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| Karva Chauth | |
|---|---|
 Women view the moon through sieves during Karwa Chauth | |
| Also called | Karaka Chaturthi |
| Observed by | Married Hindu men and women, in some areas, unmarried Hindu women or teenage boys |
| Type | Hinduism |
| Celebrations | Puja |
| Observances | Fasting by married women |
| Date | Ashvin Krishna Chaturthi |
| 2024 date | 20 October (Sunday) |
| Related to | Dussehra and Diwali |
| Hindu festival dates
The Hindu calendar is lunisolar but most festival dates are specified using the lunar portion of the calendar. A lunar day is uniquely identified by three calendar elements: māsa (lunar month), pakṣa (lunar fortnight) and tithi (lunar day). Furthermore, when specifying the masa, one of two traditions are applicable, viz. amānta / pūrṇimānta. If a festival falls in the waning phase of the moon, these two traditions identify the same lunar day as falling in two different (but successive) masa. A lunar year is shorter than a solar year by about eleven days. As a result, most Hindu festivals occur on different days in successive years on the Gregorian calendar. | |
Karva Chauth or Karwa Chauth or Karaka Chaturthi (Sanskrit: करकचतुर्थी, romanized: Karakachaturthī) is a Hindu festival celebrated by Hindu women of Nepal, Northern India and Western Indiain October or November on the Bikram Sambat month of Kartika. Like many Hindu festivals, Karva Chauth is based on a lunisolar variant of the Hindu Calendars. The festival falls on the fourth day after the full moon.
On Karva Chauth women observe a fast from sunrise to moonrise for the safety and longevity of their husbands. The Karva Chauth fast is traditionally celebrated in Nepal and the states of Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan, Punjab, Jammu, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh. It is celebrated as Atla Tadde in Andhra Pradesh. Karva Chauth, originally a local Northern Indian festival, attained widespread pan-India popularity among newer generations due to the influence of Bollywood movies like Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge
Origins
Karva is another word for 'pot' (a small earthen pot of water) and chauth means 'fourth' in Hindi (a reference to the fact that the festival falls on the fourth day of the dark-fortnight, or Krishna paksha, of the month of Kartika). In Sanskrit scriptures, the festival is referred to as Karaka Chaturthi, karaka meaning an earthen water pitcher and chaturthi denoting the fourth day of the lunar Hindu month.
Karva Chauth is mostly celebrated in Northern India. Military campaigns were often conducted by Rajput men in far off places whereby Rajput men would leave their wives and children at home to go off to the war. Their wives would often pray for their safe return. The festival also coincides with the wheat-sowing time (i.e., the beginning of the Rabi crop cycle). Big earthen pots in which wheat is stored are sometimes called karvas, so the fast may have begun as a prayer for a good harvest in this predominantly wheat-eating Northwestern region.
Another story about the origin of this festival relates to the bond of feminine friendship. With the custom of arranged marriage being prevalent, the newlywed is supposed to reside with her husband and in-laws. Being new to the family, the custom arose of befriending another woman as her friend (kangan-saheli) or sister (dharam-behn) for life. The friendship would be sanctified through a Hindu ritual during the marriage ceremony itself. The bride's friend would usually be of the same age (or slightly older), typically married into the same village (so that she would not go away) and not directly related to her in-laws (so there was no conflict of interest later). This emotional and psychological bond would be considered akin to a blood relationship. It is said that Karva Chauth festival evolved to include celebrating this special bond of friendship.
A few days before Karva Chauth, married women would buy new karvas (spherical clay pots)—7-9" in diameter and 2–3 litres capacity—and paint them on the outside with beautiful designs. Inside, they would put bangles and ribbons, home-made candy and sweets, make-up items, and small clothes. The women would then visit each other on the day of Karva Chauth and exchange these karvas.
