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Charles XV

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(Redirected from Karl XV) King of Sweden and Norway from 1859 to 1872
Charles XV & IV
Charles in 1865
King of Sweden and Norway
Reign8 July 1859 – 18 September 1872
Coronations3 May 1860, Stockholm
5 August 1860, Trondheim
PredecessorOscar I
SuccessorOscar II
Born(1826-05-03)3 May 1826
Stockholm, Sweden
Died18 September 1872(1872-09-18) (aged 46)
Malmö, Sweden
Burial9 October 1872
Riddarholmskyrkan
Spouse Louise of the Netherlands ​ ​(m. 1850; died 1871)​
Issue
Names
Carl Ludvig Eugen
HouseBernadotte
FatherOscar I
MotherJosephine of Leuchtenberg
ReligionChurch of Sweden
EducationUppsala University
Signature

Charles XV or Carl (Carl Ludvig Eugen; Swedish and Norwegian officially: Karl; 3 May 1826 – 18 September 1872) was King of Sweden and Norway, there often referred to as Charles IV, from 8 July 1859 until his death in 1872. Charles was the third Swedish monarch from the House of Bernadotte. He was the first one to be born in Sweden, and the first to be raised from birth in the Lutheran faith.

Biography

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An equestrian portrait of Charles XV, painted by Carl Fredrik Kiörboe, circa 1860
Statue of Charles XV in Stockholm
Adjutant Daniel Nordlander (upper left), with Adjutant Fritz von Dardel, Ordonnance Officer Ferdinand-Alphonse Hamelin, General Henri-Pierre Castelnau, King Charles XV of Sweden and Prince Oscar, future King Oscar II of Sweden, at the International Exposition (1867) in Paris, France.

Early life

He was born in Stockholm Palace, Stockholm, in 1826 and dubbed Duke of Scania at birth. Born the eldest son of Crown Prince Oscar of Sweden and his wife Crown Princess Josephine, he would be second in line to the throne of his grandfather, the ruling King Charles XIV John of Sweden. During his childhood he was placed in the care of the royal governess, Countess Christina Ulrika Taube. When he was just 15, he was given his first officer's commission in 1841 by his grandfather the king.

Crown Prince

The aging King Charles XIV John would suffer a stroke on his 81st birthday in 1844, dying little more than a month later. His successor would be his son, Charles's father Oscar, who ascended the throne as King Oscar I of Sweden. Upon his father's accession to the throne in 1844, the youth Charles was made a chancellor of the universities of Uppsala and Lund, and in 1853 chancellor of Royal Swedish Academy of Arts. On 11 February 1846, he was made an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

The Crown Prince was Viceroy of Norway briefly in 1856 and 1857. He became Regent on 25 September 1857, and king on the death of his father on 8 July 1859. As grandson of Augusta of Bavaria, he was a descendant of Gustav I of Sweden and Charles IX of Sweden, whose Vasa blood returned to the throne after being lost in 1818 when Charles XIII of Sweden died.

On 19 June 1850, he married in Stockholm Louise of the Netherlands, niece of William II of the Netherlands through her father and niece of William I of Prussia, German Emperor, through her mother. The couple was personally quite dissimilar; Louise was a cultured and refined woman, however, she was considered to be quite plain and Charles was disappointed with her appearance. Louise was in love with her husband, whereas he preferred other women, saddening her deeply. His well-known mistresses included the actress Laura Bergnéhr, the countess Josephine Sparre, Wilhelmine Schröder and the actresses Hanna Styrell and Elise Hwasser, and the Crown Prince neglected his shy wife. On the other hand, his relationship to his only daughter, Louise, was warm and close.

Reign

Photograph of Charles XV in coronation robes

As Crown Prince, Charles's brusque manner had led many to regard his future accession with some apprehension, yet he proved to be one of the most popular of Scandinavian kings and a constitutional ruler in the best sense of the word. His reign was remarkable for its manifold and far-reaching reforms. Sweden's existing municipal law (1862), ecclesiastical law (1863) and criminal law (1864) were enacted appropriately enough under the direction of a king whose motto was: Land skall med lag byggas – "With law shall the land be built". Charles also helped Louis De Geer to carry through his reform of the Parliament of Sweden in 1866. He also declared the freedom of women by passing the law of legal majority for unmarried women in 1858 – his sister Princess Eugenie became the first woman who was declared mature.

Though known as King Charles XV in Sweden (and also on contemporary Norwegian coins), he was actually the ninth Swedish king by that name, as his predecessor Charles IX (reigned 1604–1611) had adopted a numeral according to a fictitious history of Sweden.

