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Derajat

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Historical and cultural region in Pakistan Region
Derajat ڈیرہ جات
Region
Provinces Balochistan
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Punjab
Area
 • Total36,474 km (14,083 sq mi)
DemonymDerawal
Demographics
 • Ethnic groupsSaraikis, Baloch
Minor: Pashtuns
Punjabis
 • LanguagesSaraiki, Balochi, Punjabi, Pashto, Urdu
Time zoneUTC+05:00 (PKT)
Largest cities

Derajat (Urdu: ڈیرہ جات, the plural of the word 'dera' lit. 'Camps') is a historical and cultural region in central Pakistan, bounded by the Indus River to the east and the Sulaiman Mountains to the west. It is located in the area where the provinces of Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan meet.

Derajat includes the present-day administrative districts of Dera Ismail Khan, Dera Ghazi Khan, Rajanpur, Taunsa and Tank in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab provinces. The "Baloch Derajat" (consisting of Dera Bugti, Dera Allah Yar and Dera Murad Jamali) is adjacent to Derajat towards the southwest in Balochistan. The people of Derajat are called Derawal, and the varieties of Saraiki they speak are collectively called Derawali dialect, also known locally as Hindki. Pashto and Balochi languages are spoken in the northern and western parts of Derajat, respectively.

Topography

The Derajat is a level plain between the Indus River and the Sulaiman Mountains, lying between 29°30′ and 34°15′ N. and 69°15′ and 72′ E., the name derives its name from, the three Deras : Dera Ismail Khan, Dera Fateh Khan, and Dera Ghazi Khan. It extends north to the Sheikh Badin National Park among the Sheikh Badin range, which divides it from the Marwat plain, and south to the town of Jampur, having a length of 325 miles and breadth of 50 miles.

History

The Derajat owes its existence as an historical area to the Baloch migration in the 15th century when Sultan Husseyn Shah of Langah Sultanate, being unable to hold his vast trans Indus possessions called in Baloch mercenaries, and assigned these territories to Malik Sohrab Dodai as jagir. Malik Sohrab's sons, Ghazi Khan, Ismail Khan and Fateh Khan, founded the three Deras or 'settlements' named after them.

During Babar's conquest of Northern India in 1526 the chiefs of Derajat submitted to him, and at his death the Derajat became a dependency of his son Kamran Mirza, the ruler of Kabul. Under Humayun the Baloch immigration increased, and they gradually pushed the Nahars farther south. All the Baloch tribes acknowledged the overlordship of the Dodai Nawabs, who ruled for about fifteen generations at Dera Ghazi Khan and Dera Ismail Khan and also held Darya Khan and Bhakkar, east of the Indus. Early in the eighteenth century the Nawabs lost their supremacy, being overwhelmed by the Kalhoras of Sind.

In 1739 after Nadir Shah had defeated the Mughals and acquired all the territory west of the Indus, he made the Wazir, Mahmud Khan Gujar, governor in Dera Ghazi Khan under the Kalhora chief, who also became his vassal. Under Ahmad Shah Durrani the Kalhoras, now in a state of decadence, contended for possession of Dera Ghazi Khan, but Mahmud Khan Gujar appeared to have been its real governor. He was succeeded by his nephew, who was killed in 1779, and the Durranis then appointed governors directly for a period of thirty two years. Meanwhile, the last of the chiefs of Dera Ismail Khan had been deposed in 1770, and his territories were also administered from Kabul. In 1794 Humayun Shah attempted to deprive Zaman Shah Durrani of his kingdom, but he was defeated and fell into the hands of Muhammad Khan Sadozai, governor of the Sind Sagar Doab.

As a reward for this capture, Zaman Shah bestowed the province of Dera Ismail Khan on Nawab Muhammad Khan, who governed it from Mankera by deputy. His son-in-law, Hafiz Ahmad Khan, surrendered at Mankera to Ranjit Singh in 1821, and at the same time tribute was imposed by the Sikhs on the chiefs of Tank and Sagar. Dera Fateh Khan was also occupied; but Dera Ismail Khan, to which Hafiz Ahmad Khan was permitted to retire on the fall of Mankera, remained independent till 1836, when Nao Nihal Singh deposed Muhammad Khan, the son of Hafiz Ahmad Khan, and appointed Diwan Lakhi Mal to be Kardar. Diwan Lakhi Mal held this post till his death in 1843, and was succeeded by his son Diwan Daulat Rai, who enjoyed the support of the Multani Pathan Sardars. He was bitterly opposed by Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana, who had also procured a nomination as Kardar from the Sikh Durbar.

These rivals contended for supremacy with varying success until 1847, when the Diwan then in possession was deposed on the recommendation of Herbert Edwardes, who appointed General Van Cortlandt to be Kardar. The Derajat passed to the British in 1849, and is now (in 1911) divided between the Districts of Dera Ghazi Khan in the Punjab and Dera Ismail Khan in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, many Muslim refugees from India settled in Derajat while most Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India. Many of Derajat's Hindu residents settled in the Derawal Nagar colony of Delhi, India, while others were dispersed around in the states of Haryana, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh.

Demographics

Languages of Derajat (2023)

  Saraiki (72.7%)  Pashto (12.55%)  Balochi (11.50%)  Urdu (2.17%)  Punjabi (0.88%)  Others (0.2%)

According to the 2023 Census of Pakistan, the total population of Derajat (comprising Dera Ismail Khan, Dera Ghazi Khan, Rajanpur and Tank Districts) was 8,003,764. The main languages in Derajat are Saraiki, Pashto, and Balochi. In addition, Urdu and English are also used.