Annual dates
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The following dates are based on the Hindu calendar.
| 2020 | 4 November |
| 2021 | 24 October |
| 2022 | 13 October |
| 2023 | 1 November |
| 2024 | 20 October |
Rituals
Women begin preparing for Karva Chauth a few days in advance, by buying adornments (shringar), jewelry, and puja (prayer) items, such as the Karva lamps, matthi, Mehandi and the decorated puja thali (plate). Local bazaars take on a festive look as shopkeepers put their Karva Chauth related products on display. On the day of the fast, women from Punjab region awake to eat and drink just before sunrise. In Uttar Pradesh, celebrants eat soot feni with milk in sugar on the eve of the festival. It is said that this helps them go without water the next day. In Punjab, sargi (ਸਰਗੀ) is an important part of this pre-dawn meal and always includes fenia. It is traditional for the sargi to be sent or given to the fasting woman by her mother-in-law. If she lives with her mother-in-law, the pre-dawn meal is prepared by the mother-in-law. On Karva Chauth occasion, fasting women choose to wear Karva Chauth special dresses like a traditional saari or lehenga to look their best. In some regions, women wear traditional dresses of their states.
The fast begins at dawn. Fasting women do not eat during the day. Hindu wives perform various kind of rituals along with a vrata (fast) on Karva Chauth for their husband's long life.
In traditional observances of the fast, the fasting woman usually does no housework. Women apply Mehandi and other cosmetics to themselves and each other. The day passes in meeting friends and relatives. In some regions, it is customary to give and exchange painted clay pots filled with bangles, ribbons, home-made candy, cosmetics and small cloth items (e.g., handkerchiefs). Since Karva Chauth follows soon after the Kharif crop harvest in the rural areas, it is a good time for community festivities and gift exchanges. Parents often send gifts to their married daughters and their children.
In the evening, a community women-only ceremony is held. Participants dress in fine clothing and wear jewellery and mehandi, and (in some regions) dress in the complete finery of their wedding dresses. The dresses (Saris or Lehangas) are frequently red, gold, pink, yellow or orange, which are considered auspicious colors. The fasters sit in a circle with their puja thalis. Depending on region and community, a version of the story of Karva Chauth is narrated, with regular pauses. The storyteller is usually an older woman or a priest, if one is present. The Karva Chauth puja song is sung collectively. In some parts of Uttar Pradesh, in the pauses, the singers perform the feris (passing their thalis around in the circle). While in other parts, the women keep some rice etc. in their hands while listening to the story.
The first six describe some of the activities of fast and the seventh describes the lifting of those restrictions with the conclusion of the fast. The forbidden activities include weaving cloth (kumbh chrakhra feri naa), pleading with or attempting to please anyone (ruthda maniyen naa), and awakening anyone who is asleep (suthra jagayeen naa). For the first six feris they sing
...Veero kudiye Karvara, Sarv suhagan Karvara, Aye katti naya teri naa, Kumbh chrakhra feri naa, Aar pair payeen naa, Ruthda maniyen naa, Suthra jagayeen naa, Ve veero kuriye Karvara, Ve sarv suhagan Karvara...
For the seventh feri, they sing
...Veero kudiye Karvara, Sarv suhagan Karvara, Aye katti naya teri nee, Kumbh chrakhra feri bhee, Aar pair payeen bhee, Ruthda maniyen bhee, Suthra jagayeen bhee, Ve veero kuriye Karvara, Ve sarv suhagan Karvara...
In Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan, participants exchange karvas seven times between themselves. In Rajasthan, before offering water seven times the fasting woman is asked "Dhapi ki Ni Dhapi?" (are you satiated?), to which she responds, "Jal se Dhapi, Suhaag se na Dhapi" (I am satiated by water, but not from my husband). An alternative ritual conducted by Uttar Pradeshis is prayer of "gaur mata" the earth. Specifically, celebrants will take a bit of soil, sprinkle water, and then place kumkum on it, treating it as an idol/manifestation of the fertile Mother Earth. In Rajasthan, stories are told by older women in the family, including narratives of Karva Chauth, Shiva, Parvati, and Ganesh. In earlier times, an idol of Gaur Mata was made using earth and cow dung, which has now been replaced with an idol of Parvati. In some communities, especially in and around Bangalore, a visual depiction of HG is used. Each fasting woman lights an earthen lamp in her thali while listening to the Karva story. Sindoor, incense sticks and rice are also kept in the thali.
