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This article needs more reliable medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Liniment" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2015)

Liniment (from Latin: linere, meaning "to anoint"), also called embrocation and heat rub, is a medicated topical preparation for application to the skin. Some liniments have a viscosity similar to that of water; others are lotion or balm; still, others are in transdermal patches, soft solid sticks, and sprays. Liniment usually is rubbed into the skin, which the active ingredients penetrate.

Liniments are typically sold to relieve pain and stiffness, such as from muscular aches and strains, and arthritis. These are typically formulated from alcohol, acetone, or similar quickly evaporating solvents and contain counterirritant aromatic chemical compounds, such as methyl salicylate, benzoin resin, menthol, and capsaicin. They produce a feeling of warmth within the muscle of the area they are applied to, typically acting as rubefacients via a counterirritant effect.

Methyl salicylate, which is the analgesic ingredient in some heat rubs, can be toxic if used in excess. Heating pads are also not recommended for use with heat rubs, because the added warmth may cause overabsorption of the active ingredients.

Notable liniments

• A.B.C. Liniment was used from approximately 1880 to 1935. It was named for its three primary ingredients: aconite, belladonna, and chloroform. There were numerous examples of poisoning from the mixture, resulting in at least one death.
• Amrutanjan is an analgesic balm manufactured by Amrutanjan Healthcare. It was founded in 1893 by journalist and freedom fighter, Kasinathuni Nageswara Rao.
• Bengay, spelled Ben-Gay before 1995, was developed in France by Dr. Jules Bengué, and brought to America in 1898. It was originally produced by Pfizer Consumer Healthcare, which was acquired by Johnson & Johnson.
• IcyHot is a line of liniments produced and marketed by Chattem, now a subsidiary of Sanofi.
• Mentholatum Ointment, branded Deep Heat outside of the US, was introduced in December 1894 and is still produced today with numerous variations.
• Minard's Liniment: Dr. Levi Minard of Nova Scotia, branded as "The King of Pain," created his well-known liniment from camphor, ammonia water, and medical turpentine.
• Nine oils: a 19th-century preparation used on both horses and humans. Although druggists' books sometimes specified recipes, street doctors often promoted any kind of oil as the "nine oils".
• Opodeldoc: invented by the Renaissance physician Paracelsus.
• RUB A535: introduced in 1919 and manufactured by Church & Dwight in Canada.
• Thermacare: Acquired in 2020 by Italy's Angelini when it was spun off following the merger of Pfizer with GlaxoSmithKline's consumer healthcare division.
• Tiger Balm was developed during the 1870s in Rangoon, Burma by herbalist Aw Chu Kin, and brought to market by his sons. It is composed of 16% menthol and 28% oil of wintergreen.
• Watkins Liniment: One of Watkins Incorporated's original products.

Use on horses

Liniments are commonly used on horses following exercise, applied either by rubbing on full-strength, especially on the legs; or applied in a diluted form, usually added to a bucket of water and sponged on the body. They are used in hot weather to help cool down a horse after working, the alcohol cooling through rapid evaporation, and counterirritant oils dilating capillaries in the skin, increasing the amount of blood releasing heat from the body.

Many horse liniment formulas in diluted form have been used on humans, though products for horses which contain DMSO are not suitable for human use, as DMSO carries the topical product into the bloodstream. Horse liniment ingredients such as menthol, chloroxylenol, or iodine are also used in different formulas in products used by humans.

Absorbine, a horse liniment product manufactured by W.F. Young, Inc., was reformulated for humans and marketed as Absorbine Jr. The company also acquired other liniment brands including Bigeloil and RefreshMint. The equine version of Absorbine is sometimes used by humans, though, anecdotally, its benefits in humans may be because the smell of menthol releases serotonin, or due to a placebo effect.

Earl Sloan was a US entrepreneur who made his initial fortune selling his father's horse liniment formula beginning in the period following the Civil War. Sloan's liniment with capsicum as a key ingredient was also marketed for human use. He later sold his company to the predecessor of Warner–Lambert, which was purchased in 2000 by Pfizer.