Charles, like his father Oscar I, was an advocate of Scandinavianism and the political solidarity of the three northern kingdoms, and his friendship with Frederick VII of Denmark, it is said, led him to give half promises of help to Denmark on the eve of the war of 1864, which, in the circumstances, were perhaps misleading and unjustifiable. In view, however, of the unpreparedness of the Swedish army and the difficulties of the situation, Charles was forced to observe a strict neutrality. On behalf of Charles, Dirk de Graeff van Polsbroek, Dutch diplomat in Japan, concluded a "Vänskaps-, handels- och sjöfartstraktat" ("Friendship, Trade and Maritime Treaty") between Sweden-Norway and Japan on 11 November 1868 (see the Treaty of Yokohama). The treaty opened Hakodate, Yokohama, Nagasaki, Kobe and Osaka to trade for Swedish and Norwegian traders (Article 3). The treaty also gave Sweden-Norway the opportunity to send consuls to the newly opened ports, where they were given the right to exercise jurisdiction over Swedes and Norwegians (consular jurisdiction). Charles died in Malmö on 18 September 1872.

Coronation medal for Charles and Louise 1860

Charles XV attained some eminence as a painter and as a poet. He was followed on the thrones of both Norway and Sweden by his brother Oscar II.

In 1872, Charles XV had controversial plans to enter a non-morganatic marriage with the Polish countess Maria Beatrix Krasińska through the assistance of Ohan Demirgian, plans that aroused opposition both in the Royal house and Government and which were interrupted only by his death.

Charles's popularity often had him referred to colloquially as "Kron-Kalle" (Crown-Charlie).

Issue

By his wife, Louise of the Netherlands, Charles had two children, a son who died in infancy and a daughter who married the King of Denmark. The early death of Charles's only legitimate son meant that he was succeeded on the thrones of Sweden and Norway by his younger brother Oscar II.

Name Birth Death Notes
Louise Josephine Eugenie 31 October 1851 21 March 1926 married, 1869, Frederik VIII of Denmark; had issue (including Christian X of Denmark and Haakon VII of Norway).
Carl Oscar Vilhelm Frederik 14 December 1852 13 March 1854 died in infancy of pneumonia.

Charles also sired an illegitimate son, Carl Johan Bolander, (4 February 1854 – 28 July 1903), the father of Bishop Nils Bolander, and daughter, Ellen Svensson Hammar (28 October 1865 – 1931), and it has been widely rumored that Charles had many more extramarital children.

A few weeks before Charles's death, his daughter Louise (then Crown Princess of Denmark) gave birth to her second son, Prince Carl of Denmark. In 1905, Prince Carl ascended to the throne of Norway with the regnal name Haakon VII, thus becoming Charles's successor in that country.

No subsequent king of Sweden to this day is Charles's descendant. However, his descendants are on the thrones of Denmark, Luxembourg, Belgium and Norway.

Honours

National decorations
Foreign decorations

Arms


Prince of Sweden and Norway,
Duke of Scania (1826–1844)
Crown Prince of Sweden and Norway,
Duke of Scania (1844–1859)
King Charles XV of Sweden
and Norway
Monogram of King Charles XV
of Sweden

Ancestry

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Ancestors of Charles XV
8. Jean Henri Bernadotte
4. Charles XIV John of Sweden
9. Jeanne de Saint Vincent
2. Oscar I of Sweden
10. François Clary
5. Désirée Clary
11. Françoise Rose Somis
1. Charles XV of Sweden
12. Alexandre, vicomte de Beauharnais
6. Eugène de Beauharnais, 1st Duke of Leuchtenberg
13. Joséphine de Tascher de La Pagerie
3. Princess Joséphine of Leuchtenberg
14. Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria
7. Princess Augusta of Bavaria
15. Princess Augusta Wilhelmine of Hesse-Darmstadt

References

  1. Gustaf Elgenstierna, Den introducerade svenska adelns ättartavlor. 1925–36.
  2. Lars Roar Langslet. "Karl 4, Konge (1826–1872)". Norsk biografisk leksikon. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
  3. ^  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Charles XV.". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). p. 932.
  4. "Karl 4, Konge (1826–1872)". Norsk biografisk leksikon. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
  5. Erik Opsahl. "Karl 4 – 1826–72". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
  6. Example
  7. Article Karl in Nordisk familjebok
  8. Sweden, Japan, and the Long Second World War: 1931–1945, by Pascal Lottaz, Ingemar Ottosson
  9. Cronholm, Neander N. (1902). A History of Sweden from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. ch 41 pp 289–99
  10. Ohan Demirgian, urn:sbl:17456, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Carl-Gustaf Thomasson.), hämtad 2014-12-13.
  11. "Karl XV 1859–1872".
  12. Sahlberg, Carl-Erik (1994). Nils Bolander: diktare och predikant (in Swedish). Aneby: KM-förl. p. 11. ISBN 91-86112-39-2. SELIBR 7755088.
  13. Lagerqvist, Lars O.; Åberg, Nils; Hjelm, Lars E. (2002). Kings and rulers of Sweden: a pocket encyclopaedia (2., rev. ed.). Stockholm: Vincent. p. 48. ISBN 91-87064-35-9. SELIBR 8836893.
  14. Ole Kristian Grimnes. "Haakon 7". Norsk biografisk leksikon. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
  15. ^ Sveriges och Norges Statskalender (in Swedish), 1872, p. 459, retrieved 2018-01-06 – via runeberg.org
  16. Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1872) . Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1872 [State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1872] (PDF). Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. pp. 1, 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 1 May 2020 – via da:DIS Danmark.
  17. "Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold", Almanach Royal Officiel (in French), 1850, p. 33 – via Archives de Bruxelles
  18. "A Szent István Rend tagjai" Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  19. "Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro", Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish), 1864, p. 155, retrieved 10 December 2019
  20. Cibrario, Luigi (1869). Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata. Sunto degli statuti, catalogo dei cavalieri (in Italian). Eredi Botta. p. 118. Retrieved 2019-03-04.
  21. Hof- und Staats-Handbuch für das Herzogthum Anhalt (1867), "Herzoglicher Haus-Orden Albrecht des Bären" p. 18
  22. Bayern (1867). Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1867. Landesamt. p. 8.
  23. Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtums Sachsen-Altenburg (1869), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 21
  24. Staat Hannover (1858). Hof- und Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Hannover: 1858. Berenberg. p. 70.
  25. "Seccion IV: Ordenes del Imperio", Almanaque imperial para el año 1866 (in Spanish), 1866, p. 243, retrieved 29 April 2020
  26. Staats- und Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Nassau: 1859. Schellenberg. 1859. p. 7.
  27. Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler (1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm IV. ernannte Ritter" p. 23

