Layla and Majnun

(Redirected from Laila Majnu) Romantic narrative poem by Nizami Ganjavi For other uses, see Layla and Majnun (disambiguation). "Majnun" redirects here. For places in Iran, see Majnun, Iran. "Majnu" redirects here. For other uses, see Majnu (disambiguation).

Nizami Ganjavi

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Layla and Majnun (Arabic: مجنون ليلى majnūn laylā "Layla's Mad Lover"; Persian: لیلی و مجنون, romanized: laylâ-o-majnun) is an old story of Arab origin, about the 7th-century Arabic poet Qays ibn al-Mulawwah and his lover Layla bint Mahdi (later known as Layla al-Aamiriya).

"The Layla-Majnun theme passed from Arabic to Persian, Turkish, and Indian languages", through the narrative poem composed in 584/1188 by the Persian poet Nizami Ganjavi, as the third part of his Khamsa. It is a popular poem praising their love story.

Qays and Layla fell in love with each other when they were young, but when they grew up, Layla's father did not allow them to be together. Qays became obsessed with her. His tribe Banu 'Amir, and the community gave him the epithet of Majnūn (مجنون "crazy", lit. "possessed by Jinn"). Long before Nizami, the legend circulated in anecdotal forms in Iranian akhbar. The early anecdotes and oral reports about Majnun are documented in Kitab al-Aghani and Ibn Qutaybah's Al-Shi'r wa-l-Shu'ara'. The anecdotes are mostly very short, only loosely connected, and show little or no plot development. Nizami collected both secular and mystical sources about Majnun and portrayed a vivid picture of the famous lovers. Subsequently, many other Persian poets imitated him and wrote their own versions of the romance. Nizami drew influence from Udhrite (Udhri) love poetry, which is characterized by erotic abandon and attraction to the beloved, often by means of an unfulfillable longing.

Many imitations have been contrived of Nizami's work, several of which are original literary works in their own right, including Amir Khusrow Dehlavi's Majnun o Leyli (completed in 1299), and Jami's version, completed in 1484, amounting to 3,860 couplets. Other notable reworkings are by Maktabi Shirazi, Hatefi (died 1520), and Fuzuli (died 1556), which became popular in Ottoman Turkey and India. Sir William Jones published Hatefi's romance in Calcutta in 1788. The popularity of the romance following Nizami's version is also evident from the references to it in lyrical poetry and mystical masnavis—before the appearance of Nizami's romance, there are just some allusions to Layla and Majnun in divans. The number and variety of anecdotes about the lovers also increased considerably from the twelfth century onwards. Mystics contrived many stories about Majnun to illustrate technical mystical concepts such as fanaa (annihilation), divānagi (love-madness), self-sacrifice, etc. Nizami's work has been translated into many languages. The modern Arabic-language adaptation of the classical Arabic story include Shawqi's play The Mad Lover of Layla.

Story

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Qays ibn al-Mullawah fell in love with Layla al-Aamiriya. He soon began composing poems about his love for her, mentioning her name often. His obsessive effort to woo the girl caused some locals to call him "Majnun", or mentally unhinged. When he asked for her hand in marriage, her father refused because it would be a scandal for Layla to marry someone considered mentally unbalanced. Soon after, Layla was forcibly married to another noble and rich merchant belonging to the Thaqif tribe in Ta'if. He was described as a handsome man with reddish complexion whose name was Ward Althaqafi. The Arabs called him Ward, meaning "rose" in Arabic.

When Majnun heard of her marriage, he fled the tribal camp and began wandering the surrounding desert. His family eventually gave up hope for his return and left food for him in the wilderness. He could sometimes be seen reciting poetry to himself or writing in the sand with a stick.

After Majnun went mad, he searched for love in the desert. He is disconnected from the physical world.

Layla is generally depicted as having moved to a place in Northern Arabia with her husband, where she became ill and eventually died. In some versions, Layla dies of heartbreak from not being able to see her beloved. Majnun was later found dead in the wilderness in 688 AD, near Layla's grave. He had carved three verses of poetry on a rock near the grave, which are the last three verses attributed to him.

Many other minor incidents took place between his madness and his death. Most of his recorded poetry was composed before his descent into madness.

