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A particle beam is a stream of charged or neutral particles. In particle accelerators, these particles can move with a velocity close to the speed of light. There is a difference between the creation and control of charged particle beams and neutral particle beams, as only the first type can be manipulated to a sufficient extent by devices based on electromagnetism. The manipulation and diagnostics of charged particle beams at high kinetic energies using particle accelerators are main topics of accelerator physics.
Sources
Charged particles such as electrons, positrons, and protons may be separated from their common surrounding. This can be accomplished by e.g. thermionic emission or arc discharge. The following devices are commonly used as sources for particle beams:
- Ion source
- Cathode-ray tube, or more specifically in one of its parts called electron gun. This is also part of traditional television and computer screens.
- Photocathodes may also be built in as a part of an electron gun, using the photoelectric effect to separate particles from their substrate.
- Neutron beams may be created by energetic proton beams which impact on a target, e.g. of beryllium material. (see article Particle therapy)
- Bursting a petawatt laser onto a titanium foil to produce a proton beam.
Manipulation
Acceleration
See also: Accelerator physics and Superconducting radio frequencyCharged beams may be further accelerated by use of high resonant, sometimes also superconducting, microwave cavities. These devices accelerate particles by interaction with an electromagnetic field. Since the wavelength of hollow macroscopic, conducting devices is in the radio frequency (RF) band, the design of such cavities and other RF devices is also a part of accelerator physics.
More recently, plasma acceleration has emerged as a possibility to accelerate particles in a plasma medium, using the electromagnetic energy of pulsed high-power laser systems or the kinetic energy of other charged particles. This technique is under active development, but cannot provide reliable beams of sufficient quality at present.
Guidance
In all cases, the beam is steered with dipole magnets and focused with quadrupole magnets. With the end goal of reaching the desired position and beam spot size in the experiment.
Applications
High-energy physics
See also: Particle collider and Large Hadron ColliderHigh-energy particle beams are used for particle physics experiments in large facilities; the most common examples being the Large Hadron Collider and the Tevatron.
Synchrotron radiation
Main articles: Synchrotron light source and Synchrotron radiationElectron beams are employed in synchrotron light sources to produce X-ray radiation with a continuous spectrum over a wide frequency band which is called synchrotron radiation. This X-ray radiation is used at beamlines of the synchrotron light sources for a variety of spectroscopies (XAS, XANES, EXAFS, μ-XRF, μ-XRD) in order to probe and to characterize the structure and the chemical speciation of solids and biological materials.
Particle therapy
Main article: Particle therapyEnergetic particle beams consisting of protons, neutrons, or positive ions (also called particle microbeams) may also be used for cancer treatment in particle therapy.
Linear accelerators use electron beam at near speed of light to treat deep cancers in patients. A tungsten/molybdenum target can be moved into the beam to create x-rays to treat surface cancers.
Astrophysics
Many phenomena in astrophysics are attributed to particle beams of various kinds. Solar Type III radio bursts, the most common impulsive radio signatures from the Sun, are used by scientists as a tool to better understand solar accelerated electron beams.
Military
The U.S. Advanced Research Projects Agency started work on particle beam weapons in 1958. The general idea of such weaponry is to hit a target object with a stream of accelerated particles with high kinetic energy, which is then transferred to the atoms, or molecules, of the target. The power needed to project a high-powered beam of this kind surpasses the production capabilities of any standard battlefield powerplant, thus such weapons are not anticipated to be produced in the foreseeable future.
See also
References
- T. J. Kauppila et al. (1987), A pulsed electron injector using a metal photocathode irradiated by an excimer laser, Proceedings of Particle Accelerator Conference 1987
- Petawatt proton beams at Lawrence Livermore
- Anthony Peratt (1988). "The role of particle beams and electrical currents in the plasma universe" (PDF). Laser and Particle Beams. 6 (3): 471–491. Bibcode:1988LPB.....6..471P. doi:10.1017/S0263034600005401. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
- Reid, Hamish Andrew Sinclair; Ratcliffe, Heather (July 2014). "A review of solar type III radio bursts". Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics. 14 (7): 773–804. arXiv:1404.6117. Bibcode:2014RAA....14..773R. doi:10.1088/1674-4527/14/7/003. ISSN 1674-4527. S2CID 118446359.
- ^ Roberds, Richard M. (1984). "Introducing the Particle-Beam Weapon". Air University Review. July–August. Archived from the original on 2012-04-17. Retrieved 2005-01-03.