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Enkimdu (𒀭𒂗𒆠𒅎𒁺) was a Mesopotamian god associated with agriculture and irrigation. He is best known from the poem Dumuzi and Enkimdu, but in laments he was instead connected with the god Martu, who like Dumuzi could be described and depicted as a shepherd.

Character

Enkimdu was an agricultural god. He was called the "lord of embankments and ditches". The theonym Lugal-epara, "lord of ditch and dyke", attested in the god list An = Anum without an explanation provided, might be another name of Enkimdu due to analogous meaning to said epithet. An Akkadian form of the title is also attested, bēl iki u palgi. In the same god list, Enkimdu appears as one of the "cultivators" (ab-ším) of Nabu. However, in the Old Babylonian forerunner of this text he is instead placed among deities representing various professions in a section focused on Enki and his entourage. His character has been compared to Enbilulu's. It has been proposed that he was worshiped in Umma as the personification of the irrigation system, though the evidence is scarce.

In laments, Enkimdu could be associated with Amurru. One bilingual text of this genre which enumerates exactly a hundred deities places him near the end of the list alongside the likes of Šumugan, Mesanga-Unug, Martu (Amurru), Gubarra (Ašratum) and Latarak. Another, dated to the [Old Babylonian period, lists Enkimdu, Martu, Šumugan, Numušda and Ištaran.

Mythology

Enkimdu and Dumuzi

Enkimdu appears in the myth Enkimdu and Dumuzi. The text has originally been published under the title Inanna prefers the farmer by Samuel Noah Kramer in 1944. Initially it was assumed that it would end with Inanna choosing Enkimdu, but this interpretation was abandoned after more editions were compiled. In the beginning Inanna's brother Utu urges her to choose Dumuzi, but she is not convinced. Enkimdu mentions many gifts he can give her connected with his sphere of influence, but Dumuzi counters each offer with one of his own. Eventually their argument ends, and they become friends. Enkimdu's role has been described as largely passive. It has been pointed out that the conclusion of this narrative, a brief praise of Inanna, bears a similarity to the genre of disputation poems common in Sumerian literature, in which the deity tasked with choosing the winner is similarly praised in the closing lines of each text. However, incipits of known copies indicate it was regarded as balbale, a type of song.

It has been pointed out that Dumuzi does not appear in any of the texts where Enkimdu occurs alongside Martu, which might indicate that in this case the latter was meant to serve as a shepherd god contrasted with Enkimdu in a similar way. Jacob Klein also notes that similarities exist between Dumuzi's successful appeal to Inanna and Martu's victory in the myth Marriage of Martu, in which he wants to win the hand of the daughter of Numušda.

Other texts

In the myth Enki and the World Order, Enkimdu is entrusted with preparing various agricultural constructions. He is also addressed as the "farmer of Enlil."

A hymn dedicated to the king Ur-Nammu compares him to Enkimdu. In Death of Ur-Nammu, the god stops fulfilling his tasks after learning of the eponymous king's death.

The text The Song of the Plowing Oxen includes a dialogue between Enkimdu and a second party, according to Miguel Civil possibly Ninurta or a king, in which the former explains to the latter how he irrigates the fields.

Modern relevance

A simulation engine developed as part of Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago's MASS (Modeling Ancient Settlement Systems) project is named ENKIMDU. It was based on technologies developed by Argonne National Laboratory. It is meant to provide models of development of societies in the Ancient Near East between the late fourth and third millennium BCE, with a particular focus on staple crop production. The project's case study was Tell Beydar in Syria.

References

1. ^ Black 2006, p. 86.
2. ^ Flückiger-Hawker 1999, p. 105.
3. ^ Lambert 1987, p. 138.
4. ^ Lambert 2013, p. 486.
5. Lambert & Winters 2023, p. 19.
6. ^ Cohen 1993, p. 184.
7. Klein 1997, p. 104.
8. ^ Klein 1997, p. 105.
9. ^ Mittermayer 2015, p. 383.
10. Black 2006, p. 87.
11. Mittermayer 2015, p. 387.
12. Mittermayer 2015, p. 395.
13. Ayali-Darshan 2020, p. 87.
14. Ayali-Darshan 2020, pp. 87–88.
15. Klein 1997, p. 109.
16. Vanstiphout 1997, p. 117.
17. Flückiger-Hawker 1999, p. 46.
18. Civil 2017, p. 396.
19. ^ Hritz 2014, p. 242.
20. Wilkinson, Christiansen & Ur 2007, p. 58.

Bibliography

• Ayali-Darshan, Noga (2020). "The Closing Hymn of the Ugaritic Baal Cycle (KTU 1.6 VI 42–54): A Mesopotamian Background?". Die Welt des Orients. 50 (1). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG): 79–96. ISSN 0043-2547. JSTOR 26977754. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
• Black, Jeremy A. (2006). The Literature of Ancient Sumer. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-929633-0. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
• Civil, Miguel (2017) . "The Song of the Plowing Oxen". Studies in Sumerian Civilization. Selected writings of Miguel Civil. Publicacions i Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona. ISBN 978-84-9168-237-0. OCLC 1193017085.
• Cohen, Mark E. (1993). The cultic calendars of the ancient Near East. Bethesda, Md.: CDL Press. ISBN 1-883053-00-5. OCLC 27431674.
• Flückiger-Hawker, Esther (1999). Urnamma of Ur in Sumerian Literary Tradition. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
• Hritz, Carrie (2014). "Contributions of GIS and Satellite-based Remote Sensing to Landscape Archaeology in the Middle East". Journal of Archaeological Research. 22 (3). Springer: 229–276. ISSN 1059-0161. JSTOR 24018073. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
• Klein, Jacob (1997). "The God Martu in Sumerian Literature". In Finkel, I. L.; Geller, M. J. (eds.). Sumerian Gods and their Representations. ISBN 978-90-56-93005-9.
• Lambert, Wilfred G. (1987), "Lugal-epara", Reallexikon der Assyriologie, retrieved 2022-05-20
• Lambert, Wilfred G. (2013). Babylonian creation myths. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-861-9. OCLC 861537250.
• Lambert, Wilfred G.; Winters, Ryan D. (2023). An = Anum and Related Lists. Mohr Siebeck. doi:10.1628/978-3-16-161383-8. ISBN 978-3-16-161383-8.
• Mittermayer, Catherine (2015). "Der Wettstreit zwischen Dumuzi und Enkimdu" (PDF). Babel und Bibel. 8. Penn State University Press. doi:10.1515/9781575063553-015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-05-20. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
• Vanstiphout, Herman L. J. (1997). "Why did Enki Organize the World?". In Finkel, I. L.; Geller, M. J. (eds.). Sumerian Gods and their Representations. ISBN 978-90-56-93005-9.
• Wilkinson, T. J.; Christiansen, J. H.; Ur, J. (2007). "Urbanization within a Dynamic Environment: Modeling Bronze Age Communities in Upper Mesopotamia". American Anthropologist. 109 (1). American Anthropological Association: 52–68. ISSN 0002-7294. JSTOR 4496588. Retrieved 2022-05-20.

External links

• Dumuzid and Enkimdu in the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
• The song of the ploughing oxen in the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
• The death of Ur-Namma in the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
• Enki and the World Order in the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature

• Mesopotamian gods
• Agricultural gods