In Uttar Pradesh, a priest or an elderly woman of the family narrates the story of beejabeti or Veeravati. Celebrants make idols of Shiva, Parvati, and Ganesha with mud and decorate them with colourful and bright clothes and jewellery. While exchanging karvas seven times, they sing
...Sadaa suhagan karve lo, Pati ki pyari karve lo, Saat bhaiyon ke behen karve lo, Vart karni karve lo, Saas ki pyaari karve lo...
Thereafter, the fasters offer baayna (a melange of goodies like halwa, puri, namkeen mathri, meethi mathri, etc.) to the idols (mansana) and hand over to their mother-in-law or sister-in-law.
The fera ceremony concluded, the women await the rising of the moon. Once the moon is visible, depending on the region and community, it is customary for a fasting woman, to view the moon or its reflection in a vessel filled with water, through a sieve, or through the cloth of a dupatta. Then, the woman looks at her husband's face through the sieve. Water is offered (arka) to the moon (Chandra, the lunar deity) to secure its blessings. In some regions, the woman says a brief prayer asking for her husband's life. It is believed that at this stage, spiritually strengthened by her fast, the woman can successfully confront and defeat death (personified by Yama). In Rajasthan, the women say "Like the gold necklace and the pearl bracelet, just like the moon may my suhaag always shine brightly."
Her husband then takes the water from the thali and offers it to his wife; taking her first sip of water during the day, the fast is now broken and the woman can have a complete meal.
Popular cultural aspects and critiques
In modern North India and Northwestern India society, Karva Chauth is considered to be a romantic festival, symbolizing the love between a husband and wife. It has been celebrated in Hindi movies such as Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge, where an unmarried woman signals her love for a man by keeping the fast for him and he reciprocates by secretly fasting as a gesture of empathy, as well as demonstrating his concern for her during the day and breaking her fast by feeding her at moonrise, and Baghban, in which, over the telephone, a man persuades his fasting elderly wife to break her fast because they have been separated by their uncaring children. News coverage of celebrities sometimes highlights the keeping of the fast by an unmarried public figure because it indicates a strong and likely permanent romantic attachment. Similar to Valentine's Day, the lack of a romantic partner can acutely be felt by unattached women. The festival is used extensively in advertising campaigns in the region, for instance in a Chevrolet TV spot in which a man demonstrates his caring for his wife by buying a car with a sunroof so he can drive her around on Karva Chauth night until she spots the moon through it.
Since Karva Chauth is celebrated primarily by women (men are entirely excluded from the festival's observances until moonrise, though they are expected to demonstrate attention and concern for their fasting wives) and because beauty rituals and dressing-up are a significant part of the day, the festival is seen as an event that bonds women together. In the present day, groups of unmarried women sometimes keep the fast out of a sense of friendship, though this practice is far from universal. This is especially true in the urban areas of North India and Northwestern India, where the fasting is interpreted as a prayer for a loving husband in the future. Another trend in the northern urban areas is the spreading of the festival's observance to few women originating in communities and regions (such as immigrants in Mumbai, Kumaon Garhwal) that have not traditionally celebrated Karva Chauth or even been aware of the festival's existence. The same is true for Gujarat. Karva Chauth 2018 Date 27 October
In certain regions of Bengal, Northeast India, and Bhutan, notably during the Karva Chauth celebrations, a distinctive tradition is observed where teenage boys actively participate in the festivities and join married women in the fasting rituals. The practice is believed to symbolize a collective aspiration for the boys to find suitable life partners in the future. There is also a spiritual dimension to this tradition, as it is said to be an act of devotion to the deity Parvati, who is venerated for her role as a symbol of marital harmony and longevity.