I pass by this town, the town of Layla
And I kiss this wall and that wall
It's not Love of the town that has enraptured my heart
But of the One who dwells within this town

It is a tragic story of undying love much like the later Romeo and Juliet. This type of love is known as "virgin love" because the lovers never marry or consummate their passion. Other famous virgin love stories set in Arabia are the stories of Qays and Lubna, Kuthair and Azza, Marwa and Al Majnoun Al Faransi, and Antara and Abla. This literary motif is common throughout the world, notably in the Muslim literature of South Asia, such as Urdu ghazals.

Lineage of Qays and Layla

Layla is the daughter of Qays' cousin. Both Qays and Layla, descended from the tribe of Hawazin and the tribe of Banu Ka'b (the patriarch Ka'b), which is also related to the direct lineage of Muhammad of Islam. Therefore, they are descendants of Adnan, who is Ishmaelite Arab descendant of (Ishmael), son of Ibrahim (Abraham). Their lineage is narrated from Arabic records as follows:

Qays

Qays' lineage: Qays bin Al-Mulawwah bin Muzahim bin ʿAds bin Rabīʿah bin Jaʿdah bin Ka'b bin Rabīʿah bin ʿĀmir ibn Ṣaʿṣaʿa bin Muʿawiyah bin Bakr bin Hawāzin bin Mansūr bin ʿAkramah bin Khaṣfah bin Qays ʿAylān bin Muḍar bin Nizār bin Maʿadd bin ʿAdnan.

He is the ʿĀmirī (descended from Banu Amir) of the Hawāzin (العامري الهوازني, al-ʿĀmirī 'l-Hawāzinī).

In Arabic:

قيس بن الملوّح بن مزاحم بن عدس بن ربيعة بن جعدة بن كعب بن ربيعة بن عامر بن صعصعة بن معاوية بن بكر بن هوازن بن منصور بن عكرمة بن خصفة بن قيس عيلان بن مضر بن نزار بن معد بن عدنان

Qays was born around 645 AD (AH 24 in the Hijri) in the Najd and died around 688 AD (AH 68 in the Hijri) during the reign of the fifth Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan in the 1st century of the Hijri in the Arabian Desert.

Qays is one of the two Al-Qaisayn poets Al-Mutaymīn (Arabic: المتيمين), the other being Qays bin Dharīḥ (قيس بن ذريح), dubbed "Majnūn Lubna (مجنون لبنى)". It is narrated (by a woman) that Qays died in the year 68 AH (corresponding to 688 AD), found lying dead among stones (where Layla was buried) and his body was carried to his family.

Layla

Layla's lineage: Laylā bint Mahdī bin Saʿd bin Muzahim bin ʿAds bin Rabīʿah bin Jaʿdah bin Ka'b bin Rabīʿah bin Hawāzin bin Mansūr bin ʿAkramah bin Khaṣfah bin Qays ʿAylān bin Muḍar bin Nizār bin Maʿadd bin ʿAdnan.

She was called "Umm Mālik (أم مالك)".

In Arabic:

ليلى بنت مهدي بن سعد بن مزاحم بن عدس بن ربيعة بن جعدة بن كعب بن ربيعة بن عامر بن صعصعة بن معاوية بن بكر بن هوازن بن منصور بن عكرمة بن خصفة بن قيس عيلان بن مضر بن نزار بن معد بن عدنان

Layla was born around 648 AD (AH 28 in the Hijri) in the Najd, and the date of her death is unknown. She died during the reign of the fifth Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan in the 1st century of the Hijri in the Arabian Desert.

Layla is born four years after Qays in a town called an-Najūʿ(النجوع) in the tribe of Banu Amir. The town is called by her name "Layla" today, and is the capital of Al-Aflaj province in the Riyadh Region in Saudi Arabia.

Location

It is believed from Arab oral tradition that Qays and Layla were born in what is now the province of Al-Aflaj in Saudi Arabia, and where the town of "Layla" has existed.

Jabal Al-Toubad (جبل التوباد) is located in the city of Al-Aflaj, 350 km southwest of the city of Riyadh in Saudi Arabia. Jabbar (جبار) is located near the village of Al-Ghayl (الغيل), in the center of Wadi Al-Mughal (وادي المغيال). This hill witnessed the love story of Qais bin al-Mulawwah and his cousin Laila al-Amiriya, in the 65th year of the Hijri (685 AD) during the reign of the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik bin Marwan.

