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Haff disease
Other names	Haffkrankheit
Satellite photo of the Vistula Lagoon (German: Frisches Haff). Haff disease was first described in the location of Königsberg.
Specialty	Toxicology

Haff disease is the development of rhabdomyolysis (swelling and breakdown of skeletal muscle, with a risk of acute kidney failure) within 24 hours of ingesting fish.

History

The disease was first described in 1924 in the vicinity of Königsberg, Germany (now Kaliningrad, Russia) on the Baltic coast, in people staying around the northern part of the Vistula Lagoon (German: Frisches Haff).

Over the subsequent fifteen years, about 1000 cases were reported in people, birds and cats, usually in the summer and fall, and a link was made with the consumption of fish (burbot, eel and pike). Since that time, only occasional reports have appeared of the condition, mostly from the Soviet Union and Germany.

In 1997, six cases of Haff disease were reported in California and Missouri, all after the consumption of buffalo fish (Ictiobus cyprinellus).

In July and August 2010, dozens of people contracted rhabdomyolysis after eating Procambarus clarkii in Nanjing, China. A month later, the Chinese authorities claimed they had Haff disease.

An outbreak was reported in Brooklyn, New York on 18 November 2011, when two household members were stricken by the syndrome after eating buffalo fish. On February 4, 2014, two cases of Haff disease were reported in Cook County, Illinois following the consumption of buffalo fish.

A group from Brazil identified a Haff disease outbreak in the State of Bahia that lasted from December 2016 to April 2017, with 67 cases identified. In August 2018, a couple from São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, fell ill and needed semi-intensive hospital care after eating fish of the species known in Portuguese as "arabaiana" or "olho-de-boi" (ox-eye), possibly the southern yellowtail amberjack, Seriola lalandi, which they had bought in the city of Fortaleza, State of Ceará, northeastern Brazil, and, according to them, looked "perfect". The day following their admission to hospital the patients already presented an alteration of their urine, which, according to the woman who fell ill, "was very dark, indeed looked like Coca-Cola".

On March 2, 2021, a 31-year-old woman from Recife, Brazil, died from Haff disease after ingesting yellowtail amberjack.

Poison

The exact nature of the poison is still unclear. In the U.S. outbreak, the source of the fish was traced by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and studies of other fish from the same sources showed a hexane-soluble (and hence non-polar lipid) substance that induced similar symptoms in mice; other food-borne poisons commonly found in fish could not be detected. It cannot be inactivated by cooking, as all six CDC cases had consumed cooked or fried fish. Palytoxin has been proposed as a disease model. It has also been suggested that the toxin may have thiaminase activity (i.e. it degrades thiamine, also known as vitamin B1).

Symptoms

Some of the reported symptoms include:

• Muscle pain
• Light to dark brown-colored urine
• Nausea
• Chest pain
• Vomiting
• Shortness of breath
• Profuse sweating
• Pain to light touch

Dry mouth, numbness of thighs or whole body, back pain, and stomach cramps are also reported, but seen less frequently.

References

1. "Haff disease" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
2. ^ Buchholz U, Mouzin E, Dickey R, Moolenaar R, Sass N, Mascola L (2000). "Haff disease: from the Baltic Sea to the U.S. shore". Emerging Infect. Dis. 6 (2): 192–5. doi:10.3201/eid0602.000215. PMC 2640861. PMID 10756156.
3. Lentz O (1925). "Über die Haffkrankheit". Med Klin (in German). 1: 4–8.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (1998). "Haff disease associated with eating buffalo fish--United States, 1997". MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 47 (50): 1091–3. PMID 9883771.
5. 病征确由龙虾引发 与"Haff病"基本一致, archived from the original on 2016-03-14, retrieved 2010-09-08
6. https://a816- health29ssl.nyc.gov/sites/NYCHAN/Lists/AlertUpdateAdvisoryDocuments/2011%20DOHMH%20Haff%20Disease%20advisory.pdf (sign in may be required)
7. State of Illinois Department of Public Health (4 February 2014). "Illinois Department of Public Health Warns of Buffalo Fish Causing Illness". Press Release. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
8. FIOCRUZ, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (in Portuguese), "Estudo descreve surto de enfermidade conhecida como “doença da urina preta” em Salvador"; 28 July 2017, https://portal.fiocruz.br/noticia/estudo-descreve-surto-de-enfermidade-conhecida-como-doenca-da-urina-preta-em-salvador Archived 2018-10-06 at the Wayback Machine
9. Folha de S. Paulo (in Portuguese), "Carne de peixe contaminada provoca doença rara em casal de São Paulo", 04 October 2018; https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/equilibrioesaude/2018/10/carne-de-peixe-contaminada-provoca-doenca-rara-em-casal-de-sao-paulo.shtml Archived 2018-10-04 at the Wayback Machine
10. Santino, Renato (2 March 2021). "Haff's syndrome: understand the "black urine disease" that caused a death in Pernambuco". Olhar Digital. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
11. Langley RL, Bobbitt WH (2003). "Haff disease after eating salmon". South. Med. J. 100 (11): 1147–50. doi:10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3181583673. PMID 17984750.
12. Kumagai, Michio (2003). Freshwater Management: Global Versus Local Perspectives. Berlin: Springer. p. 88. ISBN 978-4-431-00488-2.
13. ^ Herman, Linda; Bies, Christine (29 September 2014). "Haff Disease: Rhabdomyolysis After Eating Buffalo Fish". The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. 15 (6): 664–666. doi:10.5811/westjem.2014.6.10.21794. PMC 4162725. PMID 25247039. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2021.

Secondary sources

• Jürgen W. Schmidt: Die "Haffkrankheit" in Ostpreussen im Herbst 1932, in: Preussenland - Mitteilungen der Historischen Kommission für Ost- und Westpreussische Landesforschung und aus dem Geheimen Staatsarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz Heft 2/2009 (47. Jg.) pp. 57–60

External links

• Poisons
• Nephrology