Traditional tales
There are legends associated with the Karva Chauth festival. In some tellings, the tales are interlinked, with one acting as a frame story for another.
Story of Queen Veeravati
A beautiful queen called Veeravati was the only sister of seven loving brothers. She spent her first Karva Chauth as a married woman at her parents' house. She began a strict fast after sunrise but, by evening, was desperately waiting for the moonrise as she suffered severe thirst and hunger. Her seven brothers couldn't bear to see their sister in such distress and created a mirror in a pipal tree that made it look as though the moon had risen. The sister mistook it for the moon and broke her fast. The moment she took the first morsel of food, she sneezed. In her second morsel she found hair. After the third she learned the news of her husband, the king, was dead. Heartbroken, she wept through the night until her shakti compelled a goddess to appear and ask why she crying. When the queen explained her distress, the goddess revealed how she had been tricked by her brothers and instructed her to repeat the Karva Chauth fast with complete devotion. When Veeravati repeated the fast, Yama was forced to restore her husband to life.
In a variant of this story, the brothers build a massive fire behind a mountain instead and trick their sister by convincing her that the glow is the moon. She breaks her fast and word arrives that her beloved husband has died. She immediately begins running to her husband's house, which is somewhat distant, and is intercepted by Shiva-Parvati. Parvati reveals the trickery to her, cuts her own little finger to give the wife a few drops of her holy blood, and instructs her to be careful in keeping the complete fast in the future. The wife sprinkles Parvati's blood on her dead husband and, coming back to life, they are reunited.
Legend of Mahabharata
The belief in this fast and its associated rituals is associated with a legend of the Mahabharata. Draupadi, too, is said to have observed this fast. Once Arjuna went to the Nilgiris for penance and the rest of the Pandavas faced many problems in his absence. Draupadi, out of desperation, remembered Krishna and asked for help. Krishna reminded her that on an earlier occasion, when Parvati had sought Shiva's guidance under similar circumstances, she had been advised to observe the fast of Karva Chauth. In some tellings of this legend, Shiva tells Parvati the story of Veeravati to describe the Karva Chauth fast. Draupadi followed the instructions and observed the fast with all its rituals. Consequently, the Pandavas were able to overcome their problems.
The legend of Karva
A woman named Karva was deeply devoted to her husband. Her intense love towards him gave her shakti (spiritual power). While bathing at a river, her husband was caught by a crocodile. Karva bound the crocodile with cotton yarn and asked Yama (the god of death) to send the crocodile to hell. Yama refused. Karva threatened to curse Yama and destroy him. Yama, afraid of being cursed by a pativrata (devoted) wife, sent the crocodile to hell and blessed Karva's husband with a long life. Karva and her husband enjoyed many years of wedded bliss. To this day, Karva Chauth is celebrated with great faith and belief.
Satyavan and Savitri
Main article: Savitri and SatyavanWhen Yama came to procure Satyavan's soul, Savitri begged him to grant him life. When he refused, she stopped eating and drinking and followed Yama who carried away her dead husband. Yama said that she could ask for any other boon except for the life of her husband. Savitri asked that she be blessed with children. Yama agreed. Being a pativrata (devoted) wife, Savitri would never let any other man be the father of her children. Yama was left with no other choice but to restore Savitri's husband to life.
Notes
- In parts of Bengal, Assam, Dibang Valley, Lohit, Anjaw, Namsai, and lower Bhutan, teenage boys take part
See also
References
- ^ Anne Mackenzie Pearson (1996), Because it gives me peace of mind: ritual fasts in the religious lives of Hindu women (McGill studies in the history of religions), SUNY Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-3038-5,
... Karwa Cauth seems to be in western Uttar Pradesh ...
- Sohindar Singh Waṇajara Bedi (1971), Folklore of the Punjab, National Book Trust,
... Sometimes even unmarried girls observe this fast and pray for their wife-to-be ...