The Persian poet Nasir Khusraw visited the town of "Layla" in the 5th century AH (1009 CE – 1106 CE) and described the town accurately along with the hill Jabal Al-Toubad, and elaborated on the misery that it had turned into as he spent a few months there. The region was overwhelmed by poverty, internal strife and insecurity.

History and influence

Persian adaptation and Persian literature

The story of Layla and Majnun was known in Persia as early as the 9th century. Two well known Persian poets, Rudaki and Baba Taher, both mention the lovers.

Although the story was known in Arabic literature in the 5th century, it was the Persian masterpiece of Nizami Ganjavi that popularized it dramatically in Persian literature. Nizami collected both secular and mystical sources about Majnun and portrayed a vivid picture of the famous lovers. Subsequently, many other Persian poets imitated him and wrote their own versions of the romance. Nizami drew influence from Udhrite love poetry, which is characterized by erotic abandon and attraction to the beloved, often by means of an unfulfillable longing. Other influences include older Persian epics, such as Vāmiq u 'Adhrā, written in the 11th century, which covers a similar topic of a virgin and her passionate lover; the latter having to go through many trials to be with his love.

In his adaptation, the young lovers become acquainted at school and fell desperately in love. However, they could not see each other due to a family feud, and Layla's family arranged for her to marry another man. According to Dr. Rudolf Gelpke, "Many later poets have imitated Nizami's work, even if they could not equal and certainly not surpass it; Persians, Turks, Indians, to name only the most important ones. The Persian scholar Hekmat has listed no less than forty Persians and thirteen Turkish versions of Layli and Majnun." According to Vahid Dastgerdi, "If one would search all existing libraries, one would probably find more than 1000 versions of Layli and Majnun."

In his statistical survey of famous Persian romances, Ḥasan Ḏulfaqāri enumerates 59 'imitations' (naẓiras) of Layla and Majnun as the most popular romance in the Iranian world, followed by 51 versions of Ḵosrow o Širin, 22 variants of Yusuf o Zuleikha and 16 versions of Vāmiq u ʿAḏhrā.

Azerbaijani adaptation and Azerbaijani literature

The story of Layla and Majnun was introduced to Azerbaijani literature through Fuzuli's interpretation in his lyric poem Leyli and Majnun, written in 1535. This interpretation of the story generated more interest than previous Arabic and Persian versions, which the Turkish literature scholar İskender Pala attributes to the sincerity and lyricism of the poet's expression. The work has been described by the Encyclopædia Iranica as "the culmination of the Turk masnavi tradition in that it raised the personal and human love-tragedy to the plane of mystical longing and ethereal aspiration". Through his interpretation, the story of Layla and Majnun became widely known and Fuzuli's poem is considered one of the greatest works of Turkic literature.

The first opera in the Islamic world, Leyli and Majnun, was composed by the Azerbaijani composer Uzeyir Hajibeyov in 1908 and based on Fuzuli's work of the same name.

Other influences

The enduring popularity of the legend has influenced Middle Eastern literature, especially Sufi writers, in whose literature the name Layla refers to their concept of the Beloved. The original story is featured in Bahá'u'lláh's mystical writings, the Seven Valleys. In the Arabic language, the word Majnun means "a crazy person." In addition to this creative use of language, the tale has also made at least one linguistic contribution, inspiring a Turkish colloquialism: to "feel like Mecnun" is to feel completely possessed, as might be expected of a person who is literally madly in love. A related Arabic colloquialism is "Each man cries for his own Layla" (Arabic: كل يبكي على ليلاه).

This epic poem was translated into English by Isaac D'Israeli in the early 19th century allowing a wider audience to appreciate it.

Layla has also been mentioned in many works by Aleister Crowley in many of his religious texts, including The Book of Lies.

In India, it is believed that Layla and Majnun found refuge in a village in Rajasthan before they died. The graves of Layla and Majnun are believed to be located in the Bijnore village near Anupgarh in the Sri Ganganagar district. According to rural legend there, Layla and Majnun escaped to these parts and died there. Hundreds of newlyweds and lovers from India and Pakistan, despite there being no facilities for an overnight stay, attend the two-day fair in June.