References

1. "Muscle cream caused NYC teen's death". The Associated Press. June 9, 2007. Archived from the original on 2009-02-13. Retrieved April 2, 2012.
2. ^ Everybody's Family Doctor. London, UK: Odhams Press LTD. 1935. p. 7.
3. Cross, John (March 13, 1880). "Letters, Notes, and Answers to Correspondents". Br Med J. 1 (1002): 424–426. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1002.424. PMC 2239646.
4. Sinha, R P.; Mitra, S K.; Roy, P K. (16 March 1967). "Liniment A.B.C. poisoning". Journal of the Indian Medical Association. 48 (6): 278–9. PMID 6038536.
5. Weir, Archibald (February 15, 1896). "Fatal Case Of Poisoning By A.B.C. Liniment". The British Medical Journal. 1 (1833): 399–400. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.435.399-a. S2CID 19739440.
6. Fisher, O D. (November 1954). "Accidental Poisoning of Children in Belfast: A Report of two years' experience at the Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children". Ulster Med J. 23 (2): 124–131. PMC 2480209. PMID 20476409.
7. Swinscow, Douglas (February 1953). "Accidental Poisoning of Young Children". Arch Dis Child. 28 (137): 26–29. doi:10.1136/adc.28.137.26. PMC 1988641. PMID 13031693.
8. ^ "Amrutanjan relaunches pain balm". @businessline. 20 November 2008. Archived from the original on 2020-10-28. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
9. Strategist Team (November 11, 2013). "Answers to last week's quiz (#329)". Business Standard India. Archived from the original on July 3, 2020. Retrieved October 25, 2020 – via Business Standard.
10. "Icy Hot - Chempedia". 2 August 2008. Archived from the original on 2 August 2008. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
11. Springville Journal Staff. January 30, 2015 The Mentholatum Company thanks WNY residents for success Archived 2016-07-30 at the Wayback Machine
12. Freeman, Beverly J. (1998). Levi Minard, M.D., King of Pain. B.J. Freeman. OCLC 40881236. Archived from the original on 2022-03-14. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
13. "Victorian London - Publications - Social Investigation/Journalism - Toilers in London, by One of the Crowd [James Greenwood], [1883] - Doctor Quackinbosh". www.victorianlondon.org. Archived from the original on 2021-01-17. Retrieved 2022-02-24.
14. FRANCIS, George William (1853). The Dictionary of Practical Receipts; Containing the Arcana of Trade and Manufacture; Domestic Economy; Artistical, Ornamental&scientific Processes; Pharmaceutical and Chemical Preparations, Etc. (Third Edition.). J. Allen, D. Francis. Archived from the original on 2022-02-24. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
15. Tiger Balm: Heritage, archived from the original on 2009-08-31, retrieved 2009-09-30
16. "Liniments and Poultices for Sore Horses". www.horsechannel.com. Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
17. "How is Horse Liniment Helpful to Humans?". Archived from the original on 2016-07-16. Retrieved 2016-06-27.
18. "Is Horse Liniment Safe for Humans?". reference.com. 4 August 2015. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
19. ^ Millward, Robin (6 December 2010). "To all you neigh-sayers, this horse rub really does work". Archived from the original on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2018 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
20. "Horse Muscle Care And Joint Care Products - Absorbine". Absorbine. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
21. "Horse liniment helps the pain". Archived from the original on 2012-07-02. Retrieved 2016-06-27.
22. Hodges, Jim (2 August 2014). "Historical Society Curator Reveals Early 20th Century Success Story". New Bern Sun Journal. New Bern, NC. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
23. "Warner Lambert. 2000: Pfizer joins forces with Warner-Lambert". Pfizer. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2018.

External links

• The dictionary definition of liniment at Wiktionary

v t e Routes of administration, dosage forms
Oral	Digestive tract (enteral) Solids Tablet Capsule Pastille Time release technology Osmotic delivery system Liquids Decoction Elixir Electuary Emulsion Effervescent powder or tablet Herbal tea Hydrogel Molecular encapsulation Powder Softgel Solution Suspension Syrup Tincture Oral mucosa (buccal, sublabial, sublingual) Solids Orally disintegrating tablet Film Lollipop Sublingual drops Lozenges Effervescent tablet Chewing gum Liquids Mouthwash Toothpaste Ointment Spray Respiratory tract (inhalation) Solids Dry-powder inhaler Smoking 0 0 Liquids Anesthetic vaporizer Heated humidified high-flow therapy Medical inhalants Metered-dose inhaler (MDI) Nebulizer Vaporizer Gas Oxygen mask and Nasal cannula Oxygen concentrator Anaesthetic machine Medical inhalants Relative analgesia machine
Ophthalmic, otic, nasal	Nasal spray Ear drops Eye drops Ointment Hydrogel Insufflation Mucoadhesive microdisc
Urogenital	Ointment Pessary Vaginal ring Douche Intrauterine device (IUD) Extra-amniotic infusion Intravesical infusion
Rectal (enteral)	Ointment Suppository Enema Solution Hydrogel Murphy drip Nutrient enema
Dermal (topical)	Ointment Topical cream Topical gel Liniment Paste Film DMSO solution Iontophoresis Hydrogel Liposomes Transfersome vesicles Cream Lotion Lip balm Medicated shampoo Dermal patch Transdermal patch Transdermal spray Jet injector
Parenterals Injections infusions (into tissue/blood)	Skin (transdermal) Intradermal Subcutaneous Injector pen Transdermal implant Organs Intracavernous Intravitreal Intra-articular Central nervous system Intracerebral Intrathecal Epidural Circulatory, musculoskeletal Intravenous Intracardiac Intramuscular Intraosseous Intraperitoneal Nanocell injection Patient-controlled analgesia pump PIC line

• Dosage forms
• Drug delivery devices
• Ointments