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Gaganyaan-1 (from Sanskrit: gagana, "celestial" and yāna, "craft, vehicle") will be the first uncrewed test flight of the Gaganyaan programme, with launch tentatively planned for sometime in February 2025.

Background

The launch was originally scheduled for December 2020, then in December 2021, but it was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The flight plan was finally ready by April 2022 and the launch is expected to take place in 2024, after the TV-D1, TV-D2, TV-D3 and TV-D4. It was proposed in April 2022 that the crew module should be depressurized, something kept in the final planning.

The first orbiter module adaptor assembly (OMA) was supplied by Kineco Kaman Composites on 23 December 2023. The OMA is a conical structure with a diameter of 4 meters, composed of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers. It is combined with the equipment bay shroud and crew escape module. With the successful qualification of the rocket's engines in February 2024, the mission was scheduled for December 2024, following which it was rescheduled to February 2025.

Mission objectives

The Gaganyaan spacecraft will be launched, with the humanoid robot Vyommitra, by a Human-rated LVM 3 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre and inserted into a 170 x 408 km orbit. The circularisation maneuver will be performed at the third orbit. The landing should follow the same pattern as the TV-D1.

After this mission, ISRO will perform four more abort tests before launching Gaganyaan 2, carrying the humanoid robot Vyommitra, which was later decided that it will also fly on G-1.

Mission History

Pre launch processing

The L110 stage for the upgraded LVM3 vehicle arrived at Satish Dhawan Space Center in July 2024, followed by the S200 boosters. A Different Upper stage, the C-32, will be used in lieu of the C-25 for this mission. The C-32 undervent heavy tests for the flight.

The Crew module was tested and checked out from its propulsion and mechanical systems testing phase at the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) and the service module was tested at URSC.G1 will carry Vyomitra, and also an unpressurized engineering model of the Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) system.

ISRO is planning to place chartered ships carrying a group of eight scientists to be stationed at observation points in the Pacific Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean, to monitor the unmanned mission.A consignment with a shipborne terminal (SBT), electronic equipment, MV-SAT antennas and its associated subsystems will be sent abroad from ISTRAC for deployment on these chartered ships. This is similar to what was done for the launch of the Mars Orbiter Mission. By December 2024, all components of the first Human Rated LVM-3 has reached SDSC. The spacecraft was also reported as in its final stages of Integration.The ground station and associated infrastructure was also built before launch.

The first segment of solid motor was transferred from the production factory to the launch complex on December 13, 2024.

References

1. https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2024/12/19/why-human-rated-lvm3-will-be-crucial-for-gaganyaan-mission.html#:~:text=It%20has%20been%20specifically%20enhanced,date%20set%20for%20February%202025.
2. ^ Jones, Andrew (2021-02-23). "India revises Gaganyaan human spaceflight plan, delays Chandrayaan-3". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
3. "First uncrewed mission of Gaganyaan in December: It's race against time for ISRO now". The Hindu. 2021-06-28. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
4. ^ Kumar, Chethan (2022-04-28). "First Gaganyaan uncrewed module to be injected in 170x408km orbit; indicates human spaceflight profile". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
5. Desk, Janam Web (2024-02-28). "Why were the names of Gaganyaan passengers revealed a year before its launch?". janamtv.com. Retrieved 2024-02-28. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
6. ^ "Chennai: Indian Space Research Organisation to carry out series of tests before launch of Gaganyaan". The Times of India. 2022-07-01. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
7. Kumar, Chethan (2022-04-29). "Gaganyaan: First uncrewed mission to have unpressurised crew module". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
8. Marar, Anjali; Dutt, Anonna (2024-02-27). "PM Modi announces 4 astronauts for Gaganyaan: Current status of the mission". The Indian Express. Retrieved 2024-02-29.
9. "Pilerne-based Kineco Kaman delivers key component for Isro's human space mission". The Times of India. 2023-12-23. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2024-02-13.
10. Kumar, Chetan (2024-02-21). "Gaganyaan: Cryo engine qualification for human-rated LVM-3 completed". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
11. Kumar, Chethan (2023-07-15). "Chandrayaan-3 a shot in the arm for Gaganyaan-1". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
12. Jones, Andrew (2024-08-27). "India to launch Gaganyaan crew capsule test flight by end of 2024". Space.com. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
13. "Mission Gaganyaan: Better safe than starry". The Economic Times. 2022-05-18. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
14. "First trial for Gaganyaan to be done by end of 2023, or beginning of 2024: Jitendra Singh". The Times of India. 2022-09-13. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
15. Kuthunur, Sharmila (2024-02-27). "India completes critical test for Gaganyaan flight crewed by humanoid robot later this year". space.com. Retrieved 2024-02-28.
16. ^ "Docking test likely before Dec 15; Gaganyaan G1: Vyomitra on 1 seat, ECLSS on 2nd, rocket gets new cryo stage". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2024-10-14.
17. "Gaganyaan's Unmanned Mission May Go To Space Next March, ISRO Ships To Track From Pacific, Atlantic Oceans". News18. Retrieved 2024-11-25.
18. Livemint, Livemint (25 November 2024). "Gaganyaan's unmanned mission likely in March next year; ISRO to track from Pacific, Atlantic oceans". Livemint. Retrieved 25 November 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
19. "Gaganyaan mission: ISRO gives good news, mission to be launched in..., plan includes..." India.com. 2024-11-25. Retrieved 2024-11-25.
20. "Countdown begins: India's Gaganyaan space mission enters final preparation phase". The Indian Express. 2024-12-10. Retrieved 2024-12-10.
21. "ISRO Achieves Significant Milestone For Gaganyaan Mission". NDTV.com. 14 December 2024. Retrieved 2024-12-16.