- Books, Kausiki (24 October 2021). Narada Purana Part 4: English Translation only without Slokas. Kausiki Books. p. 214.
- Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M. Rosen. p. 355. ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8.
- ^ Kartar Singh Bhalla (2005), Let's Know Festivals of India, Star Publications, ISBN 978-81-7650-165-1,
... 'Karwa Chauth' is a ritual of fasting celebrated by married women seeking the longevity, ... married women in the northern and western parts of India, especially Delhi, Gujrat, Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, Haryana, Rajashtan, Punjab,Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh... eat a little food before sunrise and start the fast ... After the moon rises ... finally break their fast ...
- S. K. Rait (2005), women in England: their religious and cultural beliefs and social practices, Trentham Boks, ISBN 978-1-85856-353-4,
... Karwa chauth, a fast kept to secure the long life of husbands, was popular among women ...
- Kumar, Anu (21 October 2007). "A Hungry Heart". The Washington Post.
- Subhashini Aryan (1993), Crafts of Himachal PradeshLiving traditions of India, Mapin, ISBN 978-0-944142-46-2,
... Karwa Chauth, when all married women universally fast a small pot, Karwa, is required ...
- "This is how Bollywood, 'DDLJ' made Karwa Chauth a pan-India concept". ANI News. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
- "Karwa Chauth: DDLJ to Kabhi Kushie Kabhi Gham -How Bollywood made it a pan-India festival". Financialexpress. 24 October 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
- Rajendra Kumar Sharma (2004) , Rural Sociology, Atlantic Publishers, ISBN 978-81-7156-671-6,
... small earthen-ware pots called 'deep' being filled with oil and lighted through a wick ...
- Handa, O. C.; Hāṇḍā, Omacanda (1975). Pahāri Folk Art. D. B. Taraporevala Sons.
- J.P. Mittal (2006), History of Ancient India: From 7300 BC to 4250 BC, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-269-0615-4,
... military campaigns and foreign travels were undertaken after the rainy season ... It is also the season for sowing wheat, which is kept in the Karwa (Round Vessel) ...
- "Karwa Chauth 2020 Puja India: Date, Fasting, Real Sixteen Adornments". S A NEWS. 2 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
- "When is Karwa Chauth 2021? Date, significance and all you need to know". India Today. 19 January 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
- Sharma, Mahima (11 October 2022). "Karwa Chauth 2022: Date, Time, Importance and Significance". The Times of India. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
- "Karwa Chauth 2023:This time a very auspicious coincidence is taking place on Karwa Chauth, due to which every wish will be fulfilled". Dainik jagran (in Hindi). 10 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- "ਕਰਵਾ ਚੌਥ – ਫਿਲਮੀ ਨਾਮਾਂ ਵਾਲੀਆਂ ਚੂੜੀਆਂ ਦਾ ਕ੍ਰੇਜ (Karwa Chauth – The craze for bangles named after movies)", Webdunia Punjabi, 6 October 2009, archived from the original on 12 March 2010,
... ਕਰਵਾ ਚੌਥ ਦੇ ਆਉਂਦੇ ਹੀ ਬਜ਼ਾਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਵੀ ਚਹਿਲ-ਪਹਿਲ ਸ਼ੁਰੂ ਹੋ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ। ਇਸੇ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ ਸਿਲਸਿਲਾ ਸ਼ੁਰੂ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ ਸਾਜ-ਸ਼ਿੰਗਾਰ ਦਾ ਸਮਾਨ ਖਰੀਦਣ ਦਾ। ਜਿਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਚੂੜੀਆਂ ਇਸਤਰੀਆਂ ਦੀਆਂ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਪਸੰਦੀਦਾ ਹੁੰਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ। ਆਪਣੇ ਸੂਟ ਜਾਂ ਸਾੜੀ ਨਾਲ ਮੈਚ ਕਰਦੀਆਂ ਚੂੜੀਆਂ ਲਈ ਬਜ਼ਾਰ 'ਚ ਪਤਾ ਨਹੀਂ ਕਿੰਨੇ ਗੇੜੇ ਮਾਰਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ। (The coming of Karwa Chauth gets the bazaars humming with activity. And so begins the process of buying cosmetics and ornaments. Of all things, bangles are the perennial favorites with women. They do endless circuits of the bazaar looking for the perfect color match with their saris and shalwar suits) ...