Religious groups in the Derajat (British India era)
Religious
group 		1901 1911 1921 1931 1941
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Islam 759,206 88.32% 880,867 89.65% 846,295 88.29% 915,609 89.43% 1,045,498 89.49%
Hinduism 93,945 10.93% 95,697 9.74% 105,917 11.05% 102,609 10.02% 116,288 9.95%
Sikhism 5,803 0.68% 5,226 0.53% 4,424 0.46% 4,327 0.42% 5,154 0.44%
Christianity 509 0.06% 675 0.07% 1,568 0.16% 1,131 0.11% 1,256 0.11%
Jainism 158 0.02% 23 0% 297 0.03% 125 0.01% 107 0.01%
Zoroastrianism 14 0% 28 0% 10 0% 6 0% 1 0%
Judaism 4 0% 9 0% 3 0% 0 0% 1 0%
Buddhism 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 0% 6 0%
Tribal — — — — — — 32 0% 0 0%
Others 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 2 0% 0 0%
Total population 859,639 100% 982,525 100% 958,514 100% 1,023,842 100% 1,168,311 100%
Note: Including Dera Ghazi Khan District, Punjab, Biloch Trans–Frontier Tract, Punjab, Dera Ismail Khan District, North-West Frontier Province, Loralai District, Balochistan, and Sibi District, Balochistan (Administered Areas and Marri-Bugti Country). District borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to district borders — which since created new districts — throughout the region during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases.

Notes

  1. 1931-1941: Including Ad-Dharmis

References

  1. Breseeg, Taj Mohammad (2004). Baloch Nationalism: Its Origin and Development. Royal Book Company. p. 312. ISBN 978-969-407-309-5. Derajat: several camps, the term is used for the Baloch areas of Dera Ghazi Khan, Dera Fateh Khan and Dera Ismail Khan.
  2. Burnes, Sir Alexander; Leech, Robert; Lord, Perceval Barton; Wood, John (1839). "Reports and Papers, Political, Geographical, & Commercial Submitted to Government by Alexander Burnes, Lieutenant Leech, Doctor Lord, and Lieutenant Wood, Employed on Missions in the Years 1835-36-37 in Scinde, Affghanisthan, and Adjacent Countries".
  3. "About Punjab: Geography". Tourism Development Corporation, Government of the Punjab. Archived from the original on 2007-12-02. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
  4. "People & Culture". Government of the North-West Frontier Province. Archived from the original on 2007-11-17. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
  5. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Dera Ghazi Khan" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 64.
  6. ^ Derajāt - Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 11, p. 269-271
  7. "Colonies, posh and model in name only!". NCR Tribune. Retrieved 2007-12-16.
  8. ^ "7th Population and Housing Census - Detailed Results: Table 11" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics.
  9. ^ "Population by Sex, Mother Tongue and Rural/Urban, Census-2023" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. 2023. Retrieved 2 Aug 2024.
  10. "Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province". 1901. p. 34. JSTOR saoa.crl.25363739. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  11. "Census of India 1901. Vol. 5A, Baluchistan. Pt. 2, Imperial tables". 1901. p. 5. JSTOR saoa.crl.25352844. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
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  13. Kaul, Harikishan (1911). "Census Of India 1911 Punjab Vol XIV Part II". p. 27. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  14. "Census of India 1911. Vol. 13, North-west Frontier Province : part I, Report; part II, Tables". 1911. p. 306. JSTOR saoa.crl.25394102. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  15. "Census of India 1911. Vol. 4, Baluchistan : pt. 1, Report; pt. 2, Tables". 1911. p. 11. JSTOR saoa.crl.25393764. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  16. "Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables". 1921. p. 29. JSTOR saoa.crl.25430165. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  17. "Census of India 1921. Vol. 14, North-west Frontier Province : part I, Report; part II, Tables". 1921. p. 344. JSTOR saoa.crl.25430163. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  18. "Census of India 1921. Vol. 4, Baluchistan : part I, Report; part II, Tables". 1921. p. 165. JSTOR saoa.crl.25394124. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  19. "Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables". 1931. p. 277. JSTOR saoa.crl.25793242. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  20. Mallam, G. L.; Dundas, A. D. F. (1933). "Census of India, 1931, vol. XV. North-west frontier province. Part I-Report. Part II-Tables". Peshawar, Printed by the manager, Government stationery and printing, 1933. p. 373. JSTOR saoa.crl.25793233. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  21. "Census of India 1931. Vol. 4, Baluchistan. Pts. 1 & 2, Report [and] Imperial and provincial tables". 1931. p. 390. JSTOR saoa.crl.25797115. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  22. "Census of India, 1941. Vol. 6, Punjab". 1941. p. 42. JSTOR saoa.crl.28215541. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  23. "Census of India, 1941. Vol. 10, North-West Frontier Province". 1941. p. 22. JSTOR saoa.crl.28215543. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  24. "Census of India, 1941. Vol. 14, Baluchistan". 1941. p. 17. JSTOR saoa.crl.28215993. Retrieved 8 September 2024.

External links

Punjab geography

32°N 71°E / 32°N 71°E / 32; 71

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