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His ExcellencyMário SoaresGColTE GCC GColL
Soares in 1978
17th President of Portugal
In office 9 March 1986 – 9 March 1996
Prime Minister	Aníbal Cavaco Silva António Guterres
Preceded by	António Ramalho Eanes
Succeeded by	Jorge Sampaio
Prime Minister of Portugal
In office 9 June 1983 – 6 November 1985
President	António Ramalho Eanes
Deputy	Carlos Mota Pinto Rui Machete
Preceded by	Francisco Pinto Balsemão
Succeeded by	Aníbal Cavaco Silva
In office 23 July 1976 – 28 August 1978
President	António Ramalho Eanes
Preceded by	José Pinheiro de Azevedo
Succeeded by	Alfredo Nobre da Costa
Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office 12 October 1977 – 30 January 1978
Prime Minister	Himself
Preceded by	José Medeiros Ferreira
Succeeded by	Vítor de Sá Machado
In office 15 May 1974 – 26 March 1975
Prime Minister	Adelino da Palma Carlos Vasco Gonçalves
Preceded by	National Salvation Junta
Succeeded by	Ernesto Melo Antunes
Minister without Portfolio
In office 26 March 1975 – 8 August 1975
Prime Minister	Vasco Gonçalves
Preceded by	Ernesto Melo Antunes Vítor Alves
Succeeded by	Jorge Campinos
Secretary-General of the Socialist Party
In office 19 April 1973 – 29 June 1986
President	António Macedo
Preceded by	Office established
Succeeded by	Vítor Constâncio
Member of the European Parliament
In office 20 July 1999 – 19 July 2004
Constituency	Portugal
Member of the Assembly of the Republic
In office 2 June 1975 – 3 November 1985
Constituency	Lisbon
Personal details
Born	Mário Alberto Nobre Lopes Soares (1924-12-07)7 December 1924 Lisbon, First Portuguese Republic
Died	7 January 2017(2017-01-07) (aged 92) Lisbon, Portugal
Resting place	Prazeres Cemetery, Lisbon
Political party	Socialist Party (1973–2017)
Other political affiliations	Portuguese Communist Party (1943–1950) Portuguese Socialist Action (1964–1973)
Spouse	Maria Barroso ​ ​(m. 1949; died 2015)​
Children	João Isabel
Education	Colégio Nun'Álvares Colégio Moderno
Alma mater	University of Lisbon Pantheon-Sorbonne University
Profession	Historian Lawyer Professor
Signature
Website	Mário Soares Foundation

Mário Alberto Nobre Lopes Soares GColTE, GCC, GColL (European Portuguese: [ˈmaɾju alˈβɛɾtu ˈnɔβɾɨ ˈlɔpɨʃ suˈaɾɨʃ]; 7 December 1924 – 7 January 2017) was a Portuguese politician, who served as prime minister of Portugal from 1976 to 1978 and from 1983 to 1985, and subsequently as the 17th president of Portugal from 1986 to 1996. He was the first secretary-general of the Socialist Party, from its foundation in 1973 to 1986. A major political figure in Portugal, he is considered the father of Portuguese democracy.

Family

Soares was the son of João Lopes Soares (Leiria, Arrabal, 17 November 1879 – Lisbon, Campo Grande, 31 July 1970), founder of the Colégio Moderno in Lisbon, government minister and then anti-fascist republican activist who had been a priest before impregnating and marrying Elisa Nobre Baptista (Santarém, Pernes, 8 September 1887 – Lisbon, Campo Grande, 28 February 1955), Mário Soares's mother, at the 7th Conservatory of the Civil Register of Lisbon on 5 September 1934. His father also had another son by an unknown mother named Tertuliano Lopes Soares. His mother had previously been married and had two children, J. Nobre Baptista and Cândido Nobre Baptista. Mário Soares was raised as a Roman Catholic, but came to identify himself as a republican, secular and socialist.

Early life

Soares was born in the Coração de Jesus neighbourhood of Lisbon, and graduated in history and philosophy from the University of Lisbon. He became a university lecturer in 1957, but his activities in opposition to the dictatorship of António de Oliveira Salazar led to repeated arrests. He was active in resistance groups such as the Movement for Anti-Fascist National Unity and the Movement for Democratic Unity.