Another variation on the tale tells of Layla and Majnun meeting in school. Majnun fell in love with Layla and was captivated by her. The school master would beat Majnun for paying attention to Layla instead of his school work. However, upon some sort of magic, whenever Majnun was beaten, Layla would bleed for his wounds. The families learnt of this strange magic and began to feud, preventing Layla and Majnun from seeing each other. They meet again later in their youth and Majnun wishes to marry Layla. Layla's brother, Tabrez, would not let her shame the family name by marrying Majnun. Tabrez and Majnun quarreled and, stricken with madness over Layla, Majnun murdered Tabrez. Word reached the village and Majnun was arrested. He was sentenced to be stoned to death by the villagers. Layla could not bear it and agreed to marry another man if Majnun would be kept safe from harm in exile. Her terms were accepted and Layla got married, but her heart still longed for Majnun. Hearing this, Layla's husband rode with his men into the desert to find Majnun. Upon finding him, Layla's husband challenged Majnun to the death. The instant her husband's sword pierced Majnun's heart, Layla collapsed in her home. Layla and Majnun were buried next to each other as her husband and their fathers prayed to their afterlife. Myth has it that Layla and Majnun met again in heaven, where they loved forever.

Popular culture

This article may contain irrelevant references to popular culture. Please help Misplaced Pages to improve this article by removing the content or adding citations to reliable and independent sources. (October 2018)