- "15 Stunning Outfits For Your *First* Karwa Chauth!". 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
- "Karwa Chauth 2020: Date, time, significance of fast observed by women for long life of their husbands". Firstpost. 2 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
- ^ Naomi Jackson; Toni Shapiro-Phim (2008), Dance, Human Rights, and Social Justice: Dignity in Motion, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-0-8108-6149-7,
... several Indian feminists have talked about the ways in which Indian, specifically Hindu, women have found it empowering to hold onto religious practices ... the Karwachauth ... meant that she had a day off once a year and a new sari at the end of it ...
- Publications Division (1985), Indian and foreign review, Volume 23, Publications Division of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India,
... the typically North Indian festival of Karwa Chauth when wives fast for the longevity of their husbands. On this day a woman relives her wedding day. Dressed in her wedding clothes, with hands and feet ritually decorated with Mehndi ...
- Robert Jackson; Eleanor M. Nesbitt (1993), Hindu children in Britain, Trentham, ISBN 978-0-948080-73-9,
... this day, which falls about eleven days before the all-India festival of Divali, wives dress up in bridal colours (red and gold) ...
- ^ A.H.W. Sameer (2003), Hindu Vrat Kathayen, Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd., ISBN 978-81-288-0375-8,
... The women tell among themselves the story of Karwa Chauth on this day. Sometimes a Brahmin priest tells this story and gets a gift in return ... The married women receive costly gifts from their husbands, brothers and parents on this ...
- ^ "Karwa Chauth". INDIAN CULTURE. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
- ^ Madhusree Dutta, Neera Adarkar, Majlis Organization (Bombay) (1996), The nation, the state, and Indian identity, Popular Prakashan, ISBN 978-81-85604-09-1,
... originally was practised by women in Punjab and parts of UP, is gaining tremendous popularity ... We found women of all classes and regional communities ... all said they too were observing the Karwa Chauth Vrat for their husbands' longevity. All of them had dekha-dekhi (in imitation) followed a trend which made them feel special on this one day. Husbands paid them undivided attention and showered them with gifts. The women from the bastis go to beauty parlours to have their hair set and hands decorated with mehendi ... As an instrument of social control, rituals work insidiously. Deeply ingrained in the consciousness of Hindu women, reinforced by modern forms, we do not know which is the greater barrier to women's liberation: religion or the market ...
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Rama Bijapurkar (2008), Winning in the Indian Market: Understanding the Transformation of Consumer India, John Wiley and Sons, ISBN 978-0-470-82199-2,
... Karwa Chauth is a romantic old north Indian ritual, where the wife fasts all day for the well‐being of her husband, then when the moon rises, she looks at the Moon and her husband's face and he feeds her the first morsel of food that ...
- Veena Das; Dipankar Gupta; Patricia Uberoi (1999), Tradition, pluralism and identity, Sage Publications, ISBN 978-0-7619-9381-0,
... breaking the Karwa Chauth fast with Raj. and she realises that this must be the boy that Simran had fallen in love with ...
- India today, Volume 30, Thomson Living Media India Ltd., 2005,
... rattling of empty steel thalis to ensure the famished wife at the other end eats her Karwa chauth meal as in Baghban ...
- India today international, Living Media International Ltd., 2006,
... courtship, misunderstanding, reconciliation, wedding, Karwa chauth, pregnancy ...