Soares began his studies at Colégio Moderno, owned by his father. There, for a short period he was taught geography by Álvaro Cunhal, who would later become the towering figure of Portuguese Communism and one of Soares' greatest political rivals.

While a student at university, Soares joined the Portuguese Communist Party, being responsible for the youth section. In this capacity, he organised demonstrations in Lisbon to celebrate the end of World War II. He was first arrested by PIDE, the Portuguese political police, in 1946, when he was a member of the Central Committee of the Movement of Democratic Unity (Portuguese: Movimento de Unidade Democrática), at the time chaired by Mário de Azevedo Gomes [pt]. Soares was arrested twice in 1949. On those latter occasions, he was the secretary of General Norton de Matos, a candidate for the Presidency. However, he became estranged from de Matos when the latter discovered Soares's Communist sympathies.

Soares married Maria de Jesus Barroso Soares, an actress, on 22 February 1949, while in the Aljube prison, at the Third Conservatory of the Civil Register of Lisbon. They had a son, João Soares, who later became Mayor of Lisbon, and a daughter, Isabel Barroso Soares (born in 1951), who now manages the Colégio Moderno.

Soares's multiple arrests for political activism made it impossible for him to continue with his career as a lecturer of history and philosophy. Therefore, he decided to study law and become an attorney.

Political activity during the Estado Novo

In 1958, Soares was very active in the presidential election supporting General Humberto Delgado. Later, he would become Delgado's family lawyer, when Humberto Delgado was murdered in 1965, in Spain, by agents of the dictatorship's secret police (PIDE). As a lawyer, he defended some of Portugal's political prisoners and participated in numerous trials conducted in the Plenary Court and in the Special Military Court. Represented, particularly, Álvaro Cunhal when he was accused of several political crimes, and along with Adelino da Palma Carlos he also defended the dynastic cause of Maria Pia of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Braganza.

In April 1964, in Geneva, Switzerland, Soares together with Francisco Ramos da Costa and Manuel Tito de Morais created the Acção Socialista Portuguesa (Portuguese Socialist Action). At this point he was already quite distant from his former Communist friends (having quit the Communist Party in 1951); his views were now clearly inclined towards economic liberalism.

In March 1968, Soares was arrested again by PIDE, and a military tribunal sentenced him to banishment in the colony of São Tomé and Principe in the Gulf of Guinea. His wife and two children, Isabel and João, accompanied him. However, they returned to Lisbon eight months later for in the meantime dictator Salazar had been replaced by Marcello Caetano. The new dictator wanted to present a more democratic face to the world, so many political prisoners, Soares among them, were released and allowed exile in France.

In the October 1969 general election, which was rigged, the democratic opposition (whose political rights were severely restricted) entered with two different lists. Soares participated actively in the campaign supporting the Coligação Eleitoral de Unidade Democrática or CEUD (Electoral Coalition for Democratic Unity). CEUD was clearly anti-fascist, but they also reaffirmed their opposition to Communism.

In 1970, Soares was exiled to Rome, Italy, but eventually settled in France where he taught at the Universities of Vincennes, Paris and Rennes. In 1973, the 'Portuguese Socialist Action' became the Socialist Party, and Soares was elected Secretary-General. The Socialist party was created under the umbrella of Willy Brandt's SPD in Bad Münstereifel, Germany, on 19 April 1973.

Carnation Revolution

On 25 April 1974, elements of the Portuguese Army seized power in Lisbon, overthrowing Salazar's successor, Marcello Caetano. Soares and other political exiles returned home to celebrate what was termed the "Carnation Revolution".

In the provisional government which was formed after the revolution, led by the Movement of the Armed Forces (MFA), Soares became minister for overseas negotiations, charged with organising the independence of Portugal's overseas colonies. Among other encounters, he met with Samora Machel, the leader of Frelimo, to negotiate the independence of Mozambique.

Within months of the revolution however (and in spite of the April 1975 Constituent Assembly election results which gave victory to the Socialist Party and clearly favored the pro-democracy political parties), it became apparent that the Portuguese Communist Party, allied with a radical group of officers in the MFA, was attempting to extend its control over the government. The prime minister, Vasco dos Santos Gonçalves, was accused of being an agent of the Communists and a bitter confrontation developed between the Socialists and Communists over control of the newspaper República.