In the Gilded Wolves trilogy by Roshani Chokshi, one of the main characters, named Layla, calls another main character "Majnun".
The tale and the name "Layla" served as Eric Clapton's inspiration for the title of Derek and the Dominos' album Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs and its title track in 1971. The song "I Am Yours" is a direct quote from a passage in Layla and Majnun.
Tedeschi Trucks Band released "I Am The Moon" in 2022, a four-part album inspired by Layla and Majnun.
In Humayun Ahmed's Noy Number Bipod Sanket, a song written by him and rendered by Meher Afroz Shaon and S I Tutul, is titled Laili-Mojnu, Shiri-Forhad, Radha-Krishna.
In Cassandra Clare's Chain of Gold, half Persian character Cordelia Carstairs is nicknamed Layla as a term of endearment and to show her family's love of the story.
In Gary Jennings' novel The Journeyer, a fictionalized Marco Polo is told by a Persian physician that Layla and Majnun possessed the magical ability to transform their bodies at will, changing their appearance, age, or gender, even becoming animals or mythical creatures; and that they would then copulate in various combinations of these forms, as inspiration for their poetry. The physician is also an alchemist, and has concocted a drug intended to recreate this ability. Marco tries it on himself and a prostitute, with disastrous results.
The tale served as the inspiration for Halim El-Dabh's early electronic tape music composition called Leiyla and the Poet in 1959.
The tale of Layla and Majnun has been the subject of various films produced by the Indian film industry beginning in the 1920s. A list may be found here: http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article419176.ece. One, Laila Majnu, was produced in 1976. In 2007, the story was enacted as both a framing story and as a dance-within-a-movie in the film Aaja Nachle. Also, in pre-independence India, the first Pashto-language film was an adaptation of this story.
Orhan Pamuk makes frequent reference to Leyla and Majnun in his novels, The Museum of Innocence and My Name is Red.
One of the panels in the Alisher Navoi metro station in Tashkent (Uzbekistan) and Nizami Gəncəvi metro station in Baku (Azerbaijan) represents the epic on blue green tiles.
In the book A Thousand Splendid Suns by Afghan author Khaled Hosseini, Rasheed often refers to Laila and Tariq as Layla and Majnun.
South African author Achmat Dangor, of mixed Indian descent, makes reference to Leyla and Majnun in his novels, "Waiting for Leila" and "Kafka's Curse"
On Gaia Online, a recent monthly collectible released an item under the names Majnun and Layla loosely based on the story.
Layla and Majnun – poem of Alisher Navoi.
Layla and Majnun – poem of Jami.
Layla and Majnun – poem of Nizami Ganjavi.
Layla and Majnun – poem of Fuzûlî.
Layla and Majnun – poem of Hagiri Tabrizi.
Layla and Majnun – drama in verse of Mirza Hadi Ruswa.
Layla and Majnun – novel of Necati.
Leyli and Majnun – the first Muslim and the Azerbaijani opera of Uzeyir Hajibeyov (1908).
Layla and Majnun – symphonic poem of Gara Garayev (1947).
Leyli and Majnun – ballet by Gara Garayev (1969).
Symphony No. 24 ("Majnun"), Op. 273 (1973), for tenor solo, trumpet, choir and strings – Alan Hovhaness.
The Song of Majnun – opera of Bright Sheng (1992)
Laila Majnu – Indian Hindi silent film in 1922.
Laila Majnu – Indian Hindi silent film in 1927.
Laila Majnu – Indian Hindi film in 1931.
Laila Majnu – Indian Hindi film in 1931.
Laila Majnun — Malayan Malay film in 1933.
Majnu – Indian Hindi film of 1935 by Roshan Lal Shorey.
Layla and Majnun – Iranian film in 1936.
Laila Majnu – Indian Hindi film of 1945 by Nazir, starring Nazir and Swarnalata.
Laila Majnu – Indian Telugu film in 1949.
Laila Majnu – Indian Hindi film of 1953 directed by K. Amarnath, starring Shammi Kapoor and Nutan.
Laila – Indian Hindi film of 1954 directed by Naseem Siddique, starring Shakila.
Ishq-e-Laila – 1957 Pakistani film featuring Sabiha Khanum and Santosh Kumar.
Laila Majnu – 1957 Pakistani film starring Bahar and Aslam Pervaiz
Layla and Majnun – Tajik Soviet film-ballet of 1960.
Layla and Majnun – Soviet Azerbaijani film of 1961.
Laila Majnu – Indian Malayalam film in 1962.
Leyli va Majnun – Iranian films in 1970 directed by Siamak Yasam
Leyla ile Mecnun – Turkish drama film of 1972 starring Fatma Girik and Kadir İnanır.
Dastan-E-Laila Majnu – Indian Hindi film of 1974 by R.L. Desai, starring Dheeraj Kumar and Anamika.
Laila Majnu – Pakistani film in 1974 starring Waheed Murad and Rani.
Laila Majnu – Indian Hindi film in 1976.
Laila Majnu – Indian Bengali film of 1976 by Sachin Adhikari.
Laily Majnu – Bangladeshi film in 1976 starring Razzak and Babita.
Majnoon – unreleased Indian Hindi film from 1979 by Kamal Amrohi, starring Rajesh Khanna and Rakhee Gulzar.
Leyla ile Mecnun – Music album of Orhan Gencebay in 1981.
Leyla İle Mecnun – Turkish film of 1982 starring Orhan Gencebay and Gülşen Bubikoğlu.
Sun Meri Laila – Indian Hindi film of 1983 by Chander H. Bahl, starring Deepika Chikhalia and Raj Kiran.
Laila – Indian Hindi film of 1984 by Saawan Kumar Tak, starring Poonam Dhillon and Anil Kapoor.
Love And God (1986) — Indian Hindi film directed by K. Asif
Leyla und Medjnun – 1988 opera by Detlev Glanert.
Layla and Majnun – Azerbaijani film-opera of 1996.
Majnoon – 2003 Indian film by Aashish Chanana, starring Chanana and Sucheta Khanna set in the modern Bollywood industry.
Aaja Nachle— a 2007 Indian film has a 15-minute musical play on life of Layla and Majnun.
Majnoon Layla— is a song on Omar Offendum's debut solo album SyrianamericanA, retelling the story as a rap song
Leyla ile Mecnun – is a Turkish television comedy series in 2011.
Habibi – is a 2011 film by Susan Youssef filmed in the Gaza Strip.
Double Barrel – is a Malayalam Movie in 2015.
Tamasha – is a Hindi movie of 2015. A musical story in this movie has parts of Laila Majnu duet.
Laila The Musical – British theatre production by Rifco Arts, Watford Palace Theatre and Queen's Theatre Hornchurch toured England during 2016.
Layla and Majnun – dance-drama, a collaboration of Mark Morris, Silk Road Ensemble and Howard Hodgkin; 2016 premiere by Cal Performances.
Laila Majnu – is a 2018 Hindi movie based on the legend of Laila Majnu set in Kashmir.
Ye Kahani Hai Laila Majnu Ki – Indian Bhojpuri film of 2020 by Mahmud Alam, starring Pradeep Pandey, Sonalika Prasad, and Akshara Singh.

In Prince of Persia: The Lost Crown, the titular character Sargon wields twin swords named after Qays and Layla. Such a naming is an anachronism, as the game is set in pre-Islamic time, during the age of Achaemenid dynasty.