External links

Karl XV/IVHouse of BernadotteBorn: 3 May 1826 Died: 18 September 1872
Regnal titles
Preceded byOscar I King of Sweden and Norway
1859–1872 		Succeeded byOscar II
Swedish royalty
New creation Duke of Skåne
1826–1859 		VacantTitle next held byGustav Adolf
Political offices
Preceded bySeverin Løvenskiold Prime Minister of Norway
1856 		Succeeded byJørgen Herman Vogt
Preceded byJørgen Herman Vogt Prime Minister of Norway
1857
House of Bernadotte
Charles XIV John of Sweden / Charles III John of Norway
Spouses
Children
Children's spouses
Oscar I of Sweden and Norway
Children
Children's spouses
Charles XV of Sweden / Charles IV of Norway
Children
Oscar II of Sweden and Norway
Children
Children's spouses
Grandchildren
Gustaf V of Sweden
Children
Children's spouses
Grandchildren
Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden
Children
Children's spouses
Grandchildren
Grandchildren's spouses
Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden
Children
Children's spouses
Grandchildren
**also prince/princess of Norway
^lost his title due to an unequal marriage
***Prince/Princess of Sweden by marriage only
Swedish princes
The generations indicate descent from Gustav I, of the House of Vasa, and continues through the Houses of Palatinate-Zweibrücken, Holstein-Gottorp; and the Bernadotte, the adoptive heirs of the House of Holstein-Gottorp, who were adoptive heirs of the Palatinate-Zweibrückens.
1st generation
2nd generation
3rd generation
4th generation
5th generation
6th generation
7th generation
8th generation
9th generation
10th generation
11th generation
12th generation
13th generation
14th generation
15th generation
16th generation
Also prince of Norway
Also prince of Poland and Lithuania
Lost his title due to an unequal marriage
Not Swedish prince by birth, but created prince of Sweden
Monarchs of Norway
I. Independent Norway

Foreign and non-royal
rulers in italics, disputed
monarchs in brackets
872–1387
Kalmar Union
1387–1523
  • Margaret
  • Eric III
  • Christopher
  • Charles I
  • Christian I
  • John
  • Christian II
    • Denmark–Norway
    1524–1814
  • Frederick I
  • Christian III
  • Frederick II
  • Christian IV
  • Frederick III
  • Christian V
  • Frederick IV
  • Christian VI
  • Frederick V
  • Christian VII
  • Frederick VI
    • II. Independent Norway
    1814
  • Christian Frederick
    • Union with Sweden
    1814–1905
  • Charles II
  • Charles III John
  • Oscar I
  • Charles IV
  • Oscar II
    • III. Independent Norway
    Since 1905
  • Haakon VII
  • Olav V
  • Harald V
    • Monarchs of Sweden
    Munsö
    c. 970 – c. 1060
    Stenkil
    c. 1060 – c. 1130
    1160–1161
    Sverker · Eric
    c. 1130 – 1250
    Bjälbo
    1250–1364
    Mecklenburg
    1364–1389
    Kalmar Union Italics indicate
    regents
    1389–1523
    Vasa
    1523–1654
    Palatinate-
    Zweibrücken     (Wittelsbach)
    Hesse-Kassel
    1654–1751
    Holstein-Gottorp (Oldenburg)
    1751–1818
    Bernadotte
    since 1818
    Heirs to the throne of Sweden
    Arms of the Heir to the Throne
    Heirs who succeeded are shown in italics
    Grand Masters of the Norwegian Order of Freemasons


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