- Rehana Bastiwala (27 October 2008), "کروا چوتھ (Bollywood Diary: Karwa Chauth)", BBC,
... امیشا نے بھی اپنے قریبی دوست کانو پوری کے لیے برت رکھا۔ دلچسپ بات تو یہ ہے کہ امیشا کا یہ برت کانو نے پانی پلا کر نہیں بلکہ شیمپئین پلا کر کھلوایا۔ انہوں نے امیشا کو ہیرے جڑی ایک گھڑی بھی تحفے میں دی (Amisha Patel also kept a fast for her close friend, Kanav Puri. In an interesting twist, Kanav helped Amisha break her fast not with water, but with a sip of champagne. He also gifted Amisha a diamond-studded watch) ...
- Advaita Kala (2009), Almost Single, Random House, ISBN 978-0-553-38610-3
- Rajan Saxena (2005), Marketing Management, Tata McGraw-Hill, ISBN 978-0-07-059953-6,
... Taking the situation of a wife waiting for the moon to appear on Karwa Chauth night ... until she is able to sight the moon from the car's sunroof ... The marketer was able to successfully communicate a feature of the car by using "love and care" as emotions ...
- Naynika Mehra (7 October 2009), "करवा चौथ का श्रृंगार (Beauty treatments for Karwa Chauth)", Webdunia Hindi,
... सुंदर और आकर्षक कपड़ों-गहनों के साथ ही श्रृंगार का भी उत्सवों पर एक अलग ही आनंद आ जाता है। उस पर भी यदि बात करवा चौथ जैसे त्योहार की हो तो बनने-सँवरने का उत्साह चरम पर पहुँच जाता है। हर महिला इस दिन कुछ अलग दिखना चाहती है। आइए हम देते हैं कुछ टिप्स इस करवा चौथ पर ताकि आप दिखें सबसे खास। (Beautiful and attractive jewelry and clothes, along with make-up, are so enjoyable on festivals. On top of that if it's a festival like Karwa Chauth, the zest to beautify oneself reaches its zenith. Any woman wants to look striking on this day. Come, let us share some tips, so you can look the most special of them all ...
- ^ "कुंआरी लड़कियां भी रख रही हैं करवाचौथ व्रत (Unmarried women are also keeping the Karwa Chauth fast)", IBN Live, 6 October 2009, archived from the original on 13 July 2011,
... 'मुझे करवाचौथ का व्रत रखना बहुत पसंद है। मेरी सहेलियां भी व्रत रखती हैं इसलिए मैं भी व्रत रखती हूं ताकि मुझे ऐसा वर मिले जो मेरे साथ कदम से कदम मिलाकर चले।' ... धीरे-धीरे ये चलन बड़े शहरों में भी देखने को मिल रहा है। आखिर कौन नहीं चाहेगा कि उसे बेहद प्यार करने वाला जीवनसाथी मिले। ('I really like keeping the Karwa Chauth fast. My friends fast, so I do as well, so I get a partner who walks side by side with me through life' ... gradually this practice is becoming prevalent in larger cities. After all, who wouldn't want a life-partner who loves them intensely ...
- Jain, Ankur (17 October 2008). "Karva Chauth comes to Gujarat". The Times of India. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
- "करवा चौथ व्रत की कथा". करवा चौथ व्रत की कथा. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
- ^ S.P. Sharma; Seema Gupta (2006), Fairs and Festivals of India, Pustak Mahal, ISBN 978-81-223-0951-5,
... The only sister of seven loving brothers, she was married to a king. On the occasion of the first Karwa Chauth after her marriage, she went to her parents' house. After sunrise, she observed a strict fast. However, Veeravati couldn't ...
- ^ Selva J. Raj; William P. Harman (2006), Dealing With Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia, SUNY Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-6708-4,
... Krishna recounting to Draupadi a story that he had heard Shiva tell Parvati. The core of the tale involves a human woman, Virvati ...
- Colleen Yim (2008), Veiled gurus: a Hindu mother's experiential involvement in religious knowledge transmission, University Press of America, ISBN 978-0-7618-3775-6,
... Yamraj told Karwa that the crocodile still had to live few more years ... Karwa told him ... she would destroy him by putting a curse on him. Yamraj got scared ...
