tangthu (Amazon/CreateSpace, United States, 2018), 124-128. ISBN 978-1721693559.
9. Zam, Mualthum Kampau Guite, 290-291. ISBN 978-1721693559.
10. Zam, Mualthum Kampau Guite, 128-130. ISBN 978-1721693559.
11. Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 146
12. ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 150–151
13. ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 269
14. Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 152
15. Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 153
16. Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 154–156
17. Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 280
18. Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 157
19. (Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 218–221): Tuesday, second waxing of Tabaung 916 ME = 22 January 1555
20. ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 290
21. Phayre 1967: 112
22. Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 298–299

Bibliography

• Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
• Kala, U (1724). Maha Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2006, 4th printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
• Phayre, Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. (1883). History of Burma (1967 ed.). London: Susil Gupta.
• Royal Historical Commission of Burma (1832). Hmannan Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2003 ed.). Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar.
• Thaw Kaung, U (2010). Aspects of Myanmar History and Culture. Yangon: Gangaw Myaing.
• Zam, Ngul Lian. Mualthum Kampau Guite Hausate Tangthu. Amazon/CreateSpace, United States. ISBN 978-1721693559

v t e Burmese monarchs
Pagan dynasty 849–1297	Pyinbya Tannet Sale Theinhko Nyaung-u Sawrahan Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu Kyiso Sokkate Anawrahta Saw Lu Kyansittha Sithu I Narathu Naratheinkha Sithu II Htilominlo Naratheinga Uzana Kyaswa Uzana Narathihapate Kyawswa
Myinsaing and Pinya Kingdoms 1297–1364	Athinkhaya, Yazathingyan and Thihathu Thihathu Uzana I Sithu Kyawswa I Kyawswa II Narathu Uzana II
Sagaing Kingdom 1315–1364	Saw Yun Tarabya I Anawrahta I Kyaswa Anawrahta II Tarabya II Minbyauk Thihapate
Kingdom of Ava 1364–1555	Thado Minbya Swa Saw Ke Tarabya Minkhaung I Thihathu Min Hla Kale Kye-Taung Nyo Mohnyin Thado Minye Kyawswa I Narapati I Thihathura Minkhaung II and Thihathura II Narapati II Sawlon and Thohanbwa Hkonmaing Narapati III Narapati IV
Hanthawaddy Kingdom 1287–1539, 1550–1552	Wareru Hkun Law Saw O Saw Zein Zein Pun Saw E Binnya E Law Binnya U Maha Dewi Razadarit Binnya Dhammaraza Binnya Ran I Binnya Waru Binnya Kyan Leik Munhtaw Shin Sawbu Dhammazedi Binnya Ran II Takayutpi Smim Sawhtut Smim Htaw
Mrauk U Kingdom 1429–1785	Saw Mon Khayi Ba Saw Phyu Dawlya Ba Saw Nyo Ran Aung Salingathu Raza Gazapati Saw O Thazata Minkhaung Min Bin Dikkha Saw Hla Sekkya Phalaung Razagyi Khamaung Thiri Thudhamma Sanay Narapati Thado Sanda Thudhamma Thiri Thuriya Wara Dhammaraza Muni Thudhammaraza Sanda Thuriya I Nawrahta Mayuppiya Kalamandat Naradipati Sanda Wimala I Sanda Thuriya II Sanda Wizaya Sanda Thuriya III Naradipati II Narapawara Sanda Wizala Madarit Nara Apaya Thirithu Sanda Parama Apaya Sanda Thumana Sanda Wimala II Sanda Thaditha Maha Thammada
Prome Kingdom 1482–1542	Thado Minsaw Bayin Htwe Narapati Minkhaung
Toungoo dynasty 1510–1752	Mingyi Nyo Tabinshwehti Bayinnaung Nanda Nyaungyan Anaukpetlun Minye Deibba Thalun Pindale Pye Narawara Minye Kyawhtin Sanay Min Taninganway Min Mahadhammaraza Dipadi
Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom 1740–1757	Smim Htaw Buddhaketi Binnya Dala
Konbaung dynasty 1752–1885	Alaungpaya Naungdawgyi Hsinbyushin Singu Phaungka Bodawpaya Bagyidaw Tharrawaddy Pagan Mindon Thibaw
Regent or Co-Regent Mongol vassal (1297) Confederation of Shan States (1527–55) Brief revival (1550–52) Vassal of the Confederation of Shan States (1532–42)

• Ava dynasty
• 16th-century Burmese monarchs