In polymer chemistry, a comonomer refers to a polymerizable precursor to a copolymer aside from the principal monomer. In some cases, only small amounts of a comonomer are employed, in other cases substantial amounts of comonomers are used. Furthermore, in some cases, the comonomers are statistically incorporated within the polymer chain, whereas in other cases, they aggregate. The distribution of comonomers is referred to as the "blockiness" of a copolymer.
Polyolefins
1-Octene, 1-hexene, and 1-butene are used comonomers in the manufacture of polyethylenes. The advantages to such copolymers has led to a focus on catalysts that facilitate the incorporation of these comonomers, e.g., constrained geometry complexes.
Comonomers are often employed to improve the plastification of polymeric materials, i.e. the flexibility of the polymer. Unlike traditional plasticizers, comonomers are not leachable.
Styrenics
In other cases, comonomers are used to introduce crosslinking. Divinylbenzene, for example, when copolymerized with styrene, gives a crosslinked polystyrene.
Acrylates
The homopolymers of acrylate esters (e.g., butyl acrylate) have few applications. Copolymers however have many applications/ They are produced by copolymerization of alkyl acrylates and one or more of the following comonomers methyl methacrylate, styrene, acrylonitrile, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, and butadiene.
References
- Chum, P. Steve; Swogger, Kurt W. (2008). "Olefin polymer technologi geography and Recent Progress at the Dow Chemical Company". Progress in Polymer Science. 33 (8): 797–819. doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2008.05.003.
- Hans-Georg Elias "Plastics, General Survey"in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a20_543
- Penzel, Erich; Ballard, Nicholas; Asua, José M. (2018). "Polyacrylates". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. pp. 1–20. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_157.pub2. ISBN 9783527306732.