Notes

Nizami's tragic romance Khosrow and Shirin is another part of the Khamsa.
While most sources indicate that the work was completed in 1535, the Encyclopædia Iranica states that it was finished in 1536.

References

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Schimmel, Annemarie (2014). A Two-Colored Brocade: The Imagery of Persian Poetry. p. 131. Indeed, the old Arabic love story of Majnun and Layla became a favorite topic among Persian poets.
The Islamic Review & Arab Affairs. Vol. 58. 1970. p. 32. Nizāmī's next poem was an even more popular lovestory of the Islamic world, Layla and Majnun, of Arabic origin.
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Sources

Macit, Muhsin (2013). "FUZÛLÎ". Türk Edebiyatı İsimler Sözlüğü (in Turkish). Ahmet Yesevi University.
Macit, Muhsin (2014). "Fuzuli, Mehmed b. Süleyman". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27220. ISSN 1873-9830.
Pala, İskender (2003). "Leylâ vü Mecnûn". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 27 (Kütahya Mevlevîhânesi̇ – Mani̇sa) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 162–164. ISBN 978-975-389-408-1.
Skilliter, S. A. (February 1972). "Leylᾱ and Mejnūn, by Fuzūlī, translated from the Turkish. With a history of the poem, notes, and bibliography by Alessio Bombaci (translated from the Italian by Elizabeth Dairies)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 35 (1). London: George Allen and Unwin: 156–157. doi:10.1017/S0041977X0010758X.
Yarshater, Ehsan, ed. (2000). "Fożūlī, Moḥammad". Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume X/2: Forūḡī–Fruit. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 121–122. ISBN 978-0-933273-41-2. Retrieved 6 July 2023.

External links

LEYLI O MAJNUN in Encyclopædia Iranica A. A. Seyed-Gohrab (accessed October 2017 – periodically check link)
Laila and Majnun at School: Page from a manuscript of the Laila and Majnun of Nizami
Part of Ahmad Shawqi's opera Majnun Layla, sung by Mohammed Abdelwahab and Asmahan (accessed 22 October 2017)

v t e Nizami Ganjavi's Layla and Majnun
Film	Layla and Majnun (1937) Laila Majnu (1949) Laila Majnu (1950) Ishq-e-Laila (1957) Laila Majnu (1962) Laila Majnu (1976) Leyla İle Mecnun (1982) Aaja Nachle (2007) Laila Majnu (2018)
Stage works	Leyli and Majnun (opera) Leyli and Majnun (ballet)
Television	Leyla and Mecnun
Art and architecture	The Graves of Layla and Majnun
Related	Layla Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs

Persian literature

Old
Behistun Inscription Old Persian inscriptions Ganjnameh Inscription of Xerxes the Great in Van Fortress Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island

Middle
Ayadgar-i Zariran Counsels of Adurbad-e Mahrspandan Dēnkard Book of Jamasp Book of Arda Viraf Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan Cube of Zoroaster Dana-i Menog Khrat Shabuhragan of Mani Shahrestanha-ye Eranshahr Bundahishn Menog-i Khrad Jamasp Namag Dadestan-i Denig Anthology of Zadspram Warshtmansr Zand-i Wahman yasn Drakht-i Asurig Shikand-gumanig Vizar