Bibliography

• Jones, Andrew (2021-02-23). "India revises Gaganyaan human spaceflight plan, delays Chandrayaan-3". Space News.
• PTI (2021-06-28). "First uncrewed mission of Gaganyaan in December: It's race against time for ISRO now". The Hindu.
• Kumar, Chethan (2022-04-28). "First Gaganyaan uncrewed module to be injected in 170x408km orbit; indicates human spaceflight profile". Times of India.
• Kumar, Chenthan (2022-04-29). "Gaganyaan: First uncrewed mission to have unpressurised crew module". Times of India.
• Bagla, Pallava (2022-05-18). "Mission Gaganyaan: Better safe than starry". Economic Times.
• TNN (2022-07-01). "Chennai: Indian Space Research Organisation to carry out series of tests before launch of Gaganyaan". Times of India.
• ANI (2022-09-13). "First trial for Gaganyaan to be done by end of 2023, or beginning of 2024: Jitendra Singh". Times of India.
• Ramesh, Sandhya (4 December 2022). "India's first human spaceflight Gaganyan in limbo, astronauts partially trained, ISRO silent". ThePrint. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
• "Gaganyaan launch delayed: Manned mission now in 'fourth quarter of 2024'". Times of India. 2022-12-21.
• "Govt shares an update on Gaganyaan, first abort mission likely in two months". 2023-03-16.

v t e Indian space programme
Department of Space (DoS)
Organisations	Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Antrix Corporation Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS) National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL) NewSpace India Limited (NSIL) Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) Development and Educational Communication Unit (DECU) Integrated Space Cell Defence Space Agency Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN–SPACe)
Programmes	Bhaskara GAGAN GSAT INSAT IRNSS IRS Cartosat RISAT Rohini SROSS Chandrayaan Human Spaceflight Programme
Satellites	APPLE Aryabhata HAMSAT IMS-1 Megha-Tropiques NISAR SARAL South Asia Satellite Kalpana-1
Space observatories	Astrosat Aditya-L1 XPoSat AstroSat-2 (proposed)
Lunar and planetary spacecraft	Chandrayaan-1 Moon Impact Probe Chandrayaan-2 Vikram lander Pragyan rover Chandrayaan-3 Vikram lander Pragyan rover Chandrayaan-4 (upcoming) Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (proposed) Mars Orbiter Mission Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (proposed) Venus Orbiter Mission (proposed)
Human spaceflight	Indian human spaceflight programme SRE-1 SRE-II Gaganyaan CARE ISRO Space Station (proposed)
Launch vehicles	Active Orbital PSLV Launches GSLV Launches LVM3 SSLV Launches Suborbital Rohini ATV In development RLV Technology Demonstration Programme NGLV Retired SLV ASLV
Engines	Active CE-7.5 CE-20 Vikas In development SCE-200
Spaceports	Satish Dhawan Space Centre Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station under development Kulasekharapatnam Spaceport
Research facilities	Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre U R Rao Satellite Centre Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre ISRO Propulsion Complex Space Applications Centre ISRO Inertial Systems Unit Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems Human Space Flight Centre Development and Educational Communication Unit
Communications	Indian Deep Space Network Indian Space Science Data Centre ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network Master Control Facility National Remote Sensing Centre
Legislation and policy	Space Activities Bill
Private companies	Pixxel Skyroot Aerospace Sisir Radar Satellize AgniKul Cosmos Dhruva Space Bellatrix Aerospace TeamIndus
Related	National Space Day SAGA-220 (supercomputer) Statio Shiv Shakti RESPOND
List of Indian satellites List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches List of ISRO missions List of ISRO chairpersons

• Gaganyaan
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