President Francisco da Costa Gomes dismissed Vasco Gonçalves in September 1975 and a failed far-left coup in late November ended the far-left influence in Portuguese government and politics. After the approval of the 1976 Constitution, a democratic government was finally established when national elections were held on 25 April 1976.

Prime minister

The 1976 legislative election gave the Socialists a plurality of seats in the newly created Assembly of the Republic and Soares became prime minister. Deep hostility between the Socialists and the Communists made a left-wing majority government impossible, and Soares formed a weak minority government. Vast fiscal and currency account deficits generated by previous governments forced Soares to adopt a strict austerity policy, which made him deeply unpopular. Soares had to resign from office after only two years, in 1978.

The wave of left-wing sentiment which followed the 1974 revolution had now dissipated, and a succession of conservative governments held office until 1983, with Soares' Socialist Party unsuccessful in the 1979 special elections and 1980 elections. Soares again became prime minister following the 1983 elections, holding office until late 1985. His main achievement in office was negotiating Portugal's entry into the European Economic Community. Portugal at the time was very wary of integrating itself into the EEC, and Soares almost single-handedly turned public opinion around.

Presidency

In the 1986 presidential election, Soares was elected president of Portugal, beating Diogo Freitas do Amaral by little more than 2%. He was reelected in 1991, this time with almost 70% of the vote. For most of Soares' two terms of office, Portugal was governed by the centre-right Social Democratic Party, led by Aníbal Cavaco Silva.

In 1989, he was the first foreign head of state to visit Czechoslovakia in the course of the Velvet Revolution, invited by Václav Havel, who was elected president of Czechoslovakia two days later.

He devised the so-called Presidência Aberta (Open Presidency), a series of tours around the country, each addressing a particular issue, such as the environment or a particular region of Portugal. Although generally well received by the public, some claimed that he was criticizing the government and exceeding his constitutional role. Others stated that the tours were in the style of medieval courts. Yet the name stuck for today's presidential initiatives of the same type.

Post-Presidency

• Soares retired in 1996, but in 1998 he headed the Independent World Commission on the Oceans.
• In 1999 he headed the Socialist ticket in elections to the European Parliament, where he served until the 2004 elections. He ran for President of the Parliament, but lost to Nicole Fontaine.
• In 2000 he was awarded the North-South Prize.
• Soares was a member of the Club de Madrid, an independent organization of more than 80 former democratic statesmen from around the world. The group works to strengthen democratic governance and leadership.
• In March 2005, he launched a petition urging the European Union to start membership talks with Cape Verde.
• On 30 August 2005, he announced his candidacy to run for president in the election that occurred on 22 January 2006, when he was 81 years old. However, he lost the election to Aníbal Cavaco Silva and was even behind Manuel Alegre, receiving 14% of the vote. "The results went against my expectations. I accept this defeat with a feeling of mission accomplished," he said. It was suggested (on the RTP1 TV programme Prós e Contras in March 2008) that one of the reasons for his weak support could be that the Portuguese were reluctant to elect any president for more than two terms (only allowed by the Portuguese Constitution of 1976 if non-consecutive).

• In the TV programme Os Grandes Portugueses (English: The Greatest Portuguese), he was voted 12th, the highest-placed among living people chosen by the public.
• He was a member of the strongest Masonic lodge in Portugal.
• He was president of the then Mário Soares Foundation [pt] (Portuguese: Fundação Mário Soares (FMS)).
• He sat on the board of directors of the Orient Foundation [pt] (Portuguese: Fundação Oriente).
• He was a Member of the Portuguese Council of State, as a former elected president of Portugal.
• After the Finnish general elections on 17 April 2011, Soares opined that "Finland has changed into an extremely conservative country, where solidarity is unknown." Soares evoked the memory of Kalevi Sorsa, contrasting his generosity with "those dwarfs, who now want to rule Finland, their ethical values and hostility to Portugal". According to Soares the Finns live in an illusion, believing that "speculative markets and credit criminals can destroy nations with nine hundred years' independent history".