Classical

800s	Muhammad ibn Wasif
900s	Rudaki Daqiqi Ferdowsi (Shahnameh) Abu Shakur Balkhi Abu Tahir Khosrovani Shahid Balkhi Bal'ami Rabia Balkhi Abusaeid Abolkheir (967–1049) Avicenna (980–1037) Unsuri Asjadi Kisai Marvazi Ayyuqi
1000s	Bābā Tāher Nasir Khusraw (1004–1088) Al-Ghazali (1058–1111) Khwaja Abdullah Ansari (1006–1088) Asadi Tusi Qatran Tabrizi (1009–1072) Nizam al-Mulk (1018–1092) Masud Sa'd Salman (1046–1121) Omar Khayyam (1048–1131) Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani Ahmad Ghazali Hujwiri Manuchehri Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani (1098–1131) Uthman Mukhtari Abu-al-Faraj Runi Sanai Banu Goshasp Borzu-Nama Afdal al-Din Kashani Abu'l Hasan Mihyar al-Daylami Mu'izzi Mahsati Ganjavi
1100s	Iranshah Suzani Samarqandi Hassan Ghaznavi Faramarz Nama Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi (1155–1191) Adib Sabir Falaki Shirvani Am'aq Najm al-Din Razi Attar (1142–c.1220) Khaqani (1120–1190) Anvari (1126–1189) Faramarz-e Khodadad Nizami Ganjavi (1141–1209) Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1209) Kamal al-Din Esfahani Shams Tabrizi (d.1248)
1200s	Abu Tahir Tarsusi Awhadi Maraghai Shams al-Din Qays Razi Sultan Walad Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī Afdal al-Din Kashani Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi Mahmud Shabistari (1288–1320s) Abu'l Majd Tabrizi Amir Khusrau (1253–1325) Saadi (Bustan / Golestān) Bahram-e-Pazhdo Pur-Baha Jami Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo Rumi Homam Tabrizi (1238–1314) Nozhat al-Majales Khwaju Kermani Badr Shirvani Zu'l-Fiqar Shirvani
1300s	Ibn Yamin Shah Ni'matullah Wali Hafez Abu Ali Qalandar Fazlallah Astarabadi Nasimi Emad al-Din Faqih Kermani
1400s	Ubayd Zakani Salman Savaji Hatefi Jami Kamal Khujandi Ahli Shirazi (1454–1535) Fuzuli (1483–1556) Ismail I (1487–1524) Baba Faghani
1500s	Vahshi Bafqi (1523–1583) Mohtasham Kashani (1500–1588) 'Orfi Shirazi
1600s	Taleb Amoli Saib Tabrizi (1607–1670) Asir-e Esfahani (c. 1620–1648) Kalim Kashani Hazin Lāhiji (1692–1766) Saba Kashani Abdul-Qādir Bēdil (1642–1720) Naw'i Khabushani Mohammad Qoli Salim Tehrani Rasa Salim Tehrani
1700s	Hatef Esfahani Azar Bigdeli (1722–1781) Neshat Esfahani Abbas Foroughi Bastami (1798–1857)
1800s	Yaghma Jandaqi (1782–1859) Mirza Ghalib (1797–1869) Zayn al-Abidin Shirvani (1779–1837) Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat (1800–1871) Mirza Mohammad Taqi Sepehr (1801–1880) Qaani (1808–1854) Mahmud Khan Malek al-Sho'ara (1813–1893)

Contemporary

Poetry

Iran	Ahmadreza Ahmadi Mehdi Akhavan-Sales Hormoz Alipour Qeysar Aminpour Mohammad Reza Aslani Aref Qazvini Ahmad NikTalab Aminollah Rezaei Manouchehr Atashi Mahmoud Mosharraf Azad Tehrani Mohammad-Taqi Bahar Reza Baraheni Simin Behbahani Dehkhoda Hushang Ebtehaj Bijan Elahi Parviz Eslampour Parvin E'tesami Forugh Farrokhzad Hossein Monzavi Hushang Irani Iraj Mirza Bijan Jalali Siavash Kasraie Esmail Khoi Shams Langeroodi Mohammad Mokhtari Nosrat Rahmani Yadollah Royaee Tahereh Saffarzadeh Sohrab Sepehri Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar Ahmad Shamlou Manouchehr Sheybani Nima Yooshij (She'r-e Nimaa'i) Fereydoon Moshiri
Armenia	Edward Haghverdian
Afghanistan	Nadia Anjuman Wasef Bakhtari Raziq Faani Khalilullah Khalili Youssof Kohzad Massoud Nawabi Abdul Ali Mustaghni
Tajikistan	Sadriddin Ayni Farzona Iskandar Khatloni Abolqasem Lahouti Gulrukhsor Safieva Loiq Sher-Ali Payrav Sulaymoni Mirzo Tursunzoda Satim Ulugzade
Uzbekistan	Asad Gulzoda
Pakistan	Muhammad Iqbal

Novels

Short stories

Plays

Screenplays

Translators

Children's literature

Essayists

Contemporary Persian and Classical Persian are the same language, but writers since 1900 are classified as contemporary. At one time, Persian was a common cultural language of much of the non-Arabic Islamic world. Today it is the official language of Iran, Tajikistan and one of the two official languages of Afghanistan.

Arabic literature

Old
Namara inscription Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions

Pre-Islamic