P wave (electrocardiography)

Electrocardiogram waveform representing atrial contraction

Diagram demonstrating features of a normal sinus rhythm electrocardiogram wave

In cardiology, the P wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents atrial depolarization, which results in atrial contraction, or atrial systole.

Physiology

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The P wave is a summation wave generated by the depolarization front as it transits the atria. Normally the right atrium depolarizes slightly earlier than left atrium since the depolarization wave originates in the sinoatrial node, in the high right atrium and then travels to and through the left atrium. The depolarization front is carried through the atria along semi-specialized conduction pathways including Bachmann's bundle resulting in uniform shaped waves. Depolarization originating elsewhere in the atria (atrial ectopics) result in P waves with a different morphology from normal.

Pathology

Peaked P waves (> 0.25 mV) suggest right atrial enlargement, cor pulmonale, (P pulmonale rhythm), but have a low predictive value (~20%).

A P wave with increased amplitude can indicate hypokalemia. It can also indicate right atrial enlargement.

A P wave with decreased amplitude can indicate hyperkalemia.

Bifid P waves (known as P mitrale) indicate left-atrial abnormality - e.g. dilatation or hypertrophy.

If at least three different shaped P waves can be seen in a given ECG lead tracing, this implies that even if one of them arises from the SA node, at least two others are arising elsewhere. This is taken as evidence of multiple (i.e. at least two) ectopic foci, and is called multifocal (or more correctly, multiform) atrial rhythm if the rate is ≤100) or multifocal atrial tachycardia if the rate is over 100. This appears particularly commonly in exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease.

If the baseline has a totally irregular form, this suggests fibrillatory waves of atrial fibrillation or possibly artefact; a saw tooth shaped baseline suggests the flutter waves of atrial flutter. With either of these rhythms, if the ventricular rate is fast, the fibrillatory or flutter waves can easily be misinterpreted as P waves.

Absence of the P wave with a flat baseline may indicate:

Fine atrial fibrillation
Sinoatrial arrest (with a secondary escape rhythm)

If P waves are not clearly delineated in the surface ECG, a Lewis lead may be used to better visualize P waves.

Atrial repolarization

This occurs a mean of 320 ms after the end of the P wave, with a duration of 2-3 times that of the P wave and a polarity always opposite to that of the P wave. It is represented on the surface ECG by a so-called Ta wave. The clinical relevance of this is that, although a normal phenomenon, the nadir of the Ta wave can occur just after the QRS complex and cause ST depression similar to (and easily mistaken with) that occurring with disease states such as cardiac ischaemia.

References

^ Longmore, Murray (2004). Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine 8th edition page 90. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-852558-5.
Reeves WC, Hallahan W, Schwiter EJ, Ciotola TJ, Buonocore E, Davidson W (1981). "Two-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of electrocardiographic criteria for right atrial enlargement". Circulation. 64 (2): 387–391. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.64.2.387. PMID 6454512.
"Hypokalaemia".
Yanowitz, Frank G. "VII. Atrial Enlargement". ECG Learning Center. Archived from the original on 2010-03-29. Retrieved 2009-09-05.
Levis, Joel T (2013). "ECG Diagnosis: Hyperkalemia". The Permanente Journal. 17 (1): 69. doi:10.7812/TPP/12-088. ISSN 1552-5767. PMC 3627796. PMID 23596374.
Munuswamy K, Alpert MA, Martin RH, Whiting RB, Mechlin NJ (1983). "Sensitivity and specificity of commonly used electrocardiographic criteria for left atrial enlargement determined by m-mode echocardiography". Am J Cardiol. 53 (6): 829–832. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(84)90413-2. PMID 6230922.
Kastor JA (1990). "Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia". N Engl J Med. 322 (24): 1713–1717. doi:10.1056/NEJM199006143222405. PMID 2188131.
Kothari SA, Apiyasawat S, Asad N, Spodick DH (2006). "Evidence supporting a new rate threshold for multifocal atrial tachycardia". Clin Cardiol. 28 (12): 3561–3563. doi:10.1002/clc.4960281205. PMC 6654295. PMID 16405199.
Smith, SW. "Atrial Repolarization Wave Mimicking ST Depression". Retrieved 22 October 2014.

Physiology of the cardiovascular system

Heart

Cardiac output	Cardiac cycle Cardiac output Heart rate Stroke volume Stroke volume End-diastolic volume End-systolic volume Afterload Preload Frank–Starling law Cardiac function curve Venous return curve Wiggers diagram Pressure volume diagram
Ultrasound	Fractional shortening = (End-diastolic dimension End-systolic dimension) / End-diastolic dimension Aortic valve area calculation Ejection fraction Cardiac index Left atrial volume
Heart rate	Cardiac pacemaker Chronotropic (Heart rate) Dromotropic (Conduction velocity) Inotropic (Contractility) Bathmotropic (Excitability) Lusitropic (Relaxation)
Conduction	Conduction system Cardiac electrophysiology Action potential cardiac atrial ventricular Effective refractory period Pacemaker potential Electrocardiography P wave PR interval QRS complex QT interval ST segment T wave U wave Hexaxial reference system
Chamber pressure	Central venous Right atrial ventricular pulmonary artery wedge Left atrial ventricular Aortic
Other	Ventricular remodeling

Vascular system/
hemodynamics

Blood flow	Compliance Vascular resistance Pulse Perfusion
Blood pressure	Pulse pressure Systolic Diastolic Mean arterial pressure Jugular venous pressure Portal venous pressure Critical closing pressure
Regulation of BP	Baroreflex Kinin–kallikrein system Renin–angiotensin system Vasoconstrictors Vasodilators Autoregulation Myogenic mechanism Tubuloglomerular feedback Cerebral autoregulation Paraganglia Aortic body Carotid body Glomus cell

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