Death and state funeral

Soares died on 7 January 2017 at the age of 92. He had been admitted to the hospital on 13 December, and although his condition at first showed slight signs of improvement, he lapsed into a coma on 26 December from which he never recovered. The Portuguese Government offered a state funeral and declared three days of national mourning. It was the first state funeral in Portugal after that of President Óscar Carmona in 1951. After lying in state at Jerónimos Monastery during 9 January, his remains were transported to Prazeres Cemetery the next day, and now lie at the family vault next to those of his wife.

Honours and awards

National honours

N.B. according to "Ordens honoríficas portuguesas – Nacionais com Ordens Portuguesas" recipients:

• Grand Collar of the Order of the Tower and Sword (GColTE – 9 March 1991)
• Grand Cross of the Order of Christ (GCC – 09/04/1981)
• Grand Collar of the Order of Liberty (GColL – 9 March 1996)
• Grand Master of the Portuguese Orders (9 March 1986 – 9 March 1996):

Foreign honours

N.B. according to "Ordens honoríficas portuguesas – Nacionais com Ordens Estrangeiras" recipients:

•  Algeria: Collar (Athir) of the National Order of Merit (29 May 2005)
•  Austria: Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (10 March 1987)
•  Brazil:
  • Grand Collar of the Order of the Southern Cross (10 November 1987)
  • Grand Collar of the Order of the National Congress (13 April 1987)
  • Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross (10 March 1987)
  • Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (30 March 1988)
  • Grand Cross of the Order of Rio Branco (4 January 1977)

•  Bahia: Collar of the Order of Merit of Bahia (30 March 1988)
•  São Paulo: Grand Cross of the Order of Ipiranga (13 April 1987)

•  Bulgaria: First Class of the Order of the Balkan Mountains (26 October 1994)
•  Cape Verde: 1st Class of the Amílcar Cabral Order [fr] (5 January 2001)
•  Chile: Collar of the Order of Merit (22 July 1992)
•  Colombia: Grand Collar of the Order of Boyaca (27 July 1988)
•  People's Republic of the Congo: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the People's Republic of the Congo [fr] (12 September 1989)
•  Cyprus: Grand Collar of the Order of Makarios III (29 May 1990)
•  Denmark:
  • Knight of the Order of the Elephant (6 May 1992)
  • Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog (30 March 1988)
•  Dominican Republic: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of Duarte, Sánchez and Mella (10 March 1987)
•  East Timor: Grand Collar of the Order of Timor-Leste (3 January 2017)
•  Ecuador: Collar of the National Order of Merit (12 September 1989)
•  Egypt: Collar of the Order of the Nile (4 April 1992)
•  Finland: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose of Finland (8 March 1991)
•  France:
  • Grand Cross of the National Order of Legion of Honour (7 May 1990)
  • Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (26 May 1988)
•  Germany:
  • Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (8 January 1991)
  • Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (10 March 1987)
•  Greece: Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer (20 November 1987)
•  Holy See: Collar of the Order of Pope Pius IX (8 January 1991)
•  Hungary: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (25 January 1993)
•  Iceland:
  • Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Falcon (4 June 1993)
  • Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon (21 November 1983)
•  Italy:
  • Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (5 April 1989)
  • Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (26 April 1986)
•  Ivory Coast: Grand Cross of the National Order of the Ivory Coast (1 June 1990)
•  Luxembourg:
  • Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau (26 May 1988)
  • Grand Cross of the Order of the Oak Crown (28 February 1996)
•  Malta: Honorary Companion of Honour of the National Order of Merit (9 October 1994)
•  Mexico: Grand Cross of the Order of the Aztec Eagle (16 January 2003)
•  Morocco:
  • Collar of the Order of Muhammad (20 February 1995)
  • First Class of the Order of Muhammad (6 February 1992)
•  Netherlands: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion (26 September 1991)
•  Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav (10 March 1987)
•  Palestine: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Star of Palestine (18 November 1993)
•  Paraguay: Presidential Collar of Marshal López (Grand Cross) of the National Order of Merit (18 December 1995)
•  Poland:
  • Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland (21 May 1993)
  • Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (26 October 1994)
  • Grand Cross of the Order of St Mary Magdalene (19 August 1993)
•  Senegal: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Senegal [fr] (28 February 1996)
•  South Korea: Grand Gwanghwa Medal of the Order of Diplomatic Service Merit (23 April 1987)
•  South Africa: Grand Cross of the Order of Good Hope (17 November 1995)
•  Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Collar of the Order pro merito Melitensi (9 May 1989)
•  Spain:
  • Collar of the Order of Charles III (30 March 1988)
  • Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III (10 March 1987)
  • Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (21 November 1977)
•  Sweden: Knight of the Order of the Seraphim (28 January 1987)
•  Tunisia: Grand Cross of the Order of 7 November (6 December 1993)
•  United Kingdom:
  • Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (19 May 1994)
  • Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George (28 February 1996)
•  Venezuela: Collar of the Order of the Liberator (10 November 1987)
•  Yugoslavia:
  • Great Star of the Order of the Yugoslav Star (23 April 1990)
  • Sash of the Order of the Yugoslav Star (30 March 1988)
•  Zaire: Grand Cordon of the National Order of the Leopard (4 December 1989)

Foreign awards

In 1998, Soares won the International Simón Bolívar Prize of UNESCO.

In 2000, Soares received the North-South Prize of the Council of Europe.

He was an honorary member of the Club of Rome and member of High Council of Francophonie.

He was appointed Doctor of Laws (honoris causa) by the University of Leicester in 1994.

Soares was named the "patron" for the College of Europe's academic year 2020-2021.

Electoral history

Legislative election, 1969

Constituent Assembly, 1975

Legislative election, 1976

Legislative election, 1979

Legislative election, 1980

Legislative election, 1983

Presidential election, 1986

Presidential election, 1991

European Parliament election, 1999

President of the European Parliament election, 1999

Presidential election, 2006

Notes

References

1. Wilsford, David, ed. Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe: A Biographical Dictionary (Greenwood, 1995) p.413
2. "Portugal mourns 'father of democracy' Mário Soares". 7 January 2017.
3. "Poucos recordam Mário Soares em São Tomé e a culpa é da PIDE". Portugal Post.
4. "Presidentes – Democracia – Mário Soares". Museu da Presidência da República. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
5. Žantovský, Michael (2014). Havel (1st ed.). Praha. ISBN 978-80-257-1213-9. OCLC 904564192.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
6. "Soares, Mario – President of Portugal (1986–1996) and Prime Minister of Portugal (1976–1978 and 1983–1985)". clubmadrid.org. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
7. "KL.fi | Uutiset". Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
8. "Mario Soares, Who Helped Forge Portugal's Democracy, Dies at 92". Yahoo. Archived from the original on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
9. Barry Hatton (7 January 2017). "Mario Soares, Portugal's former president and PM, dies at 92". AP.
10. "Funeral de Mário Soares é o guião para futuras exéquias de Estado" (in Portuguese). Diário de Notícias. 7 January 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
11. "Ordensdetaljer". Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
12. "Suomen Valkoisen Ruusun ritarikunnan suurristin ketjuineen ulkomaalaiset saajat". www.ritarikunnat.fi. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
13. ^ "FORSETI ÍSLANDS". Forseti.is. Archived from the original on 26 August 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
14. "Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana". www.quirinale.it. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
15. "Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana". www.quirinale.it. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
16. Schoos, Jean. (1990). Die orden und Ehrenzeichen des Grossherzogtums Luxemburg. Luxemburg: Sankt-Paulus-Druckerei. ISBN 2879630487. OCLC 65395144.
17. Prime Minister of Malta Website, Honorary Appointments to the National Order of Merit Archived 7 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine
18. "National Orders Recipients 1995 | South African History Online". 13 July 2019. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
19. (in Spanish)Royal Decree 2975/1977 Spanish Official Journal
20. ^ "Honorary Knights and Dames". www.leighrayment.com. Archived from the original on 7 April 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
21. "Три теме за дијалог". Borba. 64 (115): 1. 24 April 1990.
22. "Honorary Graduates". University of Leicester. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
23. "Promotions and Patrons - College of Europe". www.coleurope.eu.
24. "Inter-Parliamentary Union Portugal 1969" (PDF). Inter-Parliamentary Union. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
25. "Resultados AC 1975" (PDF). Comissão Nacional de Eleições. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
26. "Resultados AR 1976" (PDF). Comissão Nacional de Eleições. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
27. "Resultados AR 1979" (PDF). Comissão Nacional de Eleições. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
28. "Resultados AR 1980" (PDF). Comissão Nacional de Eleições. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
29. "Resultados AR 1983" (PDF). Comissão Nacional de Eleições. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
30. "Resultados PR 1986 Primeira Volta" (PDF). Comissão Nacional de Eleições. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
31. "Resultados PR 1986 Segunda Volta" (PDF). Comissão Nacional de Eleições. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
32. "Resultados PR 1991" (PDF). Comissão Nacional de Eleições. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
33. "Resultados PE 1999" (PDF). Comissão Nacional de Eleições. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
34. "Queen of compromise". Politico EU. 8 September 1999. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
35. "Resultados PR 2006" (PDF). Comissão Nacional de Eleições. Retrieved 5 August 2024.

Further reading

• Wilsford, David, ed. Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe: A Biographical Dictionary (Greenwood, 1995) pp. 413–21.

External links

• (in Portuguese) Fundação Mário Soares

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v t e Presidents of Portugal First Republic (1910–1926) Manuel de Arriaga Teófilo Braga Bernardino Machado Sidónio Pais João do Canto e Castro António José de Almeida Manuel Teixeira Gomes Bernardino Machado Second Republic (1933–1974) José Mendes Cabeçadas Manuel Gomes da Costa Óscar Carmona António de Oliveira Salazar Francisco Craveiro Lopes Américo Tomás Third Republic (1974–present) António de Spínola Francisco da Costa Gomes António Ramalho Eanes Mário Soares Jorge Sampaio Aníbal Cavaco Silva Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa Interim presidents are in italics. v t e Prime ministers of Portugal First Republic (1910–1926) Braga Pinheiro Chagas (1st) Vasconcelos Leite Costa (1st) Machado (1st) Azevedo Coutinho Pimenta de Castro Constitutional Junta Pinheiro Chagas (2nd) J. Castro Costa (2nd) Almeida Costa (3rd) Pais Canto e Castro Tamagnini Barbosa Relvas Leite Pereira (1st) Sá Cardoso (1st) Fernandes Costa Sá Cardoso (2nd) Leite Pereira (2nd) Baptista Ramos Preto Silva (1st) Granjo (1st) A. Castro (1st) Pinto Machado (2nd) Barros Queirós Granjo (2nd) Coelho Maia Pinto Cunha Leal Silva (2nd) Ginestal Machado A. Castro (2nd) Rodrigues Gaspar Domingues dos Santos Guimarães Silva (3rd) Leite Pereira (3rd) Silva (4th) Second Republic (1933–1974) Mendes Cabeçadas Gomes da Costa Carmona Freitas Ivens Ferraz Oliveira Oliveira Salazar Caetano Third Republic (1974–present) National Salvation Junta Palma Carlos Gonçalves Pinheiro de Azevedo Almeida e Costa Soares (1st) Nobre da Costa Mota Pinto Pintasilgo Sá Carneiro Freitas do Amaral Pinto Balsemão Soares (2nd) Cavaco Silva Guterres Durão Barroso Santana Lopes Sócrates Passos Coelho Costa Montenegro v t e Laureates of the Prince or Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 1981: José López Portillo 1982: Enrique V. Iglesias 1983: Belisario Betancur 1984: Contadora group 1985: Raúl Alfonsín 1986: University of Salamanca and University of Coimbra 1987: Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 1988: Óscar Arias 1989: Jacques Delors and Mikhail Gorbachev 1990: Hans-Dietrich Genscher 1991: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 1992: Frederik W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela 1993: United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia 1994: Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat 1995: Mário Soares 1996: Helmut Kohl 1997: Government of Guatemala and the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity 1998: Emma Bonino, Olayinka Koso-Thomas, Graça Machel, Fatiha Boudiaf, Rigoberta Menchú, Fatana Ishaq Gailani, and Somaly Mam 1999: Pedro Duque, John Glenn, Chiaki Mukai, and Valeri Polyakov 2000: Fernando Henrique Cardoso 2001: International Space Station 2002: The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research 2003: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 2004: The European Union's Erasmus Programme 2005: Simone Veil 2006: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 2007: Al Gore 2008: Manhiça Centre of Health Research (Mozambique), Ifakara Health Institute (Tanzania), Malaria Research and Training Centre (Mali), and Kintampo Health Research Centre (Ghana) 2009: World Health Organization 2010: The Transplantation Society and the Spanish National Transplant Organization 2011: Bill Drayton 2012: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 2013: Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science 2014: Fulbright Program Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 2015: Misplaced Pages 2016: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement 2017: The Hispanic Society of America 2018: Amref Health Africa 2019: Salman Khan and the Khan Academy 2020: Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance 2021: Camfed, Campaign for Female Education 2022: Ellen MacArthur 2023: Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi) 2024: Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture (OEI) v t e Cold War United States Soviet Union NATO Warsaw Pact ANZUS METO SEATO NEATO Rio Pact Non-Aligned Movement 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap rebellion Jamaican political conflict Dekemvriana Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Indonesian National Revolution Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War 1947 Polish parliamentary election Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 crises Partition of India Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948 1947–1949 Palestine war 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 1948 Arab–Israeli War 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council Al-Wathbah uprising Tito–Stalin split Berlin Blockade Annexation of Hyderabad Madiun Affair Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War Chinese Communist Revolution Malayan Emergency March 1949 Syrian coup d'état Operation Valuable 1950s Bamboo curtain McCarthyism Korean War Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 1952 Egyptian revolution Iraqi Intifada (1952) Mau Mau rebellion East German uprising of 1953 1953 Iranian coup d'état Pact of Madrid Bricker Amendment 1954 Syrian coup d'état Petrov Affair Domino theory 1954 Geneva Conference 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Capture of the Tuapse First Taiwan Strait Crisis Jebel Akhdar War Algerian War Kashmir Princess Bandung Conference Geneva Summit (1955) Vietnam War Cyprus Emergency "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences" 1956 Poznań protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Polish October Suez Crisis "We will bury you" Operation Gladio Syrian Crisis of 1957 Sputnik crisis Ifni War Iraqi 14 July Revolution 1958 Lebanon crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Mosul uprising 1959 Tibetan uprising Laotian Civil War Kitchen Debate Cuban Revolution Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution Sino-Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis Simba rebellion 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Albanian–Soviet split Expulsion of Soviets from Albania Iraqi–Kurdish conflict First Iraqi–Kurdish War Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Annexation of Goa Papua conflict Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation Sand War Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea-Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis El Porteñazo Sino-Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence North Yemen Civil War 1963 Syrian coup d'état Assassination of John F. Kennedy Aden Emergency Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 Shifta War Mexican Dirty War Tlatelolco massacre Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War Rhodesian Bush War Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) ASEAN Declaration 1966 Syrian coup d'état Cultural Revolution Argentine Revolution South African Border War Korean DMZ Conflict 12-3 incident Greek junta 1967 Hong Kong riots Years of Lead (Italy) Six-Day War War of Attrition Dhofar War Al-Wadiah War Nigerian Civil War Protests of 1968 May 68 Prague Spring USS Pueblo incident 1968 Polish political crisis 1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency Communist insurgency in Malaysia Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 17 July Revolution 1968 Peruvian coup d'état Revolutionary Government 1969 Sudanese coup d'état 1969 Libyan revolution Goulash Communism Sino-Soviet border conflict New People's Army rebellion 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September Alcora Exercise Corrective Movement (Syria) Western Sahara conflict Cambodian Civil War Communist insurgency in Thailand 1970 Polish protests Koza riot Realpolitik Ping-pong diplomacy 1971 JVP insurrection Corrective revolution (Egypt) 1971 Turkish military memorandum 1971 Sudanese coup d'état 1971 Bolivian coup d'état Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 First Yemenite War Munich massacre 1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 1973 Afghan coup d'état 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition to democracy Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Second Iraqi–Kurdish War Turkish invasion of Cyprus 15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état Siege of Dhaka (1975) Sipahi-Janata revolution Angolan Civil War Cambodian genocide June 1976 protests Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War 1978 Somali coup attempt Western Sahara War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino-Albanian split Third Indochina War Cambodian–Vietnamese War Cambodian conflict Operation Condor Dirty War (Argentina) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Egyptian–Libyan War German Autumn Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Nicaraguan Revolution Uganda–Tanzania War NDF Rebellion Chadian–Libyan War Second Yemenite War Grand Mosque seizure Iranian revolution Saur Revolution Sino-Vietnamese War New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Salvadoran Civil War Soviet–Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts Gera Demands Peruvian Revolution Gdańsk Agreement Solidarity Eritrean Civil Wars 1980 Turkish coup d'état Ugandan Bush War Gulf of Sidra incident Martial law in Poland Casamance conflict Falklands War 1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars 1985 Geneva Summit Iran–Iraq War Somali Rebellion Reykjavík Summit 1986 Black Sea incident South Yemen civil war Toyota War 1987 Lieyu massacre Operation Denver 1987–1989 JVP insurrection Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 1988 Black Sea bumping incident 8888 Uprising Solidarity (Soviet reaction) Contras Central American crisis Operation RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Bougainville conflict First Nagorno-Karabakh War Afghan Civil War United States invasion of Panama 1988 Polish strikes Polish Round Table Agreement 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Fall of the inner German border Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Peaceful Revolution 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident Gulf War Min Ping Yu No. 5202 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union 1991 August Coup Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China-Taiwan Korea Kosovo South Ossetia Transnistria Sino-Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Kinmen Agreement Ideologies Capitalism Liberalism Chicago school Conservatism American conservatism Keynesianism Libertarianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply-side economics Democratic capitalism Socialism Communism Marxism–Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Ho Chi Minh Thought Maoism Trotskyism Stalinism Titoism Other Imperialism Anti-imperialism Nationalism Ultranationalism Chauvinism Ethnic nationalism Racism Zionism Anti-Zionism Fascism Neo-Nazism Islamism Totalitarianism Authoritarianism Autocracy Liberal democracy Illiberal democracy Guided democracy Social democracy Third-worldism White supremacy White nationalism White separatism Apartheid Organizations NATO SEATO METO EEC Warsaw Pact Comecon Non-Aligned Movement NN States ASEAN SAARC Safari Club Propaganda Pro-communist Active measures Izvestia Neues Deutschland Pravda Radio Moscow Rudé právo Trybuna Ludu TASS Soviet Life Pro-Western Amerika Crusade for Freedom Paix et Liberté Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Red Scare Voice of America Technological competition Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race Historians Gar Alperovitz Thomas A. Bailey Michael Beschloss Archie Brown Warren H. Carroll Adrian Cioroianu John Costello Michael Cox Nicholas J. Cull Norman Davies Willem Drees Robert D. English Herbert Feis Robert Hugh Ferrell André Fontaine Anneli Ute Gabanyi John Lewis Gaddis Lloyd Gardner Timothy Garton Ash Gabriel Gorodetsky Fred Halliday Jussi Hanhimäki John Earl Haynes Patrick J. Hearden Tvrtko Jakovina Tony Judt Harvey Klehr Gabriel Kolko Walter LaFeber Walter Laqueur Melvyn P. Leffler Geir Lundestad Vojtech Mastny Jack F. Matlock Jr. Thomas J. McCormick Timothy Naftali Marius Oprea David S. Painter William B. Pickett Ronald E. Powaski Yakov M. Rabkin M. E. Sarotte Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. Ellen Schrecker Giles Scott-Smith Shen Zhihua Timothy Snyder Athan Theoharis Andrew Thorpe Vladimir Tismăneanu Patrick Vaughan Alex von Tunzelmann Odd Arne Westad William Appleman Williams Jonathan Reed Winkler Rudolph Winnacker Ken Young Espionage and intelligence List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States Soviet espionage in the United States Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation CIA and the Cultural Cold War CIA MI5 MI6 United States involvement in regime change Soviet involvement in regime change MVD KGB Stasi See also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet Union–United States relations Soviet Union–United States summits Russia–NATO relations War on terror Brinkmanship Second Cold War Russian Revolution Category List of conflicts